Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa
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Tsarin daidaiton yanayin kasa ( GCS ) tsarine wanda yake kunshe da ainihin wurare a Duniya ( matsayin wuri ). GCS na iya ba da matsayi:
- azaman tsarin daidaitawa mai amfani ta hanyar amfani da latitud, longitude, da kuma bisa ;
- kamar yadda taswirar taswirar da aka tsara akan jirgin, mai yiwuwa gami da tsayi;
- kamar yadda yake a duniya, mai daidaita duniya ( ECEF ) hadin Cartesian a cikin 3-sarari ;
- azaman saitin lambobi, haruffa ko alamomi din n samar da geocode .
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa | |
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Bayanai | |
Ƙaramin ɓangare na | coordinate system (en) da geographic entity (en) |
Bangare na | spatial reference system (en) |
Defining formula (en) | |
In defining formula (en) | |
Uses (en) | latitude (en) da longitude (en) |
A geodetic da daidaito da kuma lambobin taswira , tsarin daidato yana hawa kuka sai ya hade. and map coordinates, the coordinate tuple is decomposed such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position and two of the numbers represent a horizontal position. A sabuwar dabara na wani yanayin daidaita tsarin da aka kullum yaba wa Eratosthenes na Bakurane, wadanda suka haɗa da yanzu-rasa yanayin kasa a Library of Alexandria a cikin karni 3rd BC. Aarni daya bayan haka, Hipparchus na Nicaea ya inganta akan wannan tsarin ta hanyar tantance latitude daga ma'aunin taurari maimakon tsawan rana da kuma kayyade tsawo ta hanyar lokutan fitowar wata, maimakon lissafin mutu'a . A cikin karni na 1 ko na 2, Marinus na Taya ya kirkiro babban gazetteer da taswirar duniya ta hanyar lissafi ta hanyar amfani da daidaitattun hanyoyin da aka auna daga gabas daga Firayim Minista a yankin da aka fi sani da yamma, wanda aka sanya tsibirin Fortunate, kusa da gabar yammacin Afirka kusa da Canary ko Cape Tsibirin Verde, kuma ya auna arewa ko kudu na tsibirin Rhodes daga Asiya orarama . Ptolemy ya yaba masa da cikakkiyar tallafi na latitude da latitud, maimakon auna latitude dangane da tsawon ranar tsakiyar lokacin bazara.
Ptota 2nd-karni <i id="mwTA">yanayin kasa</i> amfani da wannan Firayim Meridian amma auna latitud daga mazauna maimakon. Bayan an fassara aikinsu zuwa larabci a karni na 9, littafin Al-Khwārizmī na bayanin Duniya ya gyara kurakuran Marinus da Ptolemy dangane da tsawon Tekun Bahar Rum, [note 1] wanda ya haifar da zanen larabawa na zamani don amfani da Firayim Meridian kusa da 10 ° gabashin layin Ptolemy. Taswirar ilimin lissafi ta ci gaba a cikin Turai bayan Maximus Planudes 'dawo da rubutun Ptolemy kadan kafin 1300; an fassara rubutun zuwa Latin a Florence ta Jacobus Angelus a wajajen 1407.
A shekarar 1884, Amurka ta dauki bakuncin taron Meridian na Duniya, wanda ya samu halartar wakilai daga kasashe ashirin da biyar. Ashirin da biyu daga cikinsu sun amince da daukar doguwar Royal Observatory a Greenwich, Ingila a matsayin layin nuna sifili. Jamhuriyar Dominica ta kada kuri’ar kin amincewa da kudirin, yayin da Faransa da Brazil suka kaurace. Faransa ta karbi Lokacin Ma'anar Greenwich a maimakon kayyadaddun gida ta hanyar Paris Observatory a cikin 1911.
Datums na iya zama na duniya, ma'ana cewa suna wakiltar duk Duniya, ko kuma suna iya zama na gari, ma'ana cewa suna wakiltar ellipsoid mafi dacewa don kawai bangaren Duniya. Mahimman bayanai akan doron duniya suna dangi da juna saboda motsin farantin nahiyoyi, rashi, da kuma ambaton girgizar duniya wanda wata da Rana suka haifar. Wannan motsi na yau da kullun na iya zama kamar mita. Yunkurin kasa na iya zuwa 10 cm a shekara, ko 10 m a cikin karni. Yankin yanayin yanayin matsin lamba na iya haifar da nitsewa na 5 mm . Scandinavia tana hawa da 1 cm a shekara sakamakon narkewar kankara na zamanin dusar kankara na karshe, amma makwabtan Scotland yana tashi da 0.2 cm kawai. Wadannan canje-canje ba su da mahimmanci idan aka yi amfani da datum na gida, amma suna da kididdiga idan aka yi amfani da datum na duniya.
Datididdigar cikin gida da kungiyar zane-zanen kasa suka zaɓa sun hada da Datum ta Arewacin Amurka, Turai ta Turai50, da Burtaniya OSGB36 . Bada wuri, datum din yana bada damar da kuma longitude . A cikin Burtaniya akwai latitude, Longitude, da Tsarin tsayi guda uku da ake amfani da su. WGS 84 ya banbanta a Greenwich da wanda akayi amfani dashi akan taswirar da aka buga OSGB36 da kimanin 112 m. Tsarin soja na ED50 , wanda NATO ke amfani da shi, ya bambanta da kusan 120 m zuwa 180 m.
Latitude da longitude a kan taswirar da aka yi wa datti na gida bazai zama iri ɗaya da wanda aka samo daga mai karbar GPS ba. Canza tsarawa daga wannan datum zuwa wani yana bukatar canjin datti kamar sauyawar Helmert, kodayake a wasu yanayi fassarar mai sauki na isa.
A cikin mashahurin software na GIS, bayanan da aka tsara a cikin latitud / longitude galibi ana wakiltar su azaman Tsarin Tsarin Geoasa . Misali, bayanai a cikin latitude / longitude idan datum din shine Datum ta Arewacin Amurka na 1983 yana nuna ta 'GCS North American 1983'.
"Latitude" (gajerun kalmomi: Lat., Φ, ko phi) na aya a saman duniya shine kusurwa tsakanin jirgin sama mai daidaitawa da layin da yake wucewa ta wannan wurin zuwa kuma (ko kusa da) tsakiyar duniya. [note 2] Lines masu haduwa da wuraren da'irar alamun latitude a saman Duniya ana kiransu masu kamanceceniya, kamar yadda suke daidai da Equator da juna. Pole ta Arewa 90 ° ne N; Pole ta Kudu yana 90 ° S. Zangon 0 ° na latitude an ayyana shi ne Equator, babban jirgi ne na dukkanin tsarin daidaita yanayin kasa. Equator ya raba duniya zuwa Yankin Arewa da na Kudu .
"Longitude" (takaitawa: Long., Λ, ko lambda) na aya a saman duniya shine kusurwar gabas ko yamma na meridian da aka ambata zuwa wani meridian da ya ratsa ta wannan wurin. Duk 'yan meridians rabi ne na manyan kusoshin hannu (wanda ake kira manyan da'ira ), wadanda ke haduwa a Poles na Arewa da Kudu. Meridian na British Royal Observatory a Greenwich, a kudu maso gabashin London, Ingila, shi ne Firayim Minista na duniya, kodayake wasu kungiyoyi-irin su French Institut national de l’information géographique et forestière - ci gaba da amfani da wasu meridians don dalilai na ciki. Firayim Minista yana kayyade Hemispheres na Gabas da Yammacin da suka dace, kodayake taswira galibi suna rarraba wadannan sassan zuwa yamma don kiyaye Tsohuwar Duniya a gefe daya. Meridian antipodal na Greenwich duka 180 ° W da 180 ° E. Wannan ba za a hada shi da Layin Kwanan Duniya ba, wanda ya karkata daga gare shi a wurare da yawa saboda dalilai na siyasa da sauki, gami da tsakanin gabashin gabashin Rasha da tsibirin Aleutian da ke yamma mai nisa.
Haduwa da wadannan abubuwan biyu ya bayyana matsayin kowane wuri a saman Duniya, ba tare da la'akari da tsawo ko zurfin ba. Grid din da aka kirkira ta layin latitude da longitude ana kiransa "kyauta". Tushen / sifili na wannan tsarin yana cikin Tekun Guinea na kusan 625 kilometres (388 mi) kudu da Tema, Ghana .
A kan GRS80 ko WGS84 spheroid a matakin teku a Equator, daya sakandare na biyu yakai mita 30.715, minti daya na latitudinal yakai mita 1843 kuma digirin latitudinal daya shine 110.6 kilomita. Da'irorin Longitude, meridians, sun hadu a sandunan kasa, tare da fadin yamma zuwa gabas na sakan na dabi'a yana raguwa yayin da latitude ke karuwa. A kan Equator a matakin teku, dakika biyu a tsaye zaikai 30.92 mita, tsayin mintuna shine 1855 mita kuma digiri na biyu shine 111.3 kilomita. A 30 ° na biyu a tsaye shine 26.76 mita, a Greenwich (51 ° 28′38 ″ N) 19.22 mita, kuma a 60 ° yana da mita 15.42.
A kan WGS84 spheroid, tsayin a mitoci na digiri na latitude a latitude φ (ma'ana, adadin mitoci da za ku yi tafiya tare da layin arewa zuwa kudu don matsar da digiri 1 a latitude, lokacin da ke latitude φ), shine game da
Mita da aka dawo na mitoci a kowane matakin latitude ya sha bamban tare da latitude.
Hakanan, ana iya lasafta tsayin a cikin mitoci na digiri na tsawo kamar yadda
(Waɗannan ma'aunin za a iya inganta su, amma yayin da suke tsaye nisan da suka bayar daidai ne a cikin santimita. )
Dabarun sun dawo da raka'a mita na digiri.
Wata hanya ta daban don kimanta tsawon karatun digiri a latitud shine daukar Duniyar da ke kewaye (don samun Fadi a minti daya da na biyu, raba ta 60 da 3600, bi da bi):
inda duniya ke matsakaiciyar radius ne 6,367,449 m . Tunda Duniya kasa ce mai fa'ida, ba mai zagaye ba, wannan sakamakon yana iya kashe da kashi goma cikin dari na dari; mafi kyaun kusanci na dogon lokaci a latitud shine
inda radius na kasa da kasa yayi daidai da 6,378,137 m kuma ; ga GRS80 da WGS84 spheroids, b / a lissafin ya zama 0.99664719. ( an san shi da karancin latitude (ko ma'auni ). Baya ga zagayawa, wannan ita ce madaidaiciyar tazara tare da daidaiton latitude; samun nesa tare da gajeriyar hanya zai zama aiki mai yawa, amma wadannan nisan biyu koyaushe suna cikin mita 0.6 na juna idan maki biyun suna mataki daya na nesa da juna.
Latitude | Birni | Digiri | Minti | Na biyu | ± 0,0001 ° |
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60 ° | Saint Petersburg | 55.80 km | 0.930 km | 15,50 m | 5.58 m |
51 ° 28 ′ 38 ″ N | Greenwich | 69.47 km | 1.158 km | 19.30 m | 6.95 m |
45 ° | Bordeaux | 78.85 km | 1.31 km | 21.90 m | 7.89 m |
30 ° | New Orleans | 96.49 km | 1.61 km | 26.80 m | 9.65 m |
0 ° | Quito | 111.3 km | 1.855 km | 30.92 m | 11.13 m |