pernikahan di antara dua individu yang berbeda latar belakang ras Dari Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas
Pernikahan antarras terjadi ketika dua orang dari kelompok ras yang berbeda menikah. Hal ini merupakan bentuk dari eksogami (menikahi di luar dari kelompok sosial), dan dapat dipandang dalam konteks pembatasan yang miskegenasi (mencampur grup rasial yang berbeda dalam pernikahan, kohabitasi atau hubungan seksual).
Pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, pria Tionghoa di Mauritius menikahi wanita India.[1][2] Sensus 1921 di Mauritius menyatakan bahwa wanita India di sana memiliki 148 anak dari pria Tionghoa.[3][4][5]
Pernikahan antar-etnis di Jepang telah berlangsung sejak abad ke-7, ketika imigran China dan Korea mulai melakukan menikah dengan penduduk lokal. Pada awal abad ke-9, sepertiga dari seluruh keluarga bangsawan di Jepang memiliki garis keturunan orang asing.[6] Pada 1590-an, lebih dari 50.000 orang Korea secara paksa didatangkan ke Jepang, di mana mereka menikah dengan penduduk lokal. Pada abad ke-16 dan ke-17, sekitar 58.000 orang Jepang pergi ke luar negeri, beberapa di antaranya menikah dengan wanita lokal di Asia Tenggara.[7]
Para pedagang Portugis di Jepang juga menikah dengan wanita Kristen lokal pada abad ke-16 dan ke-17.[8]
Pada saat penganiayaan anti-Kristen pada 1596, beberapa Kristen Jepang kabur ke Makau dan koloni-koloni Portugis lainnya seperti Goa, di mana terdapat komunitas budak dan pedagang Jepang pada awal abad ke-17.[6] Budak-budak Jepang dibawa atau diserahkan oleh para pedagang Portugis dari Jepang.[9] Pernikahan antar-ras dengan penduduk lokal di koloni-koloni Portugis juga terjadi.[6] Hubungan pernikahan dan seksual antara pedagang Eropa dan wanita Jepang juga terjadi pada waktu itu.[10]
Pada abad ke-11, wilayah BizantiumAnatolia ditaklukan oleh Turki Seljuk, yang datang dari Turkestan di Asia Tengah. Keturunan Turki Ottoman mereka menganeksasi Balkan dan bagian selatan dari Eropa Tengah pada abad ke-15 dan ke-16. Karena hukum pernikahan Islam memperbolehkan laki-laki Muslim untuk menikahi perempuan Kristen dan Yahudi, pernikahan antar-ras menjadi hal yang umum di Kekaisaran Ottoman bagi laki-laki Turki untuk menikah dengan perempuan Eropa. Contohnya, berbagai sultanDinasti Ottoman sering memiliki istri Yunani (Rûm), Slavik (Saqaliba), Venesia, Kaukasus Utara dan Prancis. Beberapa istri Eropa tersebut memiliki pengaruh yang besar di kekaisaran tersebut sebagai Valide Sultan ("Orang tua Sultan"); beberapa contoh yang paling terkenal meliputi Roxelana, seorang budak harem Slavik yang kemudian menjadi istri kesayangan Suleiman I, dan Aimée du Buc de Rivéry, istri dari Abdul Hamid I dan saudari dari Permaisuri Prancis Josephine. Karena pernikahan antar-ras yang umum terjadi di Kekaisaran Ottoman, mereka memiliki dampak yang signifikan pada penampilan orang Turki pada masa sekarang di Turki, yang berbeda dengan orang Turkic di Asia Tengah.[11]
Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain 1600–1857. Orient Blackswan. hlm.111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8. ISBN81-7824-154-4.
Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain 1600–1857. Orient Blackswan. hlm.180–2. ISBN81-7824-154-4.
Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain 1600–1857. Orient Blackswan. hlm.106, 111–6, 119–20, 129–35, 140–2, 154–6, 160–8, 172, 181. ISBN81-7824-154-4.
Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, Gelina Harlaftis, Iōanna Pepelasē Minoglou (2005). Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks: Four Centuries of History. Berg Publishers. hlm.256. ISBN1-85973-880-X.
According to Alessandro Vezzosi, Head of the Leonardo Museum in Vinci, there is evidence that Piero owned a Middle Eastern slave called Caterina who gave birth to a boy called Leonardo. That Leonardo had Middle Eastern blood is supported by the reconstruction of a fingerprint: Falconi, Marta (2006-12-01). "Experts Reconstruct Leonardo Fingerprint". The Associated Press.
Fisher, Michael H. (2007). "Excluding and Including "Natives of India": Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 27 (2): 303–314 [304–5]. doi:10.1215/1089201x-2007-007.
McFadden, J., Moore, J.L. (2001). International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 23 (4): 261. doi:10.1023/A:1014420107362. Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
Omissi, David (2007). "Europe Through Indian Eyes: Indian Soldiers Encounter England and France, 1914–1918". English Historical Review. Oxford University Press. CXXII (496): 371–96. doi:10.1093/ehr/cem004.
Greenhut, Jeffrey (April 1981). "Race, Sex, and War: The Impact of Race and Sex on Morale and Health Services for the Indian Corps on the Western Front, 1914". Military Affairs. Society for Military History. 45 (2): 71–74. doi:10.2307/1986964. JSTOR1986964.
Corbridge, Staurt and Harriss, John (2000). Reinventing India: Liberalization, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy. Polity press. hlm.8. ISBN0-7456-2076-0.Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
Weiss, Anita M. (July 1991). "South Asian Muslims in Hong Kong: Creation of a 'Local Boy' Identity". Modern Asian Studies. 25 (3): 417–53. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00013895.
Jim Shaffer – "Current archaeological data do not support the existence of an Indo-Aryan or European invasion into South Asia any time in the pre- or protohistoric periods. Instead, it is possible to document archaeologically a series of cultural changes reflecting indigenous cultural developments from prehistoric to historic periods" Jim Shaffer. The Indo-Aryan Invasions: Cultural Myth and Archaeological Reality. *J.P. Mallory – "...the extraordinary difficulty of making a case for expansions from Andronovo to northern India, and that attempts to link the Indo-Aryans to such sites as the Beshkent and Vakhsh cultures only gets the Indo-Iranian to Central Asia, but not as far as the seats of the Medes, Persians or Indo-Aryans". As quoted in Bryant (see below) *Edwin Bryant – "India is not the only Indo-European-speaking area that has not revealed any archaeological traces of immigration."there is at least a series of archaeological cultures that can be traced approaching the Indian subcontinent, even if discontinuous, which does not seem to be the case for any hypothetical east-to-west emigration" Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-513777-9.. Bryant, Edwin F.; Patton, Laurie L., ed. (2005). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history. London: Routledge. ISBN0-7007-1463-4.
Ansari, Humayun (2004). The Infidel Within: The History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. hlm.37. ISBN1-85065-685-1.
Ansari, Humayun (2004). The Infidel Within: The History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. hlm.93–4. ISBN1-85065-685-1.
Yegar, Moshe (1972). The Muslims of Burma: a Study of a Minority Group. Schriftenreihe des Südasien-Instituts der Universität Heidelberg. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. hlm.6. ISBN3-447-01357-5. OCLC185556301.
Bland, Lucy (April 2005). "White Women and Men of Colour: Miscegenation Fears in Britain after the Great War". Gender & History. 17 (1): 29–61. doi:10.1111/j.0953-5233.2005.00371.x.
Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). "Working across the Seas: Indian Maritime Labourers in India, Britain, and in Between, 1600–1857". International Review of Social History. 51: 21–45. doi:10.1017/S0020859006002604.
According to J. D. Fage " it is difficult to decide whether this queen (Shajar al-Durr) was the last of the Ayyubids or the first of the Mamluks as she was connected with both the vanishing and the oncoming dynasty". Fage, p.37
Al-Maqrizi described Shajar al-Durr as the first of the Mamluk Sultans of Turkic origin. " This woman, Shajar al-Durr, was the first of the Turkish Mamluk Kings who ruled Egypt " – (Al-Maqrizi, p. 459/ vol.1)
Rider, Clare (2003). "The "Unfortunate Marriage" of Seretse Khama". The Inner Temple Yearbook 2002/2003. Inner Temple. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-07-19. Diakses tanggal 2006-08-06. "Under the provisions of the South Africa Act of 1909, the Union laid claim to the neighbouring tribal territories and, as the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations pointed out to the Cabinet in 1949, the 'demand for this transfer might become more insistent if we disregard the Union government's views'. He went on, 'indeed, we cannot exclude the possibility of an armed incursion into the Bechuanaland Protectorate from the Union if Serestse were to be recognised forthwith, while feeling on the subject is inflamed'."
Rider, Clare (2003). "The "Unfortunate Marriage" of Seretse Khama". The Inner Temple Yearbook 2002/2003. Inner Temple. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-07-19. Diakses tanggal 2006-08-06. "Since, in their opinion, friendly and co-operative relations with South Africa and Rhodesia were essential to the well-being of the Bamangwato Tribe and the whole of the Protectorate, Serestse, who enjoyed neither, could not be deemed fit to rule. They concluded: 'We have no hesitation in finding that, but for his unfortunate marriage, his prospects as Chief are as bright as those of any native in Africa with whom we have come into contact'."
Ayesha Jalal (1995). "Conjuring Pakistan: History as Official Imagining". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 27 (1): 73–89. doi:10.1017/S0020743800061596. JSTOR176188.
Kalaydjieva, L.; Morar, B.; Chaix, R. and Tang, H. (2005). "A Newly Discovered Founder Population: The Roma/Gypsies". BioEssays. 27 (10): 1084–94. doi:10.1002/bies.20287. PMID16163730.Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
Davis, Robert (1999). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". Stephen Behrendt, "Transatlantic Slave Trade", Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience (New York: Basic Civitas Books), ISBN 0-465-00071-1.
Redfern, John (1955). "An appeal". Ruth and Seretse: "A Very Disreputable Transaction". London: Victor Gollancz. hlm.221. The British government knew well enough, throughout the dispute, that the Union [of South Africa]'s Nationalist Government was playing up the theme of the protectorates, and that it was within the Union's power to apply economic sanctions at any time. (The latest available figures show that more than half the cattle exported from Bechuanaland go to the Union...)
Thompson J, Collier M (2006). "Toward Contingent Understandings of Intersecting Identifications among Selected U.S. Interracial Couples: Integrating Interpretive and Critical Views". Communication Quarterly. 54 (4): 487. doi:10.1080/01463370601036671.
