リケッチア (Rickettsia、リケッツィア、リケッチャ、リッケットシアとも表記。) は、狭義ではRickettsia 属、広義では Rickettsiaceae 科の微生物の総称。ダニ等の節足動物を媒介とし、ヒトに発疹チフスあるいは各種リケッチア症を引き起こす。ウイルスと同じように細胞外で増殖できない。偏性細胞内寄生体とも呼ばれる。
名称は発疹チフスの研究に従事し、結果的にそれが原因で亡くなったアメリカの病理学者、ハワード・テイラー・リケッツの名に因む。
リケッチアは非運動性でグラム染色で陰性である。1–4 µm の球状または桿体、あるいは連鎖状、繊維状の形状を示す。ウイルス、クラミジア、ファイトプラズマ等と同じく単独で増殖が出来ない(偏性細胞内寄生性)。増殖は宿主の血管内皮系の細胞内で行われ、宿主細胞の代謝低下時に最もよい増殖を示す。宿主細胞から取り出し単独におくと急速に死滅する。感染した血管には血栓が生じ、血管破裂、壊死を引き起こす。これが体のどこで起こるかは種により異なり、これが症状の差違を引き起こす。
自然界ではネズミなど小型哺乳類、ダニが保因しており、シラミ、ダニ、ツツガムシ(恙虫)の節足動物を媒介し、ヒトに感染する。
クエン酸回路を構成する全ての遺伝子を持ち、DNA解析によりミトコンドリアとの近縁性が指摘されている。
テトラサイクリン、ドキシサイクリン、クロラムフェニコール等の代謝・DNA合成を阻害する機序の抗菌薬を投与する。ペニシリンなど、臨床的に頻用されるβ-ラクタム系の細胞壁のペプチドグリカンを合成阻害する抗生物質が、全く効かないことに注意が必要である。
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LORENZA BEATI, MOSTAPHA MESKINI, BERNADETTE THIERS, DIDIER RAOULT (01 January 1997). “Rickettsia aeschlimannii sp. nov., a New Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia Associated with Hyalomma marginatum Ticks”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 47 (2): 548-54. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-548. PMID 9103647.
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Alice N. Maina, Alison Luce-Fedrow, Sylvia Omulo, Jun Hang, Teik-Chye Chan, Fredrick Ade, Dereje D. Jima, Eric Ogola, Hong Ge, Robert F. Breiman, Moses K. Njenga, Allen L. Richards (01 November 2016). “Isolation and characterization of a novel Rickettsia species (Rickettsia asembonensis sp. nov.) obtained from cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis)”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 66 (11). doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001382.
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Mohammad Y. Abdad, Rita Abou Abdallah, Khalid El Karkouri, Mamadou Beye, John Stenos, Helen Owen, Nathan Unsworth, Ian Robertson, Stuart D. Blacksell, Thi-Tien Nguyen, Claude Nappez, Didier Raoult, Stan Fenwick, Pierre-Edouard Fournier (01 September 2017). “Rickettsia gravesii sp. nov.: a novel spotted fever group rickettsia in Western Australian Amblyomma triguttatum triguttatum ticks”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67 (9): 3156-3161. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001865. PMID 28857025.
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JOHN STENOS, VÉRONIQUE ROUX, DAVID WALKER, DIDIER RAOULT (01 October 1998). “Rickettsia honei sp. nov., the aetiological agent of Flinders Island spotted fever in Australia”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 48 (4): 1399-404. doi:10.1099/00207713-48-4-1399. PMID 9828442.
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Darja Duh, Volga Punda-Polic, Tatjana Avsic-Zupanc, Donald Bouyer, David H. Walker, Vsevolod L. Popov, Mateja Jelovsek, Maja Gracner, Tomi Trilar, Nikola Bradaric, Timothy J. Kurtti, Jasna Strus (01 April 2010). “Rickettsia hoogstraalii sp. nov., isolated from hard- and soft-bodied ticks”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60 (4): 977-984. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.011049-0. PMID 19666817.
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David T. Gauthier, Sandor E. Karpathy, Stephanie L. Grizzard, Dhwani Batra, Lori A. Rowe, Christopher D. Paddock (02 July 2021). “Characterization of a novel transitional group Rickettsia species (Rickettsia tillamookensis sp. nov.) from the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 71 (7). doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004880.
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ウィキメディア・コモンズには、
リケッチアに関連するメディアがあります。