India

India (Bharat, Hindustan), South Asia ka ek desh hae. Iski abaadi 1,370,000,000 se jaada hae. India ki raajdhaani New Delhi hae. Is desh ki 22 adhikarik bhashayen hae. Ye kshetrafal me duniya ka satvaan (7th) sab se bada desh hae aur abaadi mein dusra sab se bada desh hae, lekin duniya ki sab se barraa democracy hae. Iske dakshin me Indian Ocean, pashchim me Arabian Sea, purab me Bay of Bengal hae. Iske border ke paschim me Pakistan, uttar me China, Bhutan, Nepal aur poorab me Bangladesh aur Myanmar hae. India ke dakshin me Indian Ocean me to the east. India ke dakshin me Sri Lanka, Maldives, aur Indonesia hae.

Republic of India
भारत गणराज्य
Bharat Gaṇarājya

India ka jhanda National Emblem
Motto: Satyameva Jayate English: Truth Alone Triumphs Sanskrit:सत्यमेव जयते जय हिन्द, jay hind
Rajabhasa	हिन्दी Hindi
Maatra bhasa	Angreji(English), Malayalam, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi, Marwari, Tamil, Telegu, Kannada, Sanskrit, Mizo, Bihari, Kashmiri, Urdu, Farsi, Konkani, Assamese, Sindhi, Odia, Nishi
Dusre bhasa	Nepali, Persian, Arabic, (Pashton), Adi
Sambandh	Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, Russia, South East Asia, South Asia
NRI (Non Residing Indian)	MENA(5 million), North America aur Asia(2 million each), Europe (500,000), South America, United Kingdom & Australia(350,000 each).
Overseas Indian	Asia(3 million), North America(4 million), Africa & UK(1.5 million each), Australia(400,000), Europe & MENA(100,000 each)
Migrants	12 million
Rashtra Gaana:	Jana Gana Mana
Rajdhani	New Delhi 28º 34' N, 77º 12' E
Sarkaar  - President  - Prime Minister  - Vice President	Federal republic Droupadi Murmu Narendra Modi Jagdeep Dankhar
Ajaadi  -Date	- United Kingdom (British Raaj) 15 August 1947
Kshetrafal  - Total  - % paani	7th position 3,287,263 km² 9.56%
Janasankhya  - Total (2023)  -Density	- 2nd position 1,385,000,000 403.8/km2
GDP  - Total (2023)  - Per capita	5th position $ 3,750,000,000 ($1.2 billion - $350 billion) $ 2,707 varies state to state ($2000 - $20000)
Dharam	Hinduism
Dusre Dharam	Sikhism, Islam, Buddhism, Christian, Zoroastrian, Judaism
Mudra	Indian rupee(INR)
Samay Mandal	UTC +5:30
Durbhasha code	+91
Internet TLD	.in

India ke ruling ke ithiaas ke bare mein kaha gaya hae ki Chandragupt Murya India ke pehle Raja the aur modern day India ko banane mein Shri Jawaharlal Nehru ka haath hae magar Shri Dr. Rajendra Prasad bhi ho sakte hae British ke madam se. Aur dusre aise ithasik log hae Ashoka the Great. Turko Indian Tuqhlaq aur Mughal Empire ka bhi haath hae, Indus valley civilization. Aaj ke zamane mein All India National Congress aur Bharatiya Janata Party aur Janata Dal aur communist party ka Hukum ke barabari chalta hae aur raja aur politician ke bhi haath hae.

India me 28 states aur 9 union territories hae (jisme national capital territory bhi hae)^[1]. Union territories ke President of India se appoint karaa gais administrators chalawe hae. Dui territor, (Delhi aur Puducherry) ke partial statehood dewa gais hae, jisme ek elected legislature aur executive councils of ministers hae, lekin state e raam ii logan ke lage puura taagat nai hae.Article 370 5 August ko remove kiya tha aur tab 9 union terretories ho gaye.

States

Number	State	Code	Capital
1	Andhra Pradesh	AP	Amaravati
2	Arunachal Pradesh	AR	Itanagar
3	Assam	AS	Dispur
4	Bihar	BR	Patna
5	Chhattisgarh	CG	Raipur
6	Goa	GA	Panaji
7	Gujarat	GJ	Gandhinagar
8	Haryana	HR	Chandigarh
9	Himachal Pradesh	HP	Shimla
10	Jammu and Kashmir	JK	Srinagar
11	Jharkhand	JH	Ranchi
12	Karnataka	KA	Bangalore
13	Kerala	KL	Thiruvananthapuram
14	Madhya Pradesh	MP	Bhopal
15	Maharashtra	MH	Mumbai
16	Manipur	MN	Imphal
17	Meghalaya	ML	Shillong
18	Mizoram	MZ	Aizawl
19	Nagaland	NL	Kohima
20	Orissa	OR	Bhubaneswar
21	Punjab	PB	Chandigarh
22	Rajasthan	RJ	Jaipur
23	Sikkim	SK	Gangtok
24	Tamil Nadu	TN	Chennai
25	Tripura	TR	Agartala
26	Uttar Pradesh	UP	Lucknow
27	Uttarakhand	UL	Dehradun
28	West Bengal	WB	Kolkata
29	Telangana	TS	Hyderabad

Union Territories

Number	Union territory	Code	Capital
A	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	AN	Port Blair
B	Chandigarh	CH	Chandigarh
C	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	DN	Silvassa
D	Daman and Diu	DD	Daman
E	Lakshadweep	LD	Kavaratti
F	National Capital Territory	ND	New Delhi
G	Puducherry	PY	Puducherry
H	Kashmir	JK	Srinagar
I	Ladakh	LA	Leh, Kargil

National symbols of the Republic of India (Official)
National heritage animal
National bird
National tree		Bargad Ka Ped
National flower
National animal
National aquatic marine mammal
National reptile
National heritage mammal
National fruit
National temple
National river
National mountain

Etymology

India ke naam Indus se aais hae, jon ki purana Farsi bhasa me Hindu sabd hae. Farsi me ii Sanskrit सिन्धु (Sindhu) se aais hae, jisme ii Indus Naddi ke naam hae. Purana jamana ke Greeek logan Hindusani log ke Indoi (Ινδοί), yaaniki Indus ke log, bolate the. India ke Constitution me des ko Bharat (ucharan: [ˈbʱaːrət̪]) bola jata hae. Bharat naam India ke ek purana raja Bharata se aya hae. Hindustan ([ɦɪnd̪ʊˈst̪aːn]) , jo ki Farsi se aaya hae, ka matalab “Hinduyon ka desh” hae.

Itihaas

India ek prachin des hae jiska lamba itihas hae. Adhunik India 1947 se ajaad desh hae,jo pehle British imperial crown aur usse pehle East India company ke indirect control Mein Tha. India ke itihaas uu time se suruu hoe hae jab ki 500,000 saal pahle hian pe Homo erectus rahat rahin, Iske baad hian pe 75,000 saal pahile Homo sapiensrahe ke suruu karin. Indus Valley Civilization, jon ki Indian sub-continent ke northwestern hissa me c. 3300 se 1300 BCE talak rahaa, India ke pahila khaas civilization rahaa. Iron Age me ek Vedic Civilization, Indo-Gangetic plain me suru bhais jisme Magadha kingdom rahaa jon ki Mahavira aur Gautama Buddha ke 6th or 5th century BCE me janam dis rahaa.

4th and 3rd centuries BCE me lagbhag subcontinent ke sab hissa ke Maurya Empire aapan niche kar liis. Iske baad 1500 chhota chhota kingdom, jiske middle ke nnam se jaana jaawe hae, rahaa. Ii time India ke economy jorr se barha rahaa. 4h century me India ke north aur cental hissa ke unite kar ke Gupta Empire banaa jon ki 200 saal talak chalaa. Ii time Hinduism aur aage barrha. South India me Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas, aur Pandyas raj karat rahin jon ki Hinduism aur Buddhism ke Asia ke dusra des me export karin.

South India me, Kerala 77 CE se Roman Empire se trade karat rahaa. Islam bhi pahile Kerala me Muslim traders se aais. Muslim rule subcontinent me 712 CE me aais jab ki Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim Sindh aur Multan pr kapjaa karis.^[2] Iske baad dher aur Muslim invaders central Asia se aain aur Delhi Sultanate aur Mughal Empire jaise Empire ke suruu karin.

Mughal Empire ke saathe dher Rajput kingdoms, aur dher Hindu states, jaise ki Vijayanagara Empire, Maratha Empire, aur Ahom Kingdom bhi rahaa. 18th century me Moghul Empire Afghans, Balochis, Sikhs, aur Marathas ke kaaran kamjor hoe gais. .^[3]

Mid-18th century ke baad, India ke dhire dhire British East India Company aapan niche kar liis. Company ke raaj se nakhusi ke kaaran Indian Rebellion of 1857 bhais aur iske baad , India ke was directly British Crown ke niche karaa gais. Iske baad struggle for independence ke Indian National Congress suru karis jiske baad me Muslim League bhi join karis. Subcontinent ke United Kingdom se 1947 me ajaadi mila aur des ke partition kar ke India aur Pakistan banawa gais.

List of Vice Presidents of India

file:Jagdeep Dhankar (cropped).jpg

Shri Jagdeep Dankhar

• Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan - Independent
• Zakir Husain - Independent
• Varahagiri Venkatagiri - Independent
• Gopal Swarup Pathak - Independent
• B. D. Jatti - INC
• M. Hidayatullah - Independent
• R. Venkatraman - INC
• K. R. Narayan - INC
• Krishan Kant - Janata Dal
• Bhairon Singh Shekhawat - BJP
• M. Hamid Ansari - INC
• M. Venkaiah Naidu - BJP
• Jagdeep Dhankar (Present) - BJP

Pradhan Mantri/Prime Minister

Name	Chapa	Entered Office	Left office	Birth	Death	Political party
Jawahar Lal Nehru		15 August 1947 c	27 May 1964 1	14 November 1889	27 May 1964	Indian National Congress|100px
Rajiv & Indira Gandhi		-	-	-	-	Indian National Congress
Gulzarilal Nanda		27 May 1964	9 June 1964 *	4 July 1898	15 January 1998	Indian National Congress
Lal Bahadur Shastri		9 June 1964	11 January 1966 1	2 October 1904	11 January 1966	Indian National Congress
Gulzarilal Nanda		11 January 1966	24 January 1966 *	4 July 1898	15 January 1998	Indian National Congress
Morarji Desai		24 March 1977	28 July 1979 4	29 February 1896	10 April 1995	Janata Party
Charan Singh		28 July 1979	14 January 1980 3	23 December 1902	29 May 1987	Janata Party
Vishwanath Pratap Singh		2 December 1989	10 November 1990 3	25 June 1931	27 November 2008	Janata Dal
Chandra Shekhar		10 November 1990	21 June 1991	1 July 1927	8 July 2007	Samajwadi Janata Party
P. V. Narasimha Rao		21 June 1991 c	16 May 1996	28 June 1921	23 December 2004	Indian National Congress
Atal Bihari Vajpayee		16 May 1996	1 June 1996 3</sup>	25 December 1924	16 August 2018	Bharatiya Janata Party
Inder Kumar Gujral		21 April 1997	19 March 1998	4 December 1919	30 November 2012	Janata Dal
Atal Bihari Vajpayee		19 March 1998 c	22 May 2004	25 December 1924	16 August 2018	Bharatiya Janata Party
Dr. Manmohan Singh		22 May 2004	26 May 2014	26 September 1932	Alive	Indian National Congress
Narendra Damodardas Modi		26 May 2014 c	Incumbent	17 September 1950	Alive	Bharatiya Janata Party

Notes

• * Interim - It is debatable whether Mr. Gulzari Lal Nanda was a Prime Minister or an Acting Prime Minister. The constitution does not have a position of acting Prime Minister. Mr. Nanda was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India. In contrast, the constitution provides for an acting President who discharges the duties of a President. Hence, constitutional experts and historians now agree that Mr. Nanda is the second Prime Minister of India.

^c-indicates a full term

• ¹ Assassinated or Died in Office
• ² Returned to Office
• ³ Resigned
• ⁴ Dismissed by President following a no-confidence motion

Presidents

Ii suchi ke number karaa gais hae uu order pe jispe uu logan presential election ke jitin rahaa. Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Muhammad Hidayatullah, aur Basappa Danappa Jatti, acting president rahin, aur ii kaaran se number nai karaa gais hae. India ke President koi party ke member nai rahe hae aur Political party waala column ii dekhae hae ki president elect hoe se pahile kon party me rahaa.

Name	Portrait	Took office	Left office	Vice President	Notes
Dr Rajendra Prasad		26 January 1950	13 May 1962	Dr.S Radhakrishnan	Prasad, ajaad India ke pahila President rahaa aur Bihar ke rahaa.[4][5] Uu India ke ajaadi ke larai me bhi involved rahaa.[6] Prasad, ekke President rahaa jon ki dui dafe President banaa.[7]
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan		13 May 1962	13 May 1967	Zakir Hussain	Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher, writer, a Knight of the Realm and also held the position of vice chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University.[8] He was also made a Knight of the Golden Army of Angels by Pope Paul VI.[9]
Zakir Hussain		13 May 1967	3 May 1969	Varahagiri Venkata Giri	Hussain was vice chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna.[10] He died before his term of office was ended.
Varahagiri Venkata Giri *	No Image Available?	3 May 1969	20 July 1969		Giri was appointed as acting president following the death of Hussain.[11] He resigned in a few months to take part in the presidential elections.
Muhammad Hidayatullah *		20 July 1969	24 August 1969		Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India, and was a recipient of the Order of the British Empire.[12] He served as acting president until the election of Giri as the President of India.
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed		24 August 1974	11 February 1977	Basappa Danappa Jatti	Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. He died in 1977 before his term of office ended, and was the second Indian president to have died during a term of office.[13]
Basappa Danappa Jatti *	No Image Available	11 February 1977	25 July 1977		Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed's term of office, and was sworn in as acting president upon Ahmed's death. He earlier functioned as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore.[13][14]
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy		25 July 1977	25 July 1982	Muhammad Hidayatullah	N.S.Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh State. Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh.[15] He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India.
Giani Zail Singh		25 July 1982	25 July 1987	Ramaswamy Venkataraman	In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of chief Minister of Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister.[16]
Ramaswamy Venkataraman		25 July 1987	25 July 1992	Shankar Dayal Sharma	In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the India's independence movement.[17] After his release, he was elected to independent India’s Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence.[18]
Shankar Dayal Sharma	No Image Available?	25 July 1992	25 July 1997	Kocheril Raman Narayanan	Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. He has also served as the governor of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra.[19]
Kocheril Raman Narayanan	No Image Available?	25 July 1997	25 July 2002	Krishan Kant	Narayanan served as India's ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities.[20] He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University.[21]
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam		25 July 2002	25 July 2007	Bhairon Singh Shekhawat	Kalam, was a scientist who played a leading role in the development of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs.[22] Kalam also received the Bharat Ratna.
Pratibha Patil		25 July 2007	Incumbent25 July 2012	Mohammad Hamid Ansari	Patil is the first woman to become the President of India. She was also the first female Governor of Rajasthan.[23][24]
Pranab Mukherjee		25 July 2012	25 July 2017	Mohammad Hamid Ansari	In a political career spanning five decades, Mukherjee has been a senior leader in the Indian National Congress and has occupied several ministerial portfolios in the Government of India.
Ram Nath Kovind		25 July 2017	25 July 2022	Mohammad Hamid Ansari M. Venkaiah Naidu	Previously he had served as the 26th Governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and was a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from 1994 to 2006. Kovind was nominated as a presidential candidate by the ruling NDA coalition and won the 2017 presidential election.
Droupadi Murmu		25 July 2022	Current	Jagdeep Dhankar M. Venkaiah Naidu	Presidency hasil karne se pehle Murmu Jharkhand mien ke mantri thi inhone 2015 - 2021 take kaam kiya hae. Murmu agricultural department mein ek junior assistant thi aur kai baar chunau mein khadi hui hae. Governor ke samay mein Murmu ne kai award hasil ki hae. Murmu India ki doosri mahila president hae.

• Symbol (*) light brown backgroundke saathe, ii dekhae hae ki iiacting president rahaa.

States and union territories

Khaas article: States and territories of India

Chapa New Delhi me Government Office India ke Topograhic map Ladakh Taj Mahal Mumbai Uttar Pradesh Statue Inside monument Satue of Unity Wagah Border Pakistan & Punjab Kerala Goa Gujarat References States and Union Territories of India - Source - Govt of India Official Website "History in Chronological Order". Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 2008-01-09. "Pakistan". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2008-01-09. "Dr. Rajendra Prasad". The Hindu. 7 May 1952. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2008. "Republic Day", Time, 6 February 1950. Retrieved on 30 Navambar 2008. Archived 25 Disambar 2018 at the Wayback Machine "Rajendra Prasad's birth anniversary celebrated". The Hindu. 10 December 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2008. Harish Khare (6 December 2006). "Selecting the next Rashtrapati". The Hindu. Retrieved 30 November 2008. Ramachandra Guha (15 April 2006). "Why Amartya Sen should become the next president of India". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 November 2008. "Dr S. Radhakrishnan". The Sunday Tribune. 30 January 2000. Retrieved 30 November 2008. "Zakir Husain, Dr". Vice President's Secretariat. Retrieved 30 November 2008. "Shekhawat need not compare himself to Giri: Shashi Bhushan". The Hindu. 12 July 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2008. "Hidayatullah, Shri M". Vice President's Secretariat. Retrieved 30 November 2008. "Gallery of Indian Presidents". Press Information Bureau of the Government of India. Retrieved 30 November 2008. "Jatti, Shri Basappa Danappa". Vice President's Secretariat. Retrieved 30 November 2008. Bhargava, G.S.. "Making of the Prez - Congress chief selects PM as well as President", The Tribune. Retrieved on 6 Janwari 2009. Wolpert, Stanley A. (1999). "India". University of California Press. p. 217. Retrieved 3 January 2009. Hazarika, Sanjoy. "Man In The News; India's Mild New President: Ramaswamy Venkataraman", The New York Times, 17 July 1987. Retrieved on 6 Janwari 2009. "Venkataraman, Shri R." Vice President's Secretariat. Retrieved 6 January 2009. Navtej Sarna (27 December 1999). "Former President Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma passes away". Embassy of India, Washington D.C. Retrieved 6 December 2008. "Narayanan, Shri K, R". Vice President's Secretariat. Retrieved 6 December 2008. "The BJP's aim was to get rid of me". Confederation of Human Rights Organizations. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2009. Ramana, M. V.; Reddy, C. Rammanohar (2002). Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream. New Delhi: Orient Longman. p. 169. http://books.google.com/books?id=IjZA-bQde1wC&pg=RA1-PA169&dq=%22Abdul+Kalam%22+%22%22Pokhran-II%22&ei=R6niSOzbDI3gtgPx0tiOBw&sig=ACfU3U0vTUY4GkXlltbzgECN98hWD8A6zQ. Emily Wax. "Female President Elected in India", The Washington Post, 22 July 2007. Retrieved on 2 Disambar 2008. "Pratibha Patil is Rajasthan's first woman governor". Express India. 8 November 2008. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2008.