The Federalist Papers

"The Federalist" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Federalist (disambiguasi).

The Federalist (kelak disebut The Federalist Papers) adalah kumpulan 85 artikel dan esai yang ditulis (di bawah nama samaran Publius) oleh Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, dan John Jay yang mendukung ratifikasi Konstitusi Amerika Serikat. 77 artikel diterbitkan secara berseri di The Independent Journal dan The New York Packet antara Oktober 1787 dan Agustus 1788. 77 artikel tersebut dan 8 artikel lainnya dengan judul The Federalist; or, The New Constitution diterbitkan dalam dua volume pada tahun 1788 oleh J. dan A. McLean.^[1] Judul aslinya adalah The Federalist; judul The Federalist Papers baru muncul pada abad ke-20.

Halaman judul koleksi pertama The Federalist Papers (1788)

Meski para penulis The Federalist Papers hendak memengaruhi pemegang hak suara agar mendukung ratifikasi Konstitusi, mereka merumuskan perdebatannya secara luas dari sudut pandang politik dalam Federalist No. 1:

It has been frequently remarked, that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not, of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend, for their political constitutions, on accident and force.^[2]

Highlights abound in the essays of The Federalist. Dalam Federalist No. 10, Madison membahas cara mencegah faksi mayoritas penguasa dan mendukunng republik besar yang komersial. Federalist No. 10 umumnya diakui sebagai artikel terpenting dari 85 artikel Federalis dari sudut pandang filsafat. Artikel ini dilengkapi oleh Federalist No. 14; Madison menggambarkan ukuran Amerika Serikat dan menganggapnya cocok untuk dijadikan republik besar. Selain itu, Madison juga mempertahankan kreativitas konstitusi dan politik Konvensi Federal.^[3] Dalam Federalist No. 84, Hamilton menyatakan bahwa Konstitusi tidak perlu diamendemen dengan menambahkan Deklarasi Hak dan bahwa berbagai pasal dalam Konstitusi yang melindungi kebebasan sudah setara dengan "deklarasi hak". Federalist No. 78, juga ditulis oleh Hamilton, menjadi dasar doktrin peninjauan yudisial undang-undang federal atau keputusan presiden oleh pengadilan federal. Federalist No. 70 menjelaskan alasan Amerika Serikat perlu dipimpin seorang kepala eksekutif. Dalam Federalist No. 39, Madison memaparkan penjelasannya tentang "Federalisme". Dalam Federalist No. 51, Madison mengutarakan pemeriksaan dan penyeimbangan (checks and balances) lewat sebuah esai yang sering dikutip karena menyebut pemerintah sebagai "cerminan terbaik sifat manusia."

Menurut sejarawan Richard B. Morris, The Federalist Papers adalah "pembahasan Konstitusi yang tiada bandingnya, sebuah karya klasik dalam ilmu politik yang tidak dapat ditandingi kekayaan dan kedalamannya oleh penulis manapun di Amerika Serikat."^[4]

Daftar lengkap

Warna baris disesuaikan dengan penulisnya.

#	Tanggal	Judul	Penulis
1	October 27, 1787	General Introduction	Alexander Hamilton
2	October 31, 1787	Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence	John Jay
3	November 3, 1787	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence	John Jay
4	November 7, 1787	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence	John Jay
5	November 10, 1787	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence	John Jay
6	November 14, 1787	Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States	Alexander Hamilton
7	November 15, 1787	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States	Alexander Hamilton
8	November 20, 1787	The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States	Alexander Hamilton
9	November 21, 1787	The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection	Alexander Hamilton
10	November 22, 1787	The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection	James Madison
11	November 24, 1787	The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy	Alexander Hamilton
12	November 27, 1787	The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue	Alexander Hamilton
13	November 28, 1787	Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government	Alexander Hamilton
14	November 30, 1787	Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered	James Madison
15	December 1, 1787	The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union	Alexander Hamilton
16	December 4, 1787	The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union	Alexander Hamilton
17	December 5, 1787	The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union	Alexander Hamilton
18	December 7, 1787	The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union	James Madison[5]
19	December 8, 1787	The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union	James Madison[5]
20	December 11, 1787	The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union	James Madison[5]
21	December 12, 1787	Other Defects of the Present Confederation	Alexander Hamilton
22	December 14, 1787	The Same Subject Continued: Other Defects of the Present Confederation	Alexander Hamilton
23	December 18, 1787	The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union	Alexander Hamilton
24	December 19, 1787	The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered	Alexander Hamilton
25	December 21, 1787	The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered	Alexander Hamilton
26	December 22, 1787	The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered	Alexander Hamilton
27	December 25, 1787	The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered	Alexander Hamilton
28	December 26, 1787	The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered	Alexander Hamilton
29	January 9, 1788	Concerning the Militia	Alexander Hamilton
30	December 28, 1787	Concerning the General Power of Taxation	Alexander Hamilton
31	January 1, 1788	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation	Alexander Hamilton
32	January 2, 1788	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation	Alexander Hamilton
33	January 2, 1788	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation	Alexander Hamilton
34	January 5, 1788	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation	Alexander Hamilton
35	January 5, 1788	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation	Alexander Hamilton
36	January 8, 1788	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation	Alexander Hamilton
37	January 11, 1788	Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government	James Madison
38	January 12, 1788	The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed	James Madison
39	January 18, 1788	The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles	James Madison
40	January 18, 1788	The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained	James Madison
41	January 19, 1788	General View of the Powers Conferred by the Constitution	James Madison
42	January 22, 1788	The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered	James Madison
43	January 23, 1788	The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered	James Madison
44	January 25, 1788	Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States	James Madison
45	January 26, 1788	The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered	James Madison
46	January 29, 1788	The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared	James Madison
47	January 30, 1788	The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts	James Madison
48	February 1, 1788	These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other	James Madison
49	February 2, 1788	Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government	James Madison[6]
50	February 5, 1788	Periodic Appeals to the People Considered	James Madison[6]
51	February 6, 1788	The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments	James Madison[6]
52	February 8, 1788	The House of Representatives	James Madison[6]
53	February 9, 1788	The Same Subject Continued: The House of Representatives	James Madison[6]
54	February 12, 1788	The Apportionment of Members Among the States	James Madison[6]
55	February 13, 1788	The Total Number of the House of Representatives	James Madison[6]
56	February 16, 1788	The Same Subject Continued: The Total Number of the House of Representatives	James Madison[6]
57	February 19, 1788	The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many	James Madison[6]
58	February 20, 1788	Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered	James Madison[6]
59	February 22, 1788	Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members	Alexander Hamilton
60	February 23, 1788	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members	Alexander Hamilton
61	February 26, 1788	The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members	Alexander Hamilton
62	February 27, 1788	The Senate	James Madison[6]
63	March 1, 1788	The Senate Continued	James Madison[6]
64	March 5, 1788	The Powers of the Senate	John Jay
65	March 7, 1788	The Powers of the Senate Continued	Alexander Hamilton
66	March 8, 1788	Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered	Alexander Hamilton
67	March 11, 1788	The Executive Department	Alexander Hamilton
68	March 12, 1788	The Mode of Electing the President	Alexander Hamilton
69	March 14, 1788	The Real Character of the Executive	Alexander Hamilton
70	March 15, 1788	The Executive Department Further Considered	Alexander Hamilton
71	March 18, 1788	The Duration in Office of the Executive	Alexander Hamilton
72	March 19, 1788	The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered	Alexander Hamilton
73	March 21, 1788	The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power	Alexander Hamilton
74	March 25, 1788	The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the Executive	Alexander Hamilton
75	March 26, 1788	The Treaty Making Power of the Executive	Alexander Hamilton
76	April 1, 1788	The Appointing Power of the Executive	Alexander Hamilton
77	April 2, 1788	The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered	Alexander Hamilton
78	May 28, 1788 (book) June 14, 1788 (newspaper)	The Judiciary Department	Alexander Hamilton
79	May 28, 1788 (book) June 18, 1788 (newspaper)	The Judiciary Continued	Alexander Hamilton
80	June 21, 1788	The Powers of the Judiciary	Alexander Hamilton
81	June 25, 1788 and June 28, 1788	The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority	Alexander Hamilton
82	July 2, 1788	The Judiciary Continued	Alexander Hamilton
83	July 5, 1788, July 9, 1788 and July 12, 1788	The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury	Alexander Hamilton
84	July 16, 1788, July 26, 1788 and August 9, 1788	Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered	Alexander Hamilton
85	August 13, 1788 and August 16, 1788	Concluding Remarks	Alexander Hamilton

Lihat pula

• Filsafat Amerika Serikat
• The Anti-Federalist Papers
• Daftar nama samaran dalam perdebatan Konstitusi Amerika Serikat

Catatan kaki

1. Jackson, Kenneth T. The Encyclopedia of New York City: The New York Historical Society; Yale University Press; 1995. p. 194.
2. The Federalist Papers. Toronto: Bantam Books. 1982.
3. Wills, x.
4. Richard B. Morris, The Forging of the Union: 1781-1789 (1987) p. 309
5. Nos. 18, 19, 20 are frequently indicated as being jointly written by Hamilton and Madison. However, Adair concurs with previous historians that these are Madison's writing alone: "Madison had certainly written all of the essays himself, including in revised form only a small amount of pertinent information submitted by Hamilton from his rather sketchy research on the same subject." Adair, 63.
6. One of twelve "disputed papers" to which both Madison and Hamilton laid claim. Modern scholarly consensus leans towards Madison as the author of all twelve, and he is so credited in this table. See Federalist Papers: Disputed essays. See Adair, 93: "The disputed numbers of The Federalist claimed by both Hamilton and Madison are Numbers 49 through 58 and Numbers 62 and 63.

Referensi

• Adair, Douglass. Fame and the Founding Fathers. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1974.A collection of essays; that used here is "The Disputed Federalist Papers".
• Frederick Mosteller and David L. Wallace. Inference and Disputed Authorship: The Federalist. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1964.
• Furtwangler, Albert. The Authority of Publius: A Reading of the Federalist Papers. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1984.
• Wills, Gary. Explaining America: The Federalist, Garden City, NJ: 1981.

Bacaan lanjutan

• Meyerson, Michael I. Liberty's Blueprint: How Madison and Hamilton Wrote the Federalist Papers, Defined the Constitution, and Made Democracy Safe for the World, New York: Basic Books, 2008.
• Dietze, Gottfried. The Federalist: A Classic on Federalism and Free Government, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1960.
• Epstein, David F. The Political Theory of the Federalist, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984.
• Gray, Leslie, and Wynell Burroughs. "Teaching With Documents: Ratification of the Constitution", Social Education, 51 (1987): 322-324.
• Kesler, Charles R. Saving the Revolution: The Federalist Papers and the American Founding, New York: 1987.
• Patrick, John J., and Clair W. Keller. Lessons on the Federalist Papers: Supplements to High School Courses in American History, Government and Civics, Bloomington, IN: Organization of American Historians in association with ERIC/ChESS, 1987. ED 280 764.
• Schechter, Stephen L. Teaching about American Federal Democracy, Philadelphia: Center for the Study of Federalism at Temple University, 1984. ED 248 161.
• Scott, Kyle. The Federalist Papers: A Reader’s Guide (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2013) 202 pp.
• Sunstein, Cass R. The Enlarged Republic—Then and Now, New York Review of Books, (March 26, 2009): Volume LVI, Number 5, 45. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22453
• Webster, Mary E. The Federalist Papers: In Modern Language Indexed for Today's Political Issues. Bellevue, WA.: Merril Press, 1999.
• White, Morton. Philosophy, The Federalist, and the Constitution, New York: 1987.
• Zebra Edition. The Federalist Papers: (Or, How Government is Supposed to Work), Edited for Readability. Oakesdale, WA: Lucky Zebra Press, 2007.

Pranala luar

• Kutipan tentang The Federalist di Wikikutip
• Karya yang berkaitan dengan The Federalist Papers di Wikisource
• Buku audio domain publik The Federalist Papers di LibriVox
• The Federalist Papers di Proyek Gutenberg
• The Federalist Papers on the Bill of Rights
• Teaching The Federalist Papers Diarsipkan 2021-04-24 di Wayback Machine.
• Booknotes interview with Robert Scigliano on The Federalist Papers, January 21, 2001. Diarsipkan 2016-06-29 di Wayback Machine.
• Collection of The Federalist Papers
• EDSITEment on The Federalist and Anti-Federalist debates on diversity and the extended republic
•  "Federalist, The". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

Templat:Konstitusi Amerika Serikat

Templat:James Madison