センメルヴェイス・イグナーツ・フュレプ (ハンガリー語: Semmelweis Ignác Fülöp[sɛmːmɛlvɛjs ignɑ̈ːʦ fyløp]1818年7月1日 - 1865年8月13日) またはイグナーツ・フィーリプ・ゼメルヴァイス (ドイツ語: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis[upper-alpha 1] ドイツ語:[ɪɡnaːts zɛmlvaɪs]) は、ドイツ系[2]ハンガリー人[upper-alpha 2]の医師。手洗いなどの[3]消毒法の先駆者として知られ、「母親たちの救い主」とも呼ばれる。19世紀中ごろには産褥熱の発生数が多く、産婦の死亡率も高かった。特にウィーン総合病院(ドイツ語版、英語版)第一産科では、一般的な助産師による出産と比べ死亡率が3倍も高くなっていた。ここに勤務していたセンメルヴェイスは、産褥熱の発生数を調査し、1847年、産科医が次亜塩素酸カルシウムで手を消毒することで劇的に産婦の死亡率を下げることが出来ることを発見し、"Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers"(産褥熱の病理、概要と予防法)と題した本にまとめて出版した。
最終的に、センメルヴェイスは、「手についた微粒子」(an der Hand klebende Cadavertheile[5])が、第一産科の中で解剖室から患者に移されているのだと結論付けた。この考えは、死亡率の低い第二産科の見習い助産師が解剖に参加せず、遺体と接触していないことにも裏付けられていた。
1856年、センメルヴェイスの助手ヨーゼフ・フライシャーが、ロクスやペシュトでの塩素消毒法の成果をウィーンの週刊医学雑誌(Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift)に投稿した[25]。編集者は皮肉たっぷりに、今こそ塩素消毒理論に対する誤解が解かれるべきである、という書簡を載せた[31]。2年後、ついにセンメルヴェイスは自分の手で『産褥熱の病原学』と題した研究書を出版した[upper-alpha 5]。さらに2年後には、『私とイギリスの医師たちとの間の産褥熱に関する見解の差異』と題した論文を出版した[upper-alpha 6]。そして1861年には、自身の研究の集大成となる『産褥熱の病理、概要と予防法』(Die Ätiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers)を刊行した[upper-alpha 7]。この本の中で、センメルヴェイスは世間での自説の受容の遅さを嘆いている。「多くの講堂で、伝染性産褥熱に関する講義と私の理論をめぐる議論が鳴り響き続けている……刊行されている医学書の中で、私の説は無視されるか攻撃されるばかりだ。ヴュルツブルクの医学部など、私の説を拒絶する内容の1859年の先行論文を表彰までしている。」[33][upper-alpha 8]
Louis-Ferdinand Céline completed his M.D. thesis on Semmelweis in 1924. It was published as a fictionalized biography under the title La Vie et l'œuvre de Philippe Ignace Semmelweis in 1936 (English versions: The Life and Work of Semmelweis, tr. by Robert Allerton Parker, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1937; Semmelweis, tr. by John Harman, Atlas Press, 2008).
In William Forstchen's The Lost Regiment series, one of the main characters is a doctor named Emil Weiss, the regiment's surgeon. On multiple occasions, it is mentioned that he had studied under Semmelweis and as such had developed effective sanitation techniques to avoid infection when treating injuries.
Morton Thompson's 1949 novel The Cry and the Covenant is a fictionalized account based on the life of Semmelweis.
Motherkillers, a novel by John Piper, based on the Semmelweis story.[59]
Kurt Vonnegut praises Semmelweis at length in his 2005 memoir, A Man Without a Country, portraying his story as a tragic tale of a powerful force for good being ignored, mocked and derided in his own time. Vonnegut called him "my hero" and held his story up as a beneficial example for all mankind.
Genius Belabored: Childbed Fever and the Tragic Life of Ignaz Semmelweis, by Theodore G. Obenchain.[60]
演劇
Semmelweis, opera-theater work by Raymond J. Lustig (music) and Matthew Doherty (libretto). Premiere production June 2018 in Miskolc, Hungary, directed by Martin Boross, featuring Szilveszter Szabó, Veronika Nádasi, and the Bela Bartok Chamber Choir of Szolnoc, co-produced by Budapest Operetta Theater and Bartok Plusz Opera Festival. Nine additional Hungarian-language performances in Budapest, and a five-city tour throughout Hungary, 2018-19.
"Semmelweis" by Jens Bjørneboe. Performed in 1977 at Studio Arena Theater in Buffalo, New York with Lewis J. Stadlen, Kathy Bates, and Kim Hunter. Performed in 1978 at Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. with Colin Blakeley. Performed in 1981 at Hartman Theater in Stamford, Connecticut.
"What are you fighting for, Dr Semmelweis" by Titus Alexander, 1973. Performed July 1974 at Churchill Theatre, Edinburgh, Scotland, by pupils of the Edinburgh Rudolf Steiner School Dramatic Society, with Simon Scott as Semmelweis with music composed by Mark Edwards. Translated into German as "Um was kämpfen Sie, Dr. Semmelweis?" by Concilia Viegener and performed by a Steiner school in Brazil.
"Semmelweis" by Peter Russell. A 90-minute play broadcast 9 August 1971 on BBC Radio 4 featuring Sandor Eles in the title role.
See for instance Charles Delucena Meigs, in which there is a link to an original source document.
The author of the lecture was Charles Henry Felix Routh, but it was delivered by Edward William Murphy since Routh was not a Fellow of the Royal Medical and Surgical Society. (Lecture: On the Causes of the Endemic Puerperal Fever of Vienna, Medico-chirurgical Transactions 32(1849): 27-40. Review: Lancet 2(1848): 642f.) For a list of some other reviews, see Frank P. Murphy, "Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818–1865): An Annotated Bibliography," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 20(1946), 653-707: 654f.[10]
The report was "A gyermekágyi láz kóroktana" ("The Etiology of Childbed Fever") published in Orvosi hetilap2 (1858); a translation into German is included in Tiberius von Györy's, Semmelweis's gesammelte Werke (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1905), 61–83. This was Semmelweis's first publication on the subject of puerperal fever. According to Győry, the substance of the report was contained in lectures delivered before the Budapester Königliche Ârzteverein in the spring of 1858.[32]
The article was originally published as: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, "A gyermekágyi láz fölötti véleménykülönbség köztem s az angol orvosok közt" Orvosi hetilap 4 (1860), 849–851, 873-76, 889–893, 913–915.[26]
The monograph to which Semmelweis refers was a work by Heinrich Silberschmidt, "Historisch-kritische Darstellung der Pathologie des Kindbettfiebers von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die unserige", published 1859 in Erlangen, which mentions Semmelweis only incidentally and without dealing at all with the transfer of toxic materials by the hands of physicians and midwives. The book was awarded a prize by the medical faculty of Würzburg at the instigation of Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels[34]
Carl Braun's thirty causes appear in his Lehrbuch der Geburtshülfe. In the first of these, published in 1855, he mentions Semmelweis in connection with his discussion of cause number 28, cadaverous poisoning. In the later version, however, although he discusses the same cause in the same terms, all references to Semmelweis have been dropped.[36]
Paintings of Semmelweis available in the 1983 edition of his Etiology, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever,[43] and at Wikimedia Commons.
Benedek,István(1983),Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis 1818–1865,Druckerei Kner, Gyomaendrőd, Hungary:Corvina Kiadó (Translated from Hungarian to German by Brigitte Engel),ISBN963-13-1459-6
Braun,Carl(1857),Lehrbuch der Geburtshülfe,Vienna, Austria:Braumüller
Breisky,August(1861),Semmelweis:journal=Vierteljahrschrift für die praktische Heilkunde,18,Literarischer Anzeiger,pp.1–13
Carter,K. Codell;Carter,Barbara R.(February 1, 2005),Childbed fever. A scientific biography of Ignaz Semmelweis,Transaction Publishers,ISBN978-1-4128-0467-7
Hebra,Ferdinand(1847),“Höchst wichtige Erfahrungen über die Aetiologie der an Gebäranstalten epidemischen Puerperalfieber”,Zeitschrift der K.k. Gesellschaft der Ärzte zu Wien4(1): 242–244
Hebra,Ferdinand(1848),“Fortsetzung der Erfahrungen über die Aetiologie der in Gebäranstalten epidemischen Puerperalfieber”,Zeitschrift der K.k. Gesellschaft der Ärzte zu Wien5: 64f
Levy,Karl Edouard Marius(1848),“De nyeste Forsög i Födselsstiftelsen i Wien til Oplysning om Barselfeberens Aetiologie”,Hospitals-Meddelelser1: 199–211
Muenze Oesterreich AG(2017),“50 Euro– Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (2008)”,Austrian Mint website(Vienna),オリジナルのDecember 13, 2010時点におけるアーカイブ。,https://web.archive.org/web/20101213023126/http://austrian-mint.com/285?l=en&muenzeId=603October 27, 2009閲覧,"The new gold coin with a face value of 50 Euro has a portrait of the celebrated doctor himself together with the staff of Aesculapius, which is the logo for the entire series. The reverse has a bird’s-eye view of the old General Hospital in Vienna, where Semmelweis was stationed in the childbirth clinic. An insert to the right shows a doctor and a student in the act of disinfecting their hands before examining a patient."
Nissani,M.(1995).“The Plight of the Obscure Innovator in Science”.Social Studies of Science25: 165–183.doi:10.1177/030631295025001008.
Nuland,Sherwin B.(2003),The Doctors' Plague: Germs, Childbed Fever and the Strange Story of Ignac Semmelweis,W. W. Norton,ISBN0-393-05299-0
Semmelweis,IgnazCarter, K. Codell訳(September 15, 1983)[1983],Etiology, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever,University of Wisconsin Press,ISBN0-299-09364-6 (references to Carter's foreword and notes indicated )
Wieger,Friedrich(1849),“Des moyens prophylactiques mis en U.S.A.ge au grand hôpital de Vienne contre l'apparition de la fièvre puerpérale”(French),Gazette Médicale de Strasbourg9: 99–105
Works by Ignaz Semmelweis at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis at Internet Archive
Extracts from Semmelweis's 1861 book, The Etiology, Concept, and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever were published in the January 2008 edition of Social Medicine