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Akwai harsuna sama da 250 na asali na Turai, kuma galibi suna cikin dangin harshen Indo-Turai. Daga cikin jimillar yawan jama'ar Turai miliyan 744 kamar na 2018, wasu 94% 'yan asalin harshen 0Indo-Turai ne. Manyan phyla uku mafi girma na dangin harshen Indo-Turai a Turai sune Romance, Jamusanci, da Slavic; suna da masu magana sama da miliyan 200 kowanne, kuma tare da kusan kashi 90% na mutanen Turai.
Ƙananan phyla na Indo-Turai da aka samu a Turai sun hada da Hellenic (Girkanci, c. 13 miliyan), Baltic (kimanin miliyan 7), Albaniya (kimanin miliyan 5), Celtic (kimanin miliyan 4), da Armeniya (c. 4). miliyan). Indo-Aryan, ko da yake babban dangi ne na Indo-Turai, yana da ƙananan adadin harsuna a Turai, da ƙananan adadin masu magana (Romani, c. 1.5 miliyan). Koyaya, yawancin harsunan Indo-Aryan waɗanda ba na asali ba a Turai ana magana da su a Turai a yau.[1]
Daga cikin kusan turawa miliyan 45 da ke magana da yarukan da ba na Indo-Turai ba, yawancinsu suna magana da yarukan cikin dangin Uralic ko Turkawa. Har yanzu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi - irin su Basque (keɓanta harshe), harsunan Semitic (Maltese, miliyan 0.5), da harsuna daban-daban na Caucasus - suna da ƙasa da 1% na yawan jama'ar Turai a cikinsu. Shige da fice ya kara yawan al'ummomin masu magana da harsunan Afirka da Asiya, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 4% na yawan jama'a.,[2] tare da Larabci da aka fi magana da su.
Harsuna biyar suna da fiye da masu magana da yaren asali miliyan 50 a Turai: Rashanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Italiyanci, da Jamusanci. Rashanci shine yaren asali da aka fi magana a Turai,[3] kuma Turanci yana da mafi yawan adadin masu magana a cikin duka, ciki har da wasu masu magana da Ingilishi miliyan 200 a matsayin harshe na biyu ko na waje. (Duba harshen Ingilishi a Turai.)
Iyalin harshen Indo-Turai sun fito ne daga Proto-Indo-Turai, wanda aka yi imanin an yi magana da shi shekaru dubbai da suka wuce. Masu iya magana na farko na yaren Indo-Turai da alama sun faɗaɗa cikin Turai tare da farkon shekarun Bronze, kusan shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata (al'adun Bell-Beaker).
The Germanic languages make up the predominant language family in Western, Northern and Central Europe. It is estimated that over 500 million Europeans are speakers of Germanic languagesSamfuri:Fact, the largest groups being German (c. 95 million), English (c. 400 million)Samfuri:Fact, Dutch (c. 24 million), Swedish (c. 10 million), Danish (c. 6 million), Norwegian (c. 5 million)[4] and Limburgish (c. 1.3 million).[Ana bukatan hujja]
There are two extant major sub-divisions: West Germanic and North Germanic. A third group, East Germanic, is now extinct; the only known surviving East Germanic texts are written in the Gothic language. West Germanic is divided into Anglo-Frisian (including English), Low German, Low Franconian (including Dutch) and High German (including Standard German).[5]
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The Anglo-Frisian language family is now mostly represented by English (Anglic), descended from the Old English language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons:
The Frisian languages are spoken by about 400,000 (as of 2015[update]) Frisians,[8][9] who live on the southern coast of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany. These languages include West Frisian, East Frisian (of which the only surviving dialect is Saterlandic) and North Frisian.[8]
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Dutch is spoken throughout the Netherlands, the northern half of Belgium, as well as the Nord-Pas de Calais region of France. The traditional dialects of the Lower Rhine region of Germany are linguistically more closely related to Dutch than to modern German. In Belgian and French contexts, Dutch is sometimes referred to as Flemish. Dutch dialects are numerous and varied.[10]
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German is spoken throughout Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, much of Switzerland (including the northeast areas bordering on Germany and Austria), northern Italy (South Tyrol), Luxembourg, the East Cantons of Belgium and the Alsace and Lorraine regions of France.[11]
There are several groups of German dialects:
Low German is spoken in various regions throughout Northern Germany and the northern and eastern parts of the Netherlands. It is an official language in Germany. It may be separated into West Low German and East Low German.[13]
The North Germanic languages are spoken in Nordic countries and include Swedish (Sweden and parts of Finland), Danish (Denmark), Norwegian (Norway), Icelandic (Iceland), Faroese (Faroe Islands), and Elfdalian (in a small part of central Sweden).[Ana bukatan hujja]
English has a long history of contact with Scandinavian languages, given the immigration of Scandinavians early in the history of Britain, and shares various features with the Scandinavian languages.[14] Even so, especially Dutch and Swedish, but also Danish and Norwegian, have strong vocabulary connections to the German language.[15][16][17]
Limburgish (also called Limburgan, Limburgian, or Limburgic) Is a West Germanic language spoken in the province of Limburg in the Netherlands, Belgium and neighboring regions of Germany. It is distinct from German and Dutch, but originates from areas near where both are spoken.[18]
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Roughly 215 million Europeans (primarily in Southern and Western Europe) are native speakers of Romance languages, the largest groups including:[Ana bukatan hujja]
French (c. 72 million), Italian (c. 65 million), Spanish (c. 40 million), Romanian (c. 24 million), Portuguese (c. 10 million), Catalan (c. 7 million), Sicilian (c. 5 million, also subsumed under Italian), Venetian (c. 4 million), Galician (c. 2 million), Sardinian (c. 1 million),[19][20][21] Occitan (c. 500,000), besides numerous smaller communities.
The Romance languages evolved from varieties of Vulgar Latin spoken in the various parts of the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity. Latin was itself part of the (otherwise extinct) Italic branch of Indo-European.[Ana bukatan hujja] Romance languages are divided phylogenetically into Italo-Western, Eastern Romance (including Romanian) and Sardinian. The Romance-speaking area of Europe is occasionally referred to as Latin Europe.[22]
Italo-Western can be further broken down into the Italo-Dalmatian languages (sometimes grouped with Eastern Romance), including the Tuscan-derived Italian and numerous local Romance languages in Italy as well as Dalmatian, and the Western Romance languages. The Western Romance languages in turn separate into the Gallo-Romance languages, including Langues d'oïl such as French, the Francoprovencalic languages Arpitan and Faetar, the Rhaeto-Romance languages, and the Gallo-Italic languages; the Occitano-Romance languages, grouped with either Gallo-Romance or East Iberian, including Occitanic languages such as Occitan and Gardiol, and Catalan; Aragonese, grouped in with either Occitano-Romance or West Iberian, and finally the West Iberian languages, including the Astur-Leonese languages, the Galician-Portuguese languages, and the Castilian languages.[Ana bukatan hujja]
Slavic languages are spoken in large areas of Southern, Central and Eastern Europe. An estimated 315 million people speak of Slavic languages,[23] the largest groups being Russian (c. 110 million in European Russia and adjacent parts of Eastern Europe, Russian forming the largest linguistic community in Europe), Polish (c. 40.6 million[24]), Ukrainian (c. 33 million[25]), Serbo-Croatian (c. 21 million), Czech (c. 12 million[26]), Bulgarian (c. 7.7 million[27]), Slovak (c. 5 million[28]) Belarusian (c. 3.7 million[29]) and Slovene (c. 2.3 million[30]) and Macedonian (c. 2 million).[Ana bukatan hujja]
Phylogenetically, Slavic is divided into three subgroups:[31]
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Uralic language family is native to northern Eurasia. Finnic languages include Finnish (c. 5 million) and Estonian (c. 1 million), as well as smaller languages such as Kven (c. 8,000). Other languages of the Finno-Permic branch of the family include e.g. Mari (c. 400,000), and the Sami languages (c. 30,000).[Ana bukatan hujja]
The Ugric branch of the language family is represented in Europe by the Hungarian language (c. 13 million), historically introduced with the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin of the 9th century.[Ana bukatan hujja] The Samoyedic Nenets language is spoken in Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Russia, located in the far northeastern corner of Europe (as delimited by the Ural Mountains).[Ana bukatan hujja]
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Harsunan hannu dozin da yawa sun wanzu a duk faɗin Turai, tare da dangin yaren kurame mafi yaɗuwa shine harsunan Francosign, tare da harsunan da ake samu a ƙasashe daga Iberia zuwa Balkans da Baltic. Ingantattun bayanai na tarihi na yarukan alamomi da na tactile yana da wahala a samu, tare da tarihin al'umma da ke lura da wanzuwar al'ummomin da ke sanya hannu a cikin Turai ɗaruruwan shekaru da suka wuce. Harshen Alamar Biritaniya (BSL) da Harshen Alamar Faransanci (LSF) tabbas sune mafi dadewa da aka tabbatar, ana ci gaba da amfani da yarukan kurame. Tare da Harshen Alamar Jamus (DGS) bisa ga Ethnologue, waɗannan ukun suna da mafi yawan adadin masu sa hannun, kodayake ƙananan cibiyoyi kaɗan ne ke ɗaukar ƙididdiga masu dacewa kan yawan sa hannu na zamani, suna sa ingantattun bayanai da wuya a samu. [Ana bukatan hujja]
Musamman ma, ƙananan harsunan alamar turai suna da alaƙa kai tsaye tare da yawancin yarukan gida/na baka, baya ga daidaitaccen tuntuɓar harshe da aro, ma'ana a nahawu da harsunan kurame da na baka na Turai sun bambanta da juna. Saboda bambance-bambancen yanayi (na gani/ji), yawancin harsunan alamar suna suna don babbar ƙabila da ake magana da su, tare da kalmomin "harshen alamar", suna mai da abin da ake magana a yawancin Faransanci, Wallonia da Romandy a matsayin Harshen Alamar Faransanci. ko LSF don: langue des alamun française.
Gane harsunan da ba na baka ba ya bambanta sosai daga yanki zuwa yanki. Wasu ƙasashe suna ba da izini na doka, har ma da hukuma a matakin jiha, yayin da wasu ke ci gaba da danne su.
Ko da yake "akwai imani da yawa - a tsakanin Kurma da masu ilimin harshe - cewa akwai iyalai na harshe," ainihin dangantakar da ke tsakanin harsunan kurame yana da wuyar ganewa. Ka'idoji da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ilimin harshe na tarihi don kwatanta iyalai na harshe don rubuce-rubuce da harsunan magana ba su da sauƙi a tsara su zuwa harsunan sa hannu. Wasu daga cikin fahimtar dangantakar harshen kurame na yanzu, duk da haka, suna ba da wasu ƙididdiga masu ma'ana game da yuwuwar iyalai na yaren kurame:
Harshen Francosign, kamar LSF, ASL, Harshen Alamar Holland, Harshen Alamar Flemish, da Harshen Alamar Italiyanci.
Harshen BANZSL, gami da Harshen Alamar Biritaniya (BSL), Harshen Alamar New Zealand (NZSL), Harshen Alamar Australiya (Auslan), da Harshen Kura na Sweden.
Yaren da ke ware, irin su Harshen Alamar Albaniya, Harshen Kurman Armeniya, Harshen Kurame na Caucasian, Harshen Alamar Sipaniya (LSE), Harshen Alamar Turkiyya (TİD), da wataƙila Harshen Kura na Ghardaia.
Yawancin sauran harsunan alamar, kamar Harshen Alamar Irish (ISL), ba su da tushe
Samfuri:Further
In the Middle Ages the two most important defining elements of Europe were Christianitas and Latinitas.[58]
The earliest dictionaries were glossaries: more or less structured lists of lexical pairs (in alphabetical order or according to conceptual fields). The Latin-German (Latin-Bavarian) Abrogans was among the first. A new wave of lexicography can be seen from the late 15th century onwards (after the introduction of the printing press, with the growing interest in standardisation of languages).[Ana bukatan hujja]
The concept of the nation state began to emerge in the early modern period. Nations adopted particular dialects as their national language. This, together with improved communications, led to official efforts to standardise the national language, and a number of language academies were established: 1582 Accademia della Crusca in Florence, 1617 Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft in Weimar, 1635 Académie française in Paris, 1713 Real Academia Española in Madrid. Language became increasingly linked to nation as opposed to culture, and was also used to promote religious and ethnic identity: e.g. different Bible translations in the same language for Catholics and Protestants.[Ana bukatan hujja]
The first languages whose standardisation was promoted included Italian (questione della lingua: Modern Tuscan/Florentine vs. Old Tuscan/Florentine vs. Venetian → Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian), French (the standard is based on Parisian), English (the standard is based on the London dialect) and (High) German (based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German, and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia ("Common German")). But several other nations also began to develop a standard variety in the 16th century.[Ana bukatan hujja]
Europe has had a number of languages that were considered linguae francae over some ranges for some periods according to some historians. Typically in the rise of a national language the new language becomes a lingua franca to peoples in the range of the future nation until the consolidation and unification phases. If the nation becomes internationally influential, its language may become a lingua franca among nations that speak their own national languages. Europe has had no lingua franca ranging over its entire territory spoken by all or most of its populations during any historical period. Some linguae francae of past and present over some of its regions for some of its populations are:
Historical attitudes towards linguistic diversity are illustrated by two French laws: the Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts (1539), which said that every document in France should be written in French (neither in Latin nor in Occitan) and the Loi Toubon (1994), which aimed to eliminate anglicisms from official documents. States and populations within a state have often resorted to war to settle their differences. There have been attempts to prevent such hostilities: two such initiatives were promoted by the Council of Europe, founded in 1949, which affirms the right of minority language speakers to use their language fully and freely.[65] The Council of Europe is committed to protecting linguistic diversity. Currently all European countries except France, Andorra and Turkey have signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, while Greece, Iceland and Luxembourg have signed it, but have not ratified it; this framework entered into force in 1998. Another European treaty, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, was adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe: it entered into force in 1998, and while it is legally binding for 24 countries, France, Iceland, Italy, North Macedonia, Moldova and Russia have chosen to sign without ratifying the convention.[Ana bukatan hujja]
The main scripts used in Europe today are the Latin and Cyrillic.[66]
The Greek alphabet was derived from the Phoenician alphabet, and Latin was derived from the Greek via the Old Italic alphabet. In the Early Middle Ages, Ogham was used in Ireland and runes (derived from Old Italic script) in Scandinavia. Both were replaced in general use by the Latin alphabet by the Late Middle Ages. The Cyrillic script was derived from the Greek with the first texts appearing around 940 AD.[Ana bukatan hujja]
Around 1900 there were mainly two typeface variants of the Latin alphabet used in Europe: Antiqua and Fraktur. Fraktur was used most for German, Estonian, Latvian, Norwegian and Danish whereas Antiqua was used for Italian, Spanish, French, Polish, Portuguese, English, Romanian, Swedish and Finnish. The Fraktur variant was banned by Hitler in 1941, having been described as "Schwabacher Jewish letters".[67] Other scripts have historically been in use in Europe, including Phoenician, from which modern Latin letters descend, Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs on Egyptian artefacts traded during Antiquity, various runic systems used in Northern Europe preceding Christianisation, and Arabic during the era of the Ottoman Empire.[Ana bukatan hujja]
Hungarian rovás was used by the Hungarian people in the early Middle Ages, but it was gradually replaced with the Latin-based Hungarian alphabet when Hungary became a kingdom, though it was revived in the 20th century and has certain marginal, but growing area of usage since then.[Ana bukatan hujja]
Samfuri:Main The European Union(ya zuwa 2021) yana da ƙasashe mambobi 27 waɗanda ke lissafin yawan jama'a miliyan 447, ko kusan kashi 60% na yawan mutanen Turai. [Ana bukatan hujja]
Tarayyar Turai ta ayyana ta hanyar yarjejeniya tare da kasashe membobin yaruka 24 a matsayin "hukumance da aiki": Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estoniya, Finnish, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Girkanci, Hungarian, Irish, Italiyanci, Latvia, Lithuanian, Maltese, Yaren mutanen Poland, Fotigal, Romanian, Slovak, Sloveniya, Sifen da Yaren mutanen Sweden. Wannan nadi yana ba ƙasashe membobi “hakkoki” guda biyu: ƙasa memba na iya sadarwa da EU a cikin kowane yaren da aka keɓe, kuma su duba “dokokin EU da sauran takaddun dokoki” a cikin wannan yaren.
Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Turai sun kasance suna haɗin gwiwa a cikin ilimin jama'a a cikin harsuna don "ingancin ilimin harsuna" a tsakanin ƙasashe membobin EU. Daftarin hadin gwiwa, "Tsarin Magana na gama-gari na Turai don Harsuna: Koyo, Koyarwa, Ƙimar (CEFR)", ƙa'idar ilimi ce da ke bayyana "ƙwararrun da ake buƙata don sadarwa" da ilimin da ke da alaƙa don fa'idar malamai wajen kafa shirye-shiryen ilimi. A cikin wani bincike mai zaman kansa na shekara ta 2005 wanda Babban Darakta Janar na Ilimi da Al'adu na EU ya nema dangane da yadda ake magana da manyan harsunan Turai a cikin ƙasashe mambobi. An buga sakamakon a cikin takardar 2006, "Turawa da Harsunansu", ko "Eurobarometer 243". A cikin wannan binciken, ƙididdiga dacewaTemplate:Clarify[Shin kuna nufin "mahimmanci"?] samfurori na yawan jama'a a kowace ƙasa an nemi su cika fom na bincike game da harsunan da suke magana da isassun ƙwarewa "don samun damar yin magana".[68]
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The following is a table of European languages. The number of speakers as a first or second language (L1 and L2 speakers) listed are speakers in Europe only;[nb 1] see list of languages by number of native speakers and list of languages by total number of speakers for global estimates on numbers of speakers.[Ana bukatan hujja]
The list is intended to include any language variety with an ISO 639 code. However, it omits sign languages. Because the ISO-639-2 and ISO-639-3 codes have different definitions, this means that some communities of speakers may be listed more than once. For instance, speakers of Bavarian are listed both under "Bavarian" (ISO-639-3 code bar) as well as under "German" (ISO-639-2 code de).[69]
Name | ISO- 639 |
Classification | Speakers in Europe | Official status | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Native | Total | National[nb 2] | Regional | ||||
Abaza | abq | Northwest Caucasian, Abazgi | 49,800[70] | Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia) | |||
Adyghe | ady | Northwest Caucasian, Circassian | 117,500[71] | Adygea (Russia) | |||
Aghul | agx | Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic | 29,300[72] | Dagestan (Russia) | |||
Akhvakh | akv | Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic | 210[73] | ||||
Albanian (Shqip) Arbëresh Arvanitika | sq | Indo-European | 5,367,000[74] 5,877,100[75] (Balkans) | Albania, Kosovo[nb 3], North Macedonia | Italy, Arbëresh dialect: Sicily, Calabria,[76] Apulia, Molise, Basilicata, Abruzzo, Campania Montenegro (Ulcinj, Tuzi) | ||
Andi | ani | Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic | 5,800[77] | ||||
Aragonese | an | Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian | 25,000[78] | 55,000[79] | Northern Aragon (Spain)[nb 4] | ||
Archi | acq | Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic | 970[80] | ||||
Aromanian | rup | Indo-European, Romance, Eastern | 114,000[81] | North Macedonia (Kruševo) | |||
Asturian (Astur-Leonese) | ast | Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian | 351,791[82] | 641,502[82] | Asturias[nb 4] | ||
Avar | av | Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic | 760,000 | Dagestan (Russia) | |||
Azerbaijani | az | Turkic, Oghuz | 500,000[83] | Azerbaijan | Dagestan (Russia) | ||
Bagvalal | kva | Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic | 1,500[84] | ||||
Bashkir | ba | Turkic, Kipchak | 1,221,000[85] | Bashkortostan (Russia) | |||
Basque | eu | Basque | 750,000[86] | Basque Country: Basque Autonomous Community, Navarre (Spain), French Basque Country (France)[nb 4] | |||
Bavarian | bar | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Bavarian | 14,000,000[87] | Austria (as German) | South Tyrol | ||
Belarusian | be | Indo-European, Slavic, East | 3,300,000[88] | Belarus | |||
Bezhta | kap | Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic | 6,800[89] | ||||
Bosnian | bs | Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian | 2,500,000[90] | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Kosovo[nb 3], Montenegro | ||
Botlikh | bph | Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic | 210[91] | ||||
Breton | br | Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic | 206,000[92] | None, de facto status in Brittany (France) | |||
Bulgarian | bg | Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern | 7,800,000[93] | Bulgaria | Mount Athos (Greece) | ||
Catalan | ca | Indo-European, Romance, Western, Occitano-Romance | 4,000,000[94] | 10,000,000[95] | Andorra | Balearic Islands (Spain), Catalonia (Spain), Valencian Community (Spain), easternmost Aragon (Spain)[nb 4], Pyrénées-Orientales (France)[nb 4], Alghero (Italy) | |
Chamalal | cji | Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic | 500[96] | ||||
Chechen | ce | Northeast Caucasian, Nakh | 1,400,000[97] | Chechnya & Dagestan (Russia) | |||
Chuvash | cv | Turkic, Oghur | 1,100,000[98] | Chuvashia (Russia) | |||
Cimbrian | cim | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Bavarian | 400[99] | ||||
Cornish | kw | Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic | 563[100] | Cornwall (United Kingdom)[nb 4] | |||
Corsican | co | Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian | 30,000[101] | 125,000[101] | Corsica (France), Sardinia (Italy) | ||
Crimean Tatar | crh | Turkic, Kipchak | 480,000[102] | Crimea (Ukraine) | |||
Croatian | hr | Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian | 5,600,000[103] | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia | Burgenland (Austria), Vojvodina (Serbia) | ||
Czech | cs | Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech–Slovak | 10,600,000[104] | Czech Republic | |||
Danish | da | Indo-European, Germanic, North | 5,500,000[105] | Denmark | Faroe Islands (Denmark), Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)[106] | ||
Dargwa | dar | Northeast Caucasian, Dargin | 490,000[107] | Dagestan (Russia) | |||
Dutch | nl | Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian | 22,000,000[108] | Belgium, Netherlands | |||
Elfdalian | ovd | Indo-European, Germanic, North | 2000 | ||||
Emilian | egl | Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic | |||||
English | en | Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian, Anglic | 63,000,000[109] | 260,000,000[110] | Ireland, Malta, United Kingdom | ||
Erzya | myv | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Mordvinic | 120,000[111] | Mordovia (Russia) | |||
Estonian | et | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic | 1,165,400[112] | Estonia | |||
Extremaduran | ext | Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian | 200,000[113] | ||||
Fala | fax | Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian | 11,000[114] | ||||
Faroese | fo | Indo-European, Germanic, North | 66,150[115] | Faroe Islands (Denmark) | |||
Finnish | fi | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic | 5,400,000[116] | Finland | Sweden, Norway, Republic of Karelia (Russia) | ||
Franco-Provençal (Arpitan) | frp | Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance | 140,000[117] | Aosta Valley (Italy) | |||
French | fr | Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl | 81,000,000[118] | 210,000,000[110] | Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Monaco, Switzerland, Jersey | Aosta Valley[119] (Italy | |
Frisian | fry frr stq | Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian | 470,000[120] | Friesland (Netherlands), Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)[121] | |||
Friulan | fur | Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic | 600,000[122] | Friuli (Italy) | |||
Gagauz | gag | Turkic, Oghuz | 140,000[123] | Gagauzia (Moldova) | |||
Galician | gl | Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian | 2,400,000[124] | Galicia (Spain), Eo-Navia (Asturias)[nb 4], Bierzo (Province of León)[nb 4] and Western Sanabria (Province of Zamora)[nb 4] | |||
German | de | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German | 97,000,000[125] | 170,000,000[110] | Austria, Belgium, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Switzerland | South Tyrol,[126] Friuli-Venezia Giulia[127] (Italy) | |
Godoberi | gin | Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic | 130[128] | ||||
Greek | el | Indo-European, Hellenic | 13,500,000[129] | Cyprus, Greece | Albania (Himara, Finiq, Dervican and other southern townships) | ||
Hinuq | gin | Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic | 350[130] | ||||
Hungarian | hu | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Ugric | 13,000,000[131] | Hungary | Burgenland (Austria), Vojvodina (Serbia), Romania, Slovakia, Subcarpathia (Ukraine), Prekmurje, (Slovenia) | ||
Hunzib | bph | Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic | 1,400[132] | ||||
Icelandic | is | Indo-European, Germanic, North | 330,000[133] | Iceland | |||
Ingrian | izh | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic | 120[134] | ||||
Ingush | inh | Northeast Caucasian, Nakh | 300,000[135] | Ingushetia (Russia) | |||
Irish | ga | Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic | 240,000[136] | 2,000,000 | Ireland | Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) | |
Istriot | ist | Indo-European, Romance | 900[137] | ||||
Istro-Romanian | ruo | Indo-European, Romance, Eastern | 1,100[138] | ||||
Italian | it | Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian | 65,000,000[139] | 82,000,000[110] | Italy, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City | Istria County (Croatia), Slovenian Istria (Slovenia) | |
Italiot Greek | mis | Indo-European, Hellenic, Greek, Attic-Ionic | 20,000 native speakers in 1981[140] | 50,000 | Calabria[141] (Bovesia), ApuliaSamfuri:CN (Salento), (Italy) | ||
Judeo-Italian | itk | Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian | 250[142] | ||||
Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino) | lad | Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian | 320,000[143] | few[144] | Bosnia and Herzegovina[nb 4], France[nb 4] | ||
Kabardian | kbd | Northwest Caucasian, Circassian | 530,000[145] | Kabardino-Balkaria & Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia) | |||
Kaitag | xdq | Northeast Caucasian, Dargin | 30,000[146] | ||||
Kalmyk | xal | Mongolic | 80,500[147] | Kalmykia (Russia) | |||
Karata | kpt | Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic | 260[148] | ||||
Karelian | krl | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic | 36,000[149] | Republic of Karelia (Russia) | |||
Karachay-Balkar | krc | Turkic, Kipchak | 300,000[150] | Kabardino-Balkaria & Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia) | |||
Kashubian | csb | Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic | 50,000[151] | Poland | |||
Kazakh | kk | Turkic, Kipchak | 1,000,000[152] | Kazakhstan | Astrakhan Oblast (Russia) | ||
Khwarshi | khv | Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic | 1,700[153] | ||||
Komi | kv | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic | 220,000[154] | Komi Republic (Russia) | |||
Kubachi | ugh | Northeast Caucasian, Dargin | 7,000[155] | ||||
Kumyk | kum | Turkic, Kipchak | 450,000[156] | Dagestan (Russia) | |||
Kven | fkv | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic | 2000-8000 | Norway | |||
Lak | lbe | Northeast Caucasian, Lak | 152,050[157] | Dagestan (Russia) | |||
Latin | la | Indo-European, Italic, Latino-Faliscan | extinct | few[158] | Vatican City | ||
Latvian | lv | Indo-European, Baltic | 1,750,000[159] | Latvia | |||
Lezgin | lez | Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic | 397,000[160] | Dagestan (Russia) | |||
Ligurian | lij | Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic | 500,000[161] | Monaco (Monégasque dialect is the "national language") | Liguria (Italy), Carloforte and Calasetta (Sardinia, Italy)[162][163] | ||
Limburgish | li lim | Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian | 1,300,000 (2001)[164] | Limburg (Belgium), Limburg (Netherlands) | |||
Lithuanian | lt | Indo-European, Baltic | 3,000,000[165] | Lithuania | |||
Livonian | liv | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic | 1[166] | 210[167] | Latvia[nb 4] | ||
Lombard | lmo | Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic | 3,600,000[168] | Lombardy (Italy) | |||
Low German (Low Saxon) | nds wep | Indo-European, Germanic, West | 1,000,000[169] | 2,600,000[169] | Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)[170] | ||
Ludic | lud | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic | 300[171] | ||||
Luxembourgish | lb | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German | 336,000[172] | 386,000[172] | Luxembourg | Wallonia (Belgium) | |
Macedonian | mk | Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern | 1,400,000[173] | North Macedonia | |||
Mainfränkisch | vmf | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper | 4,900,000[174] | ||||
Maltese | mt | Semitic, Arabic | 520,000[175] | Malta | |||
Manx | gv | Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic | 230[176] | 2,300[177] | Isle of Man | ||
Mari | chm mhr mrj | Uralic, Finno-Ugric | 500,000[178] | Mari El (Russia) | |||
Megleno-Romanian | ruq | Indo-European, Romance, Eastern | 3,000[179] | ||||
Minderico | drc | Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian | 500[180] | ||||
Mirandese | mwl | Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian | 15,000[181] | Miranda do Douro (Portugal) | |||
Moksha | mdf | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Mordvinic | 2,000[182] | Mordovia (Russia) | |||
Montenegrin | cnr | Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian | 240,700[183] | Montenegro | |||
Neapolitan | nap | Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian | 5,700,000[184] | Campania (Italy)[185] | |||
Nenets | yrk | Uralic, Samoyedic | 4,000[186] | Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Russia) | |||
Nogai | nog | Turkic, Kipchak | 87,000[187] | Dagestan (Russia) | |||
Norman | nrf | Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl | 50,000[188] | Guernsey (United Kingdom), Jersey (United Kingdom) | |||
Norwegian | no | Indo-European, Germanic, North | 5,200,000[189] | Norway | |||
Occitan | oc | Indo-European, Romance, Western, Occitano-Romance | 500,000[190] | Catalonia (Spain)[nb 5] | |||
Ossetian | os | Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern | 450,000[191] | North Ossetia-Alania (Russia), South Ossetia | |||
Palatinate German | pfl | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central | 1,000,000[192] | ||||
Picard | pcd | Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl | 200,000[193] | Wallonia (Belgium) | |||
Piedmontese | pms | Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic | 1,600,000[194] | Piedmont (Italy)[195] | |||
Polish | pl | Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic | 38,500,000[196] | Poland | |||
Portuguese | pt | Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian | 10,000,000[197] | Portugal | |||
Rhaeto-Romance | fur lld roh | Indo-European, Romance, Western | 370,000[198] | Switzerland | Veneto Belluno, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, South Tyrol,[199] & Trentino (Italy) | ||
Ripuarian (Platt) | ksh | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central | 900,000[200] | ||||
Romagnol | rgn | Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic | |||||
Romani | rom | Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western | 1,500,000[201] | Kosovo[nb 3][202] | |||
Romanian | ro | Indo-European, Romance, Eastern | 24,000,000[203] | 28,000,000[204] | Moldova, Romania | Mount Athos (Greece), Vojvodina (Serbia) | |
Russian | ru | Indo-European, Slavic, East | 106,000,000[205] | 160,000,000[205] | Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia | Mount Athos (Greece), Gagauzia (Moldova), Left Bank of the Dniester (Moldova), Ukraine | |
Rusyn | rue | Indo-European, Slavic, East | 70,000[206] | ||||
Rutul | rut | Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic | 36,400[207] | Dagestan (Russia) | |||
Sami | se | Uralic, Finno-Ugric | 23,000[208] | Norway | Sweden, Finland | ||
Sardinian | sc | Indo-European, Romance | 1,350,000[209] | Sardinia (Italy) | |||
Scots | sco | Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian, Anglic | 110,000[210] | Scotland (United Kingdom), County Donegal (Republic of Ireland), Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) | |||
Scottish Gaelic | gd | Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic | 57,000[211] | Scotland (United Kingdom) | |||
Serbian | sr | Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian | 9,000,000[212] | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo[nb 3], Serbia | Croatia, Mount Athos (Greece), North Macedonia, Montenegro | ||
Sicilian | scn | Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian | 4,700,000[213] | Sicily (Italy) | |||
Silesian | szl | Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic | 522,000[214] | ||||
Silesian German | sli | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central | 11,000[215] | ||||
Slovak | sk | Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech–Slovak | 5,200,000[216] | Slovakia | Vojvodina (Serbia), Czech Republic | ||
Slovene | sl | Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western | 2,100,000[217] | Slovenia | Friuli-Venezia Giulia[127] (Italy) | ||
Sorbian (Wendish) | wen | Indo-European, Slavic, West | 20,000[218] | Brandenburg & Sachsen (Germany)[219] | |||
Spanish | es | Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian | 47,000,000[220] | 76,000,000[110] | Spain | Gibraltar (United Kingdom) | |
Swabian German | swg | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic | 820,000[221] | ||||
Swedish | sv | Indo-European, Germanic, North | 11,100,000[222] | 13,280,000[222] | Sweden, Finland, Åland and Estonia | ||
Swiss German | gsw | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic | 5,000,000[223] | Switzerland (as German) | |||
Tabasaran | tab | Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic | 126,900[224] | Dagestan (Russia) | |||
Tat | ttt | Indo-European, Iranian, Western | 30,000[225] | Dagestan (Russia) | |||
Tatar | tt | Turkic, Kipchak | 4,300,000[226] | Tatarstan (Russia) | |||
Tindi | tin | Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic | 2,200[227] | ||||
Tsez | ddo | Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic | 13,000[228] | ||||
Turkish | tr | Turkic, Oghuz | 15,752,673[229] | Turkey, Cyprus | Northern Cyprus | ||
Udmurt | udm | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic | 340,000[230] | Udmurtia (Russia) | |||
Ukrainian | uk | Indo-European, Slavic, East | 32,600,000[231] | Ukraine | Left Bank of the Dniester (Moldova) | ||
Upper Saxon | sxu | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central | 2,000,000[232] | ||||
Vepsian | vep | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic | 1,640[233] | Republic of Karelia (Russia) | |||
Venetian | vec | Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian | 3,800,000[234] | Veneto (Italy)[235] | |||
Võro | vro | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic | 87,000[236] | Võru County (Estonia) | |||
Votic | vot | Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic | 21[237] | ||||
Walloon | wa | Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl | 600,000[238] | Wallonia (Belgium) | |||
Walser German | wae | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic | 20,000[239] | ||||
Welsh | cy | Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic | 562,000[240] | 750,000 | Wales (United Kingdom) | ||
Wymysorys | wym | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German | 70[241] | ||||
Yenish | yec | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German | 16,000[242] | Switzerland[nb 4] | |||
Yiddish | yi | Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German | 600,000[243] | Bosnia and Herzegovina[nb 4], Netherlands[nb 4], Poland[nb 4], Romania[nb 4], Sweden[nb 4], Ukraine[nb 4] | |||
Zeelandic | zea | Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian | 220,000[244] |
There are various definitions of Europe, which may or may not include all or parts of Turkey, Cyprus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. For convenience, the languages and associated statistics for all five of these countries are grouped together on this page, as they are usually presented at a national, rather than subnational, level.
Name | ISO- 639 |
Classification | Speakers in expanded geopolitical Europe | Official status | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | L1+L2 | National[nb 6] | Regional | |||
Abkhaz | ab | Northwest Caucasian, Abazgi | Abkhazia/Georgia:[245] 191,000[246] Turkey: 44,000[247] | Abkhazia | Abkhazia | |
Adyghe (West Circassian) | ady | Northwest Caucasian, Circassian | Turkey: 316,000[247] | |||
Albanian | sq | Indo-European, Albanian | Turkey: 66,000 (Tosk)[247] | |||
Arabic | ar | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, West | Turkey: 2,437,000 Not counting post-2014 Syrian refugees[247] | |||
Armenian | hy | Indo-European, Armenian | Armenia: 3 million[248] Azerbaijan: 145,000 [Ana bukatan hujja] Georgia: around 0.2 million ethnic Armenians (Abkhazia: 44,870[249]) Turkey: 61,000[247] Cyprus: 668[250]:3 | Armenia Azerbaijan | Cyprus | |
Azerbaijani | az | Turkic, Oghuz | Azerbaijan 9 million[Ana bukatan hujja][251] Turkey: 540,000[247] Georgia 0.2 million | Azerbaijan | ||
Batsbi | bbl | Northeast Caucasian, Nakh | Georgia: 500[252]Samfuri:Update inline | |||
Bulgarian | bg | Indo-European, Slavic, South | Turkey: 351,000[247] | |||
Crimean Tatar | crh | Turkic, Kipchak | Turkey: 100,000[247] | |||
Georgian | ka | Kartvelian, Karto-Zan | Georgia: 3,224,696[253] Turkey: 151,000[247] Azerbaijan: 9,192 ethnic Georgians[254] | Georgia | ||
Greek | el | Indo-European, Hellenic | Cyprus: 679,883[255]:2.2 Turkey: 3,600[247] | Cyprus | ||
Juhuri | jdt | Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Southwest | Azerbaijan: 24,000 (1989)[256]Samfuri:Update inline | |||
Kurdish | kur | Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Northwest | Turkey: 15 million[257] Azerbaijan: 9,000[Ana bukatan hujja] | |||
Kurmanji | kmr | Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Southwest | Turkey: 8.13 million[258] Armenia: 33,509[259] Georgia: 14,000 [Ana bukatan hujja] | Armenia | ||
Laz | lzz | Kartvelian, Karto-Zan, Zan | Turkey: 20,000[260] Georgia: 2,000[260] | |||
Megleno-Romanian | ruq | Indo-European, Italic, Romance, East | Turkey: 4–5,000[261] | |||
Mingrelian | xmf | Kartvelian, Karto-Zan, Zan | Georgia (including Abkhazia): 344,000[262] | |||
Pontic Greek | pnt | Indo-European, Hellenic | Turkey: greater than 5,000[263] Armenia: 900 ethnic Caucasus Greeks[264] Georgia: 5,689 Caucasus Greeks[253] | |||
Romani language and Domari language | rom, dmt | Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indic | Turkey: 500,000[247] | |||
Russian | ru | Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic | Armenia: 15,000[265] Azerbaijan: 250,000[265] Georgia: 130,000[265] | Armenia: about 0.9 million[266] Azerbaijan: about 2.6 million[266] Georgia: about 1 million[266] Cyprus: 20,984[267] | Abkhazia South Ossetia | Armenia Azerbaijan |
Svan | sva | Kartvelian, Svan | Georgia (incl. Abkhazia): 30,000[268] | |||
Tat | ttt | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Southwest | Azerbaijan: 10,000[269]Samfuri:Update inline | |||
Turkish | tr | Turkic, Oghuz | Turkey: 66,850,000[247] Cyprus: 1,405[270] + 265,100 in the North[271] | Turkey Cyprus Northern Cyprus |
Recent (post–1945) immigration to Europe introduced substantial communities of speakers of non-European languages.[2]
The largest such communities include Arabic speakers (see Arabs in Europe) and Turkish speakers (beyond European Turkey and the historical sphere of influence of the Ottoman Empire, see Turks in Europe).[272] Armenians, Berbers, and Kurds have diaspora communities of c. 1–2,000,000 each. The various languages of Africa and languages of India form numerous smaller diaspora communities.
Name | ISO 639 | Classification | Native | Ethnic diaspora |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arabic | ar | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | 5,000,000[273] | 12,000,000[274] |
Turkish | tr | Turkic, Oghuz | 3,000,000[275] | 7,000,000[276] |
Armenian | hy | Indo-European | 1,000,000[277] | 3,000,000[278] |
Kurdish | ku | Indo-European, Iranian, Western | 600,000[279] | 1,000,000[280] |
Bengali–Assamese | bn as syl | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | 600,000[281] | 1,000,000[282] |
Azerbaijani | az | Turkic, Oghuz | 500,000[283] | 700,000[284] |
Kabyle | kab | Afro-Asiatic, Berber | 500,000[285] | 1,000,000[286] |
Chinese | zh | Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic | 300,000[287] | 2,000,000[288] |
Urdu | ur | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | 300,000[289] | 1,800,000[290] |
Uzbek | uz | Turkic, Karluk | 300,000[291] | 2,000,000[292] |
Persian | fa | Indo-European, Iranian, Western | 300,000[293] | 400,000[294] |
Punjabi | pa | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | 300,000[295] | 700,000[296] |
Gujarati | gu | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | 200,000[297] | 600,000[298] |
Tamil | ta | Dravidian | 200,000[299] | 500,000[300] |
Somali | so | Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic | 200,000[301] | 400,000[302] |
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