Tetuwuhan

Tetuwuhan utawa thethukulan iku ing èlmu Biologi tegesé titah kang kagolong Regnum Plantae, ing antarané: kabèh tetuwuhan mawa pembuluh, kang semu lan kang sajati (lumut ati, lumut, paku-pakuan uga tetuwuhan wewiji). Ing vèrsi taksonomi tetuwuhan tinentu, alga ijo uga kalebu ing karajan (regnum) iki. Tetuwuhan iku jinis titah autotrof kang mupangataké klorofil kanggo komponèn pangowah ènèrgi foton saka cahya srengéngé dadi ènèrgi kimiawi kang wujudé gula. Prosès pangalihan iki diarani prosès fotosintesis. Amarga solahé kang autotrof, tetuwuhan iku ana ing posisi angka siji ing ranté ilèn ènèrgi liwat titah (ranté panganan). Amarga warna ijo dominan banget ing anggota karajan iki, mula jeneng liya kang dianggo yaiku Viridiplantae ("tetuwuhan ijo"). Jeneng liyané yaiku Metaphyta.

Aksara Latin

ꦗꦮ

Tetuwuhan Kalamangsa: 520 Ma PraЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Kambrium tekan saiki, nanging pirsani teks
Klasifikasi ngèlmiah
Dhomain:	Eukaryota
Unranked:	Archaeplastida
Karajan:	Plantae Haeckel, 1866[1]
Divisi
Alga ijo Chlorophyta-alga ijo sajati Charophyta-alga ijo mawa karang Tetuwuhan dharat (Embryophyta) Tetuwuhan dharat ora duwé pambuluh (lumut) Marchantiophyta—lumut ati Anthocerotophyta—lumut (ati) tanduk Bryophyta/Musci—lumut sajati †Horneophytopsida Tetuwuhan mawa pambuluh (tracheophyta) †Rhyniophyta †Zosterophyllophyta Lycopodiophyta—paku kawat †Trimerophytophyta Pteridophyta—paku-pakuan lan paku buntut jaran †Progymnospermophyta Spermatophyta (tetuwuhan wewiji) †Pteridospermatophyta—paku (duwé) wiji Pinophyta—tetuwuhan runjung Cycadophyta—pakis haji lan kerabaté Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—mlinjo lan kerabaté Magnoliophyta—tetuwuhan ngembang †Nematophytes

Klasifikasi tetuwuhan mangsa kapungkur nglebokaké uga kabèh jinis alga lan fungi (kalebu jamur lendhir) minangka anggotané. Kritik-kritik kang muncul sabanjuré agawé fungi dipisahaké saka tetuwuhan. Sanadyan stasioner, fungi asipat saprotrof, olèh ènèrgi saka sisa-sisa bahan organik. Kajaba iku, dhindhing sèl fungi ora kasusun saka bahan kang padha karo tetuwuhan lan malahan mèmper kéwan. Sapérangan gedhé alga banjur wiwit dipisahaké saka kaanggotaan tetuwuhan amarga ora duwé diferensiasi jaringan lan ora ngembangaké klorofil minangka pigmen panangkap ènèrgi.

Panggunaan tèknik-tèknik biologi molekuler marang filogèni tetuwuhan pranyata mènèhi panyengkuyung pamisahan iki.

Dhéfinisi

Nalika sawijining tetuwuhan dikarepaké minangka grup organisme tinamtu utawa taxon, racaké tegesé salah siji konsèp. Panglompokané yaiku:

Jeneng	Lingkup	Katrangan
Tetuwuhan dharat, uga ditepungi minangka Embryophyta utawa Metaphyta.	Plantae sensu strictissimo	Golongan iki kalebu liverworts, hornworts, mosses, lan vascular plant, lan uga fossil plants kang mèmper karo golongan iki.
Green plants – uga ditepungi minangka Viridiplantae, Viridiphyta utawa Chlorobionta	Plantae sensu stricto	Golongan iki kalebu tetuwuhan dharat plus manéka golongan alga ijo, kalebu stonewort.
Archaeplastida, Plastida utawa Primoplantae	Plantae sensu lato	Kompok iki kalebu tetuwuhan ijo ig dhuwur plus Rhodophyta (alga abang) lan Glaucophyta (alga glaucophyte).

Cara liya yaiku liwat sawijiningcladogram, kang nuduhaké gayutan evolusionèr. Sajarah évolusi tetuwuhan durung ditata kanthi pepak, nanging salah siji kang wis ditampa yaiku.^[2] Those which have been called "plants" are in bold.

Archaeplastida  Glaucophyta (glaucophyte algae)  Rhodophyta (alga abang)  Viridiplantae  Chlorophyta (péranganing alga ijo)  Streptophyta  streptophyte algae (péranganing alga ijo)  Charales (stoneworts, often included  ing alga ijo)  land plants utawa embryophytes

groups traditionally called "algae"

Rupa

Watara 350,000 spésies saka tetuwuhan kang ana wektu iki. Taun 2004, watara 287,655 spésies wis ditepungi, ing antarané 258,650 yaiku awujud tetuwuhan ngembang, 16,000 bryophyta, 11,000 pakis lan 8,000 alga ijo.

Karagaman tetuwuhan

Golongan informal	Jeneng divisi	Jeneng umum	Cacahing spésies
Ganggang ijo	Chlorophyta	ganggang ijo (chlorophyta)	3,800 [3]
	Charophyta	ganggang ijo (desmids & charophytes)	4,000-6,000 [4]
Bryophyta	Marchantiophyta	liverworts	6,000-8,000 [5]
	Anthocerotophyta	hornworts	100-200 [6]
	Bryophyta	mosses	12,000 [7]
Pteridophyta	Lycopodiophyta	club mosses	1,200 [8]
	Pteridophyta	ferns, whisk ferns & horsetails	11,000 [8]
Tetuwuhan wewiji	Cycadophyta	cycads	160 [9]
	Ginkgophyta	ginkgo	1 [10]
	Pinophyta	conifers	630 [8]
	Gnetophyta	gnetophytes	70 [8]
	Magnoliophyta	flowering plants	258,650 [11]

Pirsani uga

• Woh
• Kembang
• Tetuwuhan jamu lan bumbu
• Jinising tanduran

Réferènsi

1. Haeckel G (1866). Generale Morphologie der Organismen. Berlin: Verlag von Georg Reimer. kc. vol.1: i–xxxii, 1–574, pls I–II, vol. 2: i–clx, 1–462, pls I–VIII.
2. Miturut Rogozin, I.B.; Basu, M.K.; Csürös, M. & Koonin, E.V. (2009), "Analysis of Rare Genomic Changes Does Not Support the Unikont–Bikont Phylogeny and Suggests Cyanobacterial Symbiosis as the Point of Primary Radiation of Eukaryotes", Genome Biology and Evolution, 1: 99–113, doi:10.1093/gbe/evp011, PMC 2817406, PMID 20333181 and Becker, B. & Marin, B. (2009), "Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes", Annals of Botany, 103 (7): 999–1004, doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044, PMID 19273476; see also the slightly different cladogram in Lewis, Louise A. & McCourt, R.M. (2004), "Green algae and the origin of land plants", Am. J. Bot., 91 (10): 1535–1556, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535.
3. Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, & H. M. Jahns, 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. pages 343, 350, 392, 413, 425, 439, & 448 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-30419-9
4. Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, & H. M. Jahns, 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. pages 457, 463, & 476. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-30419-9
5. Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E., 2000. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". page 21 in A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.), Bryophyte Biology. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-66097-1
6. Schuster, Rudolf M., The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America, volume VI, pages 712-713. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992). ISBN 0-914868-21-7.
7. Goffinet, Bernard; William R. Buck (2004). "Systematics of the Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification". Monographs in Systematic Botany. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. 98: 205–239.
8. Raven, Peter H., Ray F. Evert, & Susan E. Eichhorn, 2005. Biology of Plants, 7th edition. (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company). ISBN 0-7167-1007-2.
9. Gifford, Ernest M. & Adriance S. Foster, 1988. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, 3rd edition, page 358. (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company). ISBN 0-7167-1946-0.
10. Taylor, Thomas N. & Edith L. Taylor, 1993. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, page 636. (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall). ISBN 0-13-651589-4.
11. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:Summary Statistics

Pranala njaba

Wikibooks

Wikibooks Dichotomous Key gadhah kaca kanthi sesirah

Plantae

• Jones, T. M., Reid, C. S., Urbatsch, L. E. "Visual study of divisional Plantae". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2020-04-13. Dibukak ing 2016-10-10. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (pitulung)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (requires Microsoft Silverlight)
• Tetuwuhan ing Encyclopedia of Life
• Chaw, S.-M.; et al. (1997). "Molecular Phylogeny of Extant Gymnosperms and Seed Plant Evolution: Analysis of Nuclear 18s rRNA Sequences" (PDF). Molec. Biol. Evol. 14 (1): 56–68. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025702. PMID 9000754.
• Index Nominum Algarum
• Interactive Cronquist classification
• Plant Resources of Tropical Africa Archived 2010-06-11 at the Wayback Machine.
• Tree of Life Archived 2015-06-30 at the Wayback Machine.

Database botani lan vegetasi

• African Plants Initiative database
• Australia
• Chilean plants at Chilebosque
• e-Floras (Flora of China, Flora of North America and others)
• Flora Europaea
• Flora of Central Europe (ing basa Basa Jerman)
• Flora of North America
• List of Japanese Wild Plants Online
• Meet the Plants-National Tropical Botanical Garden Archived 2007-06-16 at the Wayback Machine.
• Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - Native Plant Information Network at University of Texas, Austin
• The Plant List Archived 2019-05-23 at the Wayback Machine.
• United States Department of Agriculture not limited to continental US species

Cithakan:Klasifikasi tetuwuhan