Prinsip antropik adalah sekelompok prinsip yang mencoba menentukan seberapa besar kemungkinan pengamatan kita terhadap alam semesta, mengingat bahwa kita hanya bisa berada di jenis alam semesta tertentu untuk memulai pengamatan.[1] Dengan kata lain, pengamatan ilmiah tentang alam semesta bahkan tidak akan mungkin terjadi jika hukum alam semesta tidak sesuai dengan perkembangan makhluk hidup. Para pendukung prinsip antropik berpendapat bahwa hal itu menjelaskan mengapa alam semesta ini memiliki usia dan konstanta fisik fundamental yang diperlukan untuk mengakomodasi kehidupan sadar, karena jika keduanya berbeda, kita tidak akan pernah ada untuk melakukan pengamatan. Penalaran antropik sering digunakan untuk menjelaskan gagasan bahwa alam semesta tampaknya disetel dengan baik.[2]
Ada banyak rumusan berbeda tentang prinsip antropik. Filsuf Nick Bostrom berpendapat bahwa terdapat tiga puluh rumusan berbeda, tetapi prinsip-prinsip itu dapat dibagi menjadi bentuk "lemah" dan "kuat", bergantung pada jenis klaim kosmologis yang dimilikinya. Prinsip antropik lemah (WAP) seperti yang didefinisikan oleh Brandon Carter, menyatakan bahwa alam semesta yang teratur adalah hasil dari bias seleksi (khususnya bias survivorship). Seringkali argumen semacam itu didasarkan pada beberapa gagasan tentang alam semesta paralel agar terdapat populasi statistik alam semesta untuk dipilih. Namun demikian, satu alam semesta yang luas cukup untuk sebagian besar bentuk WAP yang tidak secara khusus menangani penyetelan halus. Prinsip antropik yang kuat (SAP), seperti yang dikemukakan oleh John D. Barrow dan Frank Tipler, menyatakan bahwa alam semesta dalam keadaan tertentu pada akhirnya memiliki kesadaran, dan kehidupan manusia muncul sekonyong-konyong di dalamnya.
Bostrom, Nick (9 February 2020). "Was the Universe Made for Us?". Anthropic Principle. The data we collect about the Universe is filtered not only by our instruments' limitations, but also by the precondition that somebody be there to “have” the data yielded by the instruments (and to build the instruments in the first place).
- Barrow, John D.; Tipler, Frank J. (1986). The Anthropic Cosmological Principle 1st edition 1986 (revised 1988). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-282147-8. LCCN 87028148.
- Cirkovic, M. M. (2002). "On the First Anthropic Argument in Astrobiology". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 91 (4): 243–254. arXiv:astro-ph/0306185
. Bibcode:2002EM&P...91..243C. doi:10.1023/A:1026266630823.
- Cirkovic, M. M. (2004). "The Anthropic Principle and the Duration of the Cosmological Past". Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions. 23 (6): 567–597. arXiv:astro-ph/0505005 . Bibcode:2004A&AT...23..567C. doi:10.1080/10556790412331335327.
- Conway Morris, Simon (2003). Life's Solution: Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe
. Cambridge University Press.
- Craig, William Lane (1987). "Critical review of The Anthropic Cosmological Principle". International Philosophical Quarterly. 27 (4): 437–47. doi:10.5840/ipq198727433.
- Hawking, Stephen W. (1988). A Brief History of Time. New York: Bantam Books. hlm. 174. ISBN 978-0-553-34614-5.
- Stenger, Victor J. (1999), "Anthropic design," The Skeptical Inquirer 23 (August 31, 1999): 40-43
- Mosterín, Jesús (2005). "Anthropic Explanations in Cosmology." In P. Háyek, L. Valdés and D. Westerstahl (ed.), Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of the LMPS. London: King's College Publications, pp. 441–473. ISBN 1-904987-21-4.
- Taylor; Stuart Ross (1998). Destiny or Chance: Our Solar System and Its Place in the Cosmos. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78521-1.
- Tegmark, Max (1997). "On the dimensionality of spacetime". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 14 (4): L69–L75. arXiv:gr-qc/9702052 . Bibcode:1997CQGra..14L..69T. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/14/4/002. A simple anthropic argument for why there are 3 spatial and 1 temporal dimensions.
- Tipler, F. J. (2003). "Intelligent Life in Cosmology". International Journal of Astrobiology. 2 (2): 141–48. arXiv:0704.0058 . Bibcode:2003IJAsB...2..141T. doi:10.1017/S1473550403001526.
- Walker, M. A.; Cirkovic, M. M. (2006). "Anthropic Reasoning, Naturalism and the Contemporary Design Argument". International Studies in the Philosophy of Science. 20 (3): 285–307. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.2588 . doi:10.1080/02698590600960945. Shows that some of the common criticisms of AP based on its relationship with numerology or the theological Design Argument are wrong.
- Ward, P. D.; Brownlee, D. (2000). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe. Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-98701-9.
- Vilenkin, Alex (2006). Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes. Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-9523-0.
- Nick Bostrom: web site devoted to the Anthropic Principle.
- Friederich, Simon. Fine-tuning, review article of the discussion about fine-tuning, highlighting the role of the anthropic principles.
- Gijsbers, Victor. (2000). Theistic Anthropic Principle Refuted Positive Atheism Magazine.
- Chown, Marcus, Anything Goes, New Scientist, 6 June 1998. On Max Tegmark's work.
- Stephen Hawking, Steven Weinberg, Alexander Vilenkin, David Gross and Lawrence Krauss: Debate on Anthropic Reasoning Diarsipkan 2020-04-10 di Wayback Machine. Kavli-CERCA Conference Video Archive.
- Sober, Elliott R. 2009, "Absence of Evidence and Evidence of Absence -- Evidential Transitivity in Connection with Fossils, Fishing, Fine-Tuning, and Firing Squads.[pranala nonaktif permanen]" Philosophical Studies, 2009, 143: 63–90.
- "Anthropic Coincidence"—the anthropic controversy as a segue to Lee Smolin's theory of cosmological natural selection.
- Leonard Susskind and Lee Smolin debate the Anthropic Principle.
- debate among scientists on arxiv.org.
- Evolutionary Probability and Fine Tuning
- Benevolent Design and the Anthropic Principle at MathPages
- Critical review of "The Privileged Planet"
- The Anthropic Principle - a review.
- Berger, Daniel, 2002, "An impertinent résumé of the Anthropic Cosmological Principle. Diarsipkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine." A critique of Barrow & Tipler.
- Jürgen Schmidhuber: Papers on algorithmic theories of everything and the Anthropic Principle's lack of predictive power.
- Paul Davies: Cosmic Jackpot Interview about the Anthropic Principle (starts at 40 min), 15 May 2007.
