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Berikut adalah daftar peperangan dan bencana berdasarkan jumlah korban jiwa. Data mencakup perkiraan jumlah korban jiwa, nama peristiwa, lokasi, dan waktu terjadinya peristiwa tersebut. Sebuah peristiwa bisa saja masuk dalam lebih dari satu kategori, beberapa peristiwa bisa beririsan dengan yang lain.
Artikel ini perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. |
Angka di bawah dituliskan dalam jutaan dan mencakup kematian dari penyakit, kelaparan, dan kematian dalam pertempuran, pembantaian, ataupun genosida. Angka yang ditulis merupakan angka perkiraan. Bila hanya ada satu perkiraan, maka perkiraan terendah dan tertinggi ditulis dengan nilai sama.
Perkiraan terendah |
Perkiraan Log. mean[1] | Perkiraan Tertinggi | Peristiwa | Lokasi | Mulai | Akhir | Durasi (tahun) | Catatan, Lihat pula |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40[2] | 58 | 85[3] | Perang Dunia 2 | Seluruh dunia | 1939 | 1945 | 6 tahun 1 hari | Korban Perang Dunia II and Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua[4] (termasuk Holocaust dan kematian di kamp konsentrasi) |
36[5] | 37 | 40[6] | Tiga Kerajaan | Tiongkok | 184 | 280 | 96 | |
30[7] | 35 | 40[8] | Ekspansi mongol | Eurasia | 1206 | 1368 | 163 | Kekaisaran Mongol |
25[9] | 25 | 25 | Ekspansi Manchu | Tiongkok | 1616 | 1662 | 47 | Dinasti Qing |
20[10] | 32 | 100[11][12][13] | Pemberontakan Taiping | Tiongkok | 1851 | 1864 | 14 | |
15[14] | 31 | 65[15] | Perang Dunia I | Seluruh dunia | 1914 | 1918 | 4 tahun, 3 bulan, 1 minggu | Kematian akibat flu Spanyol dimasukan dalam angka perkiraan tertinggi. |
15[16] | 17 | 20[16] | Penaklukan Timur-e-Lang | Asia Barat, Asia Selatan, Asia Tengah, Rusia | 1369 | 1405 | 37 | Dinasti Timurid |
13[8] | 21 | 36[17] | Pemberontakan An Lushan | Tiongkok | 755 | 763 | 9 | Peperangan pada Abad Pertengahan |
8[18] | 8 | 8 | Perang Sipil Tiongkok | Tiongkok | 1927 | 1949 | 22 | |
5[butuh rujukan] | 6.7 | 9[19] | Perang Sipil Rusia | Rusia | 1917 | 1921 | 5 | |
4.194[20] | 8.4 | 17 [21][22][23] | Holocaust | Eropa | 1941 | 1945 | 4 | Angka perkiraan terendah berasal dari jumlah orang Yahudi yang tewas dalam peristiwa ini sementara angka tertinggi mencakup semua kebijakan pembunuhan Jerman yang berbasis ras dan politik, baik langsung maupun tidak langsung. |
3.5 [butuh rujukan] |
4.9 | 7.0[24] | Perang Napoleon | Eropa, Atlantik, Pasifik, dan Samudra Hindia | 1803 | 1815 | 13 | |
3.0 | 5.9 | 11.5[25] | Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun | Kekaisaran Romawi Suci | 1618 | 1648 | 31 | Perang agama |
3.0[26] | 4.6 | 7.0[26] | Pemberontakan Serban Kuning | Tiongkok | 184 | 205 | 22 | bagian dari Perang Tiga Kerajaan |
2.5[27] | 3.7 | 5.4[28] | Perang Kongo Kedua | Republik Demokratik Kongo | 1998 | 2003 | 6 | Perang Kongo Pertama |
2.582[29][30][31] | 4.5 | 8.0[32] | Holodomor (and Soviet famine of 1932–1933) | Ukrainian SSR (and other areas of southern USSR, western Siberia) | 1932 | 1933 | 1 | Targeted famine and forced relocation of Soviet ethnic groups, especially landed Ukrainian peasants, by Stalin Regime. |
2.3[33] | 2.8 | 3.3[34] | Hundred Years' War | Western Europe | 1337 | 1453 | 107 | Edwardian War (1337-1360), Caroline War (1369-1389), Lancastrian War (1415–53) |
2.0 [35] |
14 | 100 [36] | European colonization of the Americas | Americas | 1492 | 1900 | 408 | Colonization, disease, ethnic cleansing and war. |
2.0 | 2.8 | 4.0[37] | French Wars of Religion | France | 1562 | 1598 | 37 | Religious war |
1.5[8] | 1.7 | 2.0[38] | Shaka's conquests | Southern Africa | 1816 | 1828 | 13 | Ndwandwe–Zulu War |
1.5[39] | 1.7 | 2.0[39] | War in Afghanistan | Afghanistan | 1979 | 2000 | 22 | Soviet-Afghan War, Taliban Era. Death toll estimates through 1999 (2M) and 2000 (1.5M and 2M). |
1.0 | 1.7 | 3.0 | Nigerian Civil War | Nigeria | 1966 | 1970 | 4 | Ethnic cleansings of the Igbo people followed by Civil War. |
1.0[40] | 1.7 | 3.0[40] | Cambodian Genocide | Cambodia | 1975 | 1979 | 4 | War casualties, famine, health system collapse, executions and ethnic cleansing during the Khmer Rouge regime. |
1.0[41] | 1.7 | 3.0[42] | Crusades | Holy Land, Europe | 1095 | 1291 | 197 | Christian military excursions against the Muslim Conquests. |
1.0[43] | 1.4 | 2.0 | Second Sudanese Civil War | Sudan | 1983 | 2005 | 23 | First Sudanese Civil War |
0.9 | 0.94 | 1.0 | Gallic Wars | France | 58 BC | 50 BC | 9 | Roman Empire |
0.8 | 0.89 | 1.0 | Du Wenxiu Rebellion | Tiongkok | 1856 | 1873 | 18 | |
0.8[44] | 1.5 | 3.0[45] | Vietnam War | Southeast Asia | 1955 | 1975 | 21 | Cold War and First Indochina War |
0.67[46] | 0.75 | 0.85[47] | American Civil War | United States of America | 1861 | 1865 | 4 | Estimates include civilian deaths |
0.6[39] | 1.1 | 2.0[39] | Soviet War in Afghanistan | Afghanistan | 1980 | 1988 | 9 | Sometimes categorized as a proxy war during the Cold War. |
0.5[48] | 1.2 | 3.0[49] | Expulsion of Germans after World War II | Europe | 1945 | 1950 | 5 | Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II. |
0.5[50] | 1 | 2.0[50] | Mexican Revolution | Mexico, United States | 1911 | 1920 | 10 | Includes Pancho Villa's raids and the Columbus Raid. |
0.5[51][52] | 1.0 | 2.0[butuh rujukan] | Iran–Iraq War | Iran, Iraq | 1980 | 1988 | 9 | Includes the Al-Anfal Campaign and the Invasion of Kuwait. |
0.5[53] | 0.71 | 1.0[53] | Rwandan genocide | Rwanda | 1994 | 1994 | 1 | Part of the Rwandan Civil War. |
0.5 | 0.71 | 1.0 | Spanish Civil War | Spain | 1936 | 1939 | 4 | |
0.4[54] | 0.45 | 0.5[55] | Circassian Genocide | Circassia | 1864 | 1867 | 3 | Deaths during the ethnic cleansing of Circassia by the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the Russo–Circassian War (1763–1864). |
0.4[56] | 1.34 | 4.5[56] | Korean War | Korean Peninsula | 1950 | 1953 | 4 | Categorized as part of the Cold War. |
0.3[57] | 0.67 | 1.5[58] | Armenian Genocide | Anatolia | 1915 | 1923 | 8 | Called the First Genocide of the 20th century and officially recognized by 21 countries as such, though modern Turkey disputes the use of this term and some associated claims. |
0.3[59] | 0.6 | 1.2[60] | Paraguayan War | South America | 1864 | 1870 | 7 | Military history of South America, Francisco Solano López and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias |
0.3[61] | 0.24 | 0.4[61] | Deluge | Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | 1655 | 1660 | 6 | The Second Northern War, including subsequent campaigns by the same powers through the 1650s, and skirmishes between Catholic and Protestant partisans. |
0.272[62] | 0.585 | 1.260[62][63][64] | War on Terror | Greater Middle East | 2001 | 2013 | 12 | Includes Iraq War, War in Afghanistan (2001–present), and War in North-West Pakistan. |
0.2[65] | 0.45 | 1.0[65] | Greek genocide | Anatolia | 1915 | 1923 | 8 | The use of the term "genocide" is disputed by modern Turkey. |
0.097207[66][67][68] | 0.31 | 0.2[69] | Bosnian War | Bosnia | 1992 | 1995 | 3 | During the Bosnian War, at least 97,207 people were killed. |
0.075[70][71] | 0.099 | 0.13[70][71] | Massacres of Poles by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army | Volhyn and Eastern Galicia | 1943 | 1944 | 1 | Killings conducted by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army on Polish civilians. |
0.2[72] | 0.77 | 3.0[72] | 1971 Bangladesh genocide | East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) | 1971 | 1971 | 1 | Killings by the Pakistani Armed Forces in East Pakistan leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971; widely regarded as a genocide against the Bengali people. |
Deaths | Name | Run by | Location | Date | Notes, References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
800,000–1,500,000 | Auschwitz-Birkenau | Nazi Germany | Oświęcim, Poland | 1940–1945 | [73][74] |
700,000–1,000,000 | Treblinka | Nazi Germany | Treblinka, Poland | 1942–1943 | [75][76] |
480,000–600,000 | Bełżec | Nazi Germany | Bełżec, Poland | 1942–1943 | [77][78][79] |
130,000–500,000 | Kolyma Gulag | Soviet Union | Kolyma, Soviet Union | 1932–1954 | [80] |
100,000–700,000 | Jasenovac | NDH Ustaše | Croatia | 1941–1945 | [81][82][83] |
85,000 | Stutthof | Nazi Germany | Stuttof, Third Reich | 1939-1945 | Second World War |
12,790–75,000 | Stara Gradiška | NDH Ustaše | Croatia | 1941–1945 | primarily for women and children[85][86] |
26,000 - 40,000 | Second Boer War | United Kingdom | South African Republic | 1900–1902 | 116,000 boer women and children; 26,370 died
Second Boer War#Concentration camps .281900.E2.80.931902.29 115,000 black people 15,000 died Second Boer War [87] 81% of the total fatalities in the camps were children Emily Hobhouse |
17,000 | Tuol Sleng | Democratic Kampuchea | Phnom Penh, Cambodia | 1975–1979 | [88] |
13,171 | Camp Sumter | Confederate States of America | Andersonville, Georgia, USA | 1864–1865 | [89] |
12,000 | Crveni Krst | Nazi regime, Gestapo | Niš, Serbia | 1941 | [90] |
2,963 | Elmira Prison | United States of America | Elmira, New York, USA | 1864–1865 | [91] |
Catatan: beberapa dari peristiwa di bawah disebabkan oleh alam
Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Event | Location | From | To | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15.000.000[92] | 55.000.000[93] | Great Chinese Famine | Tiongkok | 1958 | 1962 | During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death.[94] State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.[95] |
9.000.000 | 13.000.000 | Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79 | Tiongkok | 1876 | 1879 | ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts |
5.500.000 | 6.000.000 | Great Famine of 1876–78 | India | 1876 | 1878 | ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts |
5.000.000[96] | 10.000.000[96] | Russian famine of 1921 | Soviet Russia | 1921 | 1922 | See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union and Russian Civil War with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstka |
3.000.000 | 4.000.000 | Bengal famine of 1943 | India | 1943 | 1943 | The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India's main supply of rice imports[97]
However, administrative policies in British India ultimately helped cause the massive death toll.[98] |
2.400.000[99] | 2.400.000 | Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies | Indonesia | 1944 | 1945 | An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but mainly by the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population.[99] |
2.000.000 | 3.000.000 | Indian famine of 1896–97, Indian famine of 1899–1900 | India | 1896 | 1900 | ENSO famines. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts |
800,000[100] | 950,000[101] | Cambodian Genocide | Cambodia | 1975 | 1979 | An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor and famine perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, of which nearly half was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979. |
750.000[102][103] | 1.500.000[104] | Great Irish Famine[105] | Ireland | 1846 | 1849 | Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland—where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food—was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors which remain the subject of historical debate.[106][107] |
400.000[108] | 2.000.000[109] | Vietnamese Famine of 1945 | Vietnam | 1944 | 1945 | The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam.[109] |
400.000[110] | 1.000.000[111] | 1983–85 famine in Ethiopia | Ethiopia | 1983 | 1985 | The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, and in particular the one of 1983–5, were in large part created by government policies.[110] |
70.000[112] | 70.000 | Sudan famine | Sudan | 1998 | 1998 | The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan.[113] |
Note: These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans, for example by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 2,500,000–3,700,000[114] | 1931 China floods | Tiongkok | 1931 |
2. | 900,000–2,000,000 | 1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood | Tiongkok | 1887 |
3. | 500,000–700,000 | 1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood | Tiongkok | 1938 |
4. | 26,000[115]-230,000[116] | The failure of 62 dams in Zhumadian Prefecture, Henan, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, caused by Typhoon Nina. | Tiongkok | August 1975 |
5. | 145,000 | 1935 Yangtze river flood | Tiongkok | 1935 |
6. | more than 100,000 | St. Felix's Flood, storm surge | Netherlands | 1530 |
7. | 100,000 | Hanoi and Red River Delta flood | North Vietnam | 1971 |
8. | 100,000 | 1911 Yangtze river flood | Tiongkok | 1911 |
9. | 50,000–80,000 | St. Lucia's flood, storm surge | Netherlands, England | 1287 |
10. | 10,000–50,000 | Vargas Tragedy, landslide | Venezuela | 1999 |
11. | 2,400 | North Sea flood, storm surge | Netherlands, Scotland, England, Belgium | 31 January 1953 |
12. | 2,209 | Johnstown Flood | Pennsylvania | 31 May 1889 |
This section lists deaths from the systematic practice of human sacrifice or suicide. For notable individual episodes, see Human sacrifice and mass suicide.
Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Description | Group | Location | From | To | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
300.000[butuh rujukan] | 1.500.000[butuh rujukan] | Human sacrifice in Aztec culture | Aztecs | Mexico | 14th century | 1521 | Up to 3,000 sacrificed yearly[117] |
13,000[118] | 13,100 | Human sacrifice | Shang dynasty | Tiongkok | BC1300 | BC1050 | Last 250 years of rule |
7.941[119] | 7.941 | Ritual suicides | Sati | , India | 1815 | 1828 | |
3.912 | 3.912 | Kamikaze suicide pilots, see note[120] | Imperial Japanese air forces | Pacific theatre | 1944 | 1945 | |
913 | 913 | Jonestown murder-suicide[121] | Followers of The Peoples Temple cult | Jonestown | November 18, 1978 | November 19, 1978 | |
967 | 967 | Mass suicide motivated religious and political. | Judean rebels | Masada | Spring 73 |
Events with a large anthropogenic death toll not fitting any of the above classifications. May include deaths caused by famine, genocide, and other events listed above, as a portion of the total.
Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Event | Location | From | To | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
49.000.000 | 78.000.000 | Mao Zedong era 1949–1976 | Tiongkok | 1949 | 1976 | Millions of people died as a result of Mao Zedong's reforms,[122] with most of these deaths due to the Great Chinese Famine caused by mismanagement of agricultural resources during the Great Leap Forward. Millions more died as a result of human rights abuses. The total includes those who died during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, the Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns, human rights abuses in Tibet, The Great Leap Forward (especially the resulting famine), and the Cultural Revolution. See also Mass killings under communist regimes. |
8.000.000 | 61.000.000 | Soviet crimes 1917–1953 | Soviet Republics (1917–1922), the Soviet Union (1922–1953), the East and Center of Europe, Mongolia | 1917 | 1953 | War, forced collectivization, and poor central planning in the Soviet Republics and Soviet Union led to enormous famines in 1921, 1932–33, and 1946–47. Mass murders were also perpetrated by the Communist leaders of the Soviet Republics between 1917 and 1922 and later on in The Soviet Union during a period of 1922–1953 (until the death of Joseph Stalin). This includes terrors unleashed by Cheka during the Russian Civil War against nations and 'enemies of The Revolution',[123] deaths in Gulags,[124] forced resettlement,[125] Holodomor,[126] Dekulakization,[127] Great Purge,[128] National operations of the NKVD.[129] See also Mass killings under communist regimes. |
5.000.000[130] | 22.000.000[131] | Crimes during Congo Free State 1885–1908 | Now the Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1885 | 1908 | Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.[132] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[133] |
175.000[134] | 576.000[135] | Sanctions against Iraq | Iraq | 1990 | 1998 | Sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council indirectly caused excess deaths of young children. |
100.000 | 2.000.000 | Indonesian killings of 1965–1966 | Indonesia | 1965 | 1966 | Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965 and 1966. Death tolls are difficult to estimate.[136] |
100.000[137][138] | 250.000[139][140] | War in the Vendée | France | 1793 | 1796 | Described as genocide by some historians[138] but this claim has been widely discounted.[141] See also French Revolution. |
100,000[142] | 120,000 | Manila Massacre | Manila, Philippines | 1945 | 1945 | During the Battle of Manila, at least 100,000 civilians were killed. |
90.800 | 202.600 | Indonesian occupation of East Timor | East Timor | 1974 | 1999 | Civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness.[143] |
50.000 | 80.000[144] | Operation Condor | South America | 1975 | 1983 | A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States |
50.000 | 60.000[145][146][147] | Warsaw Uprising | Occupied Poland | 5 August 1944 | 12 August 1944 | Systematic killing of Polish civilian population (mostly children and women regardless of age (the latter usually raped before death)) in district Wola and Ochota committed by the German Army during Warsaw Uprising |
40,000[148] | 350,000[149] | Nanking Massacre | Nanking, Tiongkok | 1937 | 1938 | The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937. |
15.000 | 15.000[150] | First Sack of Thessalonica | Byzantine Empire | 904 | 904 | The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli. In addition to the thousands killed the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves. |
10.000[151][152] | 100.000[153][154] | Great Fire of Smyrna | İzmir, Turkey | September 9, 1922 | September 24, 1922 | Fires set during attacks on Greeks and Armenians by Turkish mobs and military forces in Smyrna at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22). The violence and fires resulted in the destruction of the Greek and Armenian portions of the city and the evacuation of their former populations by British and American military forces. After the attacks 30,000 Greek and Armenian men left behind were deported by Turkish forces, many of whom were subsequently killed. |
9.000[155] | 30.000[156] | Dirty War | Argentina | 1976 | 1983 | At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor). |
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