Peningkatan keasaman air laut

Peningkatan keasaman air laut adalah peristiwa berkurangnya pH lautan yang berada di bumi, yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan karbon dioksida dari atmosfer (pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat).^[1] Diperkirakan 30-40% karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan.^[2][3] Untuk mempertahankan kesetimbangan kimia, sebagian akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk asam karbonat. Sebagian dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion bikarbonat dan ion hidronium, sehingga meningkatkan keasaman laut. Antara tahun 1751 hingga 1994, pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari 8.25 menjadi 8.14,^[4] yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hidronium sebanyak 30% di lautan.^[5][6]

Perkiraan perubahan pH air laut yang disebabkan oleh karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan manusia, sejak tahun 1700-an sampai 1990-an. Data dari Global Ocean Data Analysis Project dan World Ocean Atlas.

Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi, seperti penurunan laju metabolisme cumi-cumi jumbo (Dosidicus gigas),^[7] penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru,^[8] dan pemutihan koral.

Reaksi kimia

CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) CO₂ (aq) + H₂O (l) H₂CO₃ (aq) HCO₃⁻ (aq) + H⁺ (aq) CO₃²⁻ (aq) + 2 H⁺ (aq)

Reaksi kimia lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti koral untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis plankton. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam.^[9] Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada rantai makanan yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan.^[10][11] Sebanyak 105 akademi ilmu pengetahuan telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.^[12]

Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam sejarah bumi, seperti peristiwa Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM),^[13] yang terjadi setidaknya 56 juta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia.

Lihat pula

• Portal Lingkungan

• Pompa biologis
• Gas rumah kaca
• Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
• Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
• Dampak lingkungan dari industri batu bara

Referensi

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