World War II

World War II, nai to Second World War (jiske chhota se WWII nai to WW2 likha jjawe hae), ek larrrai rahaa jisme dunia ke lagbhag sab des rahin Ii larrai 1 September 1939 se lae ke 2 September 1945 talak chalaa. Isme ek taraf Anti-Comintern Axis pact ke des rahin, jisme Germany, Italy aur Japan ke saathe Finland, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, aur Thailand rahin aur duusra taraf Allies rahin jisme United Kingdom,USSR, France, Comonwealth ke Canada, India, South Africa, Australia, aur New Zealand aur Brazil, Greece, Poland aur Mexico aur 1941 se United States rahaa.

Ii larrai itihaas me sab se barraa rahaa kahe ki isme 100 million se jaada soldier logan lare rahin. Isme 70 million lag ke maut bhais rahaa jisme se jaada civilian rahin.

1 September 1939 me Germany, Poland pe akrraman (invasion) suruu karis.^[1] United Kingdom, Germany ke chetauni diis ki uu larrai band kar de, lekin jab iske baare me kuchh nai karis tab 3 September 1939 ke United Kingdom aur France, Germany pe yudh ke ghosna kar diin.^[2] Iske baad Australia, New Zealand, South Africa aur Canada bhi Germany pe yudh ke ghosna kar diin. Kaaheki Poland, yudh ghosna kare waala des se bahut duur rahaa, uu log Poland ke sahaetaa me kuchh nai kare paain. Britain aur uske sahyogi des Germany pe naval blocade karin jisse ki Germany se bahaar aur bhittar, samundar ke rasta, koi chij lae jaae nai sakaa jaae aur Germany larrai ke ability kamti hoe jaae.^[3] Iske badle me Germany me Germany, allied samaan dhoe waala jahaaj pe submarine se akrman kare ke suruu karis.^[4]

17 September 1939 me Soviet Union bhi Poland pe larrai suruu kar diis, ii bil ke ki Polish state ab khalaas hoe gais hae.^[5] 27 September ke, Warsaw ke bachae waala Poland ke siphai surrender hoe gai. Poland sarkari taur pe surrender bhais aur uske dher siphai duusra des bhaag gain aur baad me Germany ke uppar larrai me saamil hoe gain. Germany aur Soviet union Poland ke ilaaka ke apne me baat liin lekin thora kuch Lithuania aur Slovakia ke de diin. Iske baad Hitler, United Kingdom aur France se shanti ke maang karis , lekin jab iske inkaar kar dewa gais, tab uu aapan army se France pe yudh khatir taeyaari kare ke order karis. ^[6]

Poland me larrau suruu hoe ke baad, Stalin, Estonia, Latvia aur Lithuania ke dhamki de ke uu log ke des me Soviet Union ke military bases banae le diis, aur October 1939 talak ii tiino des me dher Soviet siphai hal gain.^[7]^[8]^[9] Finland, Soviet Union ke army ke aapan des me aae ke ijaajat nai diis aur November 1939 me Soviet Union, Finland pe larrai suruu kar diis.^[10] Barra army rahe ke bawajuut Soviet Union, Finland me bahut aage nai barrhe paais.^[11] lekin March 1940 me ii larrai khalaas hoe gais jab Finland kuchh jamiin ke Soviet Union ke de diis.^[12]

June 1940 me Soviet Union Estonia, Latvia aur Lithuania ke puura aapan niche kar liis. Iske alaawa uu Roumania ke ek ilaaka ke bhi aapan niche kar liis. Iske baad Hitler Roumania ke Transylvania ilaka ke Hungary de dewae diis aur Roumanis ke Dobruja ilaka ke Bulgaria ke de diis.^[13] Roumania ke aapan one-third ilaaka ke duusra des ke de ke kaaran huan pe ek coup bhais aur ek Fascist sarkar banaawa gais jon ki WWII me Germany ke support karis.^[14]

Germany ke air force, Luftwaffe, July ke suruu me Britain ke harbour aur jahaaj ke attack karis. Iske baad Luftwaffe, Britain ke air force ke barbaad kare ke kosis karis, jisse Germany sahaj me England ke invade kar leta, lekin isme uu safal nai rahaa. May 1941 talak Luftwaffe Britain ke city ke bomb karis.^[15]

November 1939 me , United States, China aur western allies ke madat karat rahaa aur aapan neutrality act ke badal ke allies ke hathyaar, "cash and carry" ke niche bechat rahaa.^[16] 1940 me United States aapan navy ke aur barraa karis. September 1940 me United States, West Indies me kuchh naval base ke badle me, Britain ke dher destoyers diis.^[17] Lekin ii time jaada American log direct military action ke virod me rahin.^[18] December 1940 me Roosevelt, allies ke madat kare ke khaatir "lend-lease" suruu karis. Ii time America, Germany ke virod me larrai ke khaatir tyari suruu karis. ^[19]

September 1940 me Tripartite Pact ke niche Acis powers, Germany, Italy aur Japan ek military alliance banain.^[20] Baad me isme Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, aur Hunary bhi join bhais.^[21]

April 1940 me Germany, Denmark aur Norway pe larrai suruu karis, kaaheki uu maangat rahaa ki uske Sweden se iron-ore ke supply ke allies log nai kaate sake. ^[22] Denmark chhe ghanta ke baad surrender hoe gais lekin Norway ke aapan niche karte, Hitler ke dui mahina lagaa. Iske kaaran Britain me, 10 May me, Neville Chamberlain ke hatae ke Winston Churchill ke Prime Minister banaawa gais.^[23]

Wahii din Germany, France pe larrai suruu karis. Mignot Line ke bypass kare ke khaatir Germany ke army tiin neutral des, Belgium, Netherlands aur Luxembourg me se ghus ke France me barrhin.^[24] Germany ke army Ardennes ke jangal, jisme allies sochat rahin ki tank nai jaae sake, ke paar kar ke bhi France ke ghussin.^[25]^[26] Blitzkrieg tactics ke kaam me laae ke Germany ke army jaldi se English Channel pahunch gain, aur jaada allied army ke trap kar liin. United Kingdom isme me dher siphai ke Dunkirk se bachae liis lekin sab hathyaar ke pichhe chhhorre ke parraa.^[27]

10 June ke Italy bhi France ke invade karis aur France aur Britain pe larrai ke declare karis. 22 June 1940 me France surrender hoe gais aur France ke tiin bhag me karaa gais. North ke ilaka, jisme Channel coast bhi rahaa, Germany ke niche rahaa, ek chhota ilaka Italy ke niche aur France ke south, neutral rahaa.

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[1]
David T. Zabecki (2015). World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 1663. ISBN 978-1-135-81242-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq_lCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1663. Retrieved 17 June 2019. "The earliest fighting started at 0445 hours when marines from the battleship Schleswig-Holstein attempted to storm a small Polish fort in Danzig, the Westerplate"
[2]
The UK declared war on Germany at 11 am. France followed 6 hours later at 5 pm.
[3]
(Beevor 2012, p. 32); (Dear & Foot 2001, pp. 248–249); (Roskill 1954, p. 64).
[4]
"Battle of the Atlantic". Sky HISTORY TV channel (in English). Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
[5]
Ginsburgs, George (1958). "A Case Study in the Soviet Use of International Law: Eastern Poland in 1939". The American Journal of International Law 52 (1): 69–84. doi:10.2307/2195670.
[6]
Nuremberg Documents C-62/GB86, a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes: "The attack [on France] is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible."
[7]
Smith et al. 2002, p. 24.
[8]
Bilinsky 1999, p. 9.
[9]
Murray & Millett 2001, pp. 55–56.
[10]
Spring 1986, pp. 207–226.
[11]
Massari, Ivano (18 August 2015). "The Winter War – When the Finns Humiliated the Russians". War History Online. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
[12]
Hanhimäki 1997, p. 12.
[13]
Haynes, Rebecca (2000). Romanian policy towards Germany, 1936–40. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-312-23260-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=b_I-AQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
[14]
Deletant, pp. 48–51, 66; Griffin (1993), p. 126; Ornea, pp. 325–327
[15]
Dear & Foot 2001, pp. 108–109.
[16]
Overy & Wheatcroft 1999, pp. 328–330.
[17]
Maingot 1994, p. 52.
[18]
Cantril 1940, p. 390.
[19]
Skinner Watson, Mark. "Coordination With Britain". US Army in WWII – Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Operations. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
[20]
Bilhartz & Elliott 2007, p. 179.
[21]
Dear & Foot 2001, pp. 745–746.
[22]
(Murray & Millett 2001, pp. 57–63).
[23]
Reynolds 2006, p. 76.
[24]
Evans 2008, pp. 122–123.
[25]
Regan 2004, p. 152.
[26]
Liddell Hart 1977, p. 48.
[27]
Keegan 1997, pp. 66–67.

[Zabecki2015-1] [1]
David T. Zabecki (2015). World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 1663. ISBN 978-1-135-81242-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq_lCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1663. Retrieved 17 June 2019. "The earliest fighting started at 0445 hours when marines from the battleship Schleswig-Holstein attempted to storm a small Polish fort in Danzig, the Westerplate"

[2] [2]
The UK declared war on Germany at 11 am. France followed 6 hours later at 5 pm.

[3] [3]
(Beevor 2012, p. 32); (Dear & Foot 2001, pp. 248–249); (Roskill 1954, p. 64).

[4] [4]
"Battle of the Atlantic". Sky HISTORY TV channel (in English). Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[5] [5]
Ginsburgs, George (1958). "A Case Study in the Soviet Use of International Law: Eastern Poland in 1939". The American Journal of International Law 52 (1): 69–84. doi:10.2307/2195670.

[6] [6]
Nuremberg Documents C-62/GB86, a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes: "The attack [on France] is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible."

[FOOTNOTESmithPabriksPursLane200224-7] [7]
Smith et al. 2002, p. 24.

[FOOTNOTEBilinsky19999-8] [8]
Bilinsky 1999, p. 9.

[FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett200155–56-9] [9]
Murray & Millett 2001, pp. 55–56.

[FOOTNOTESpring1986207–226-10] [10]
Spring 1986, pp. 207–226.

[11] [11]
Massari, Ivano (18 August 2015). "The Winter War – When the Finns Humiliated the Russians". War History Online. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.

[FOOTNOTEHanhimäki199712-12] [12]
Hanhimäki 1997, p. 12.

[Haynes-2000-13] [13]
Haynes, Rebecca (2000). Romanian policy towards Germany, 1936–40. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-312-23260-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=b_I-AQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 3 February 2022.

[14] [14]
Deletant, pp. 48–51, 66; Griffin (1993), p. 126; Ornea, pp. 325–327

[FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001108–109-15] [15]
Dear & Foot 2001, pp. 108–109.

[FOOTNOTEOveryWheatcroft1999328–330-16] [16]
Overy & Wheatcroft 1999, pp. 328–330.

[FOOTNOTEMaingot199452-17] [17]
Maingot 1994, p. 52.

[FOOTNOTECantril1940390-18] [18]
Cantril 1940, p. 390.

[19] [19]
Skinner Watson, Mark. "Coordination With Britain". US Army in WWII – Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Operations. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.

[FOOTNOTEBilhartzElliott2007179-20] [20]
Bilhartz & Elliott 2007, p. 179.

[FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001745–746-21] [21]
Dear & Foot 2001, pp. 745–746.

[22] [22]
(Murray & Millett 2001, pp. 57–63).

[FOOTNOTEReynolds200676-23] [23]
Reynolds 2006, p. 76.

[FOOTNOTEEvans2008122–123-24] [24]
Evans 2008, pp. 122–123.

[FOOTNOTERegan2004152-25] [25]
Regan 2004, p. 152.

[FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart197748-26] [26]
Liddell Hart 1977, p. 48.

[FOOTNOTEKeegan199766–67-27] [27]
Keegan 1997, pp. 66–67.

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World War II

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World War II

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Europe me larraai ke suruwaat (1939 - 1940)

Western Europe me larrai (1940 - 1941)

Duusra websites

References