Daular Ghana

Daular Ghana, wacce kuma aka fi sani da Wagadou (Larabci: غانا‎) ko Awkar, wata daula ce ta yammacin Afirka da ke kudu maso gabashin.Mauritania da yammacin Mali ta zamani wacce ta wanzu tun daga c. 200s zuwa c. 1200s. Mutanen Soninke ne suka kafa daular, kuma ta kasance a babbar birnin Koumbi Saleh.

Daular Ghana
Wuri
15°40′N 8°00′W
Babban birni	Koumbi Saleh (en)
Yawan mutane
Harshen gwamnati	Harshen Soninke
Bayanan tarihi
Ƙirƙira	<abbr title="Circa (en) ">c. 100
Rushewa	12 century
Tsarin Siyasa
Tsarin gwamnati	sarauta

wani yanki na daular Ghana

Ƙungiyoyin haɗaɗɗun jama'a, wasu bisa ga cinikin gishiri da zinari na trans-Sahara sun wanzu a yankin tsawon ƙarni a lokacin da aka kafa daular. Gabatar da rakumi zuwa yammacin Sahara a karni na 3 miladiyya ya kasance babban silar kawo sauyi na zamantakewar al'umma wanda ya haifar da samuwar daular.^[1] A lokacin da Musulmai suka mamaye Arewacin Afirka a ƙarni na 7 rakumi ya canza tsohuwar hanyoyin kasuwanci da ba ta dace ba zuwa cibiyar kasuwanci da ke gudana daga Maroko zuwa kogin Nijar. Daular Ghana ta sami wadata daga wannan ƙaruwar cinikin zinari da bayi da gishiri, wanda ya ba da damar bunkasa manyan biranen birane. Har ila yau, zirga-zirgar ta ƙarfafa faɗaɗa yanki don samun iko akan hanyoyin kasuwanci daban-daban.

Lokacin da daular Ghana ta fara zama babu tabbas a tsakanin masana tarihi. Muḥammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi ne ya ambata daular sarauta ta farko a rubuce a shekara ta 830. ^[2] An ba da ƙarin bayani game da daular ta asusun masanin Cordoban Al-Bakri lokacin da ya rubuta game da yankin a karni na 11.

Iyakar kasar Ghana da Tone kenan

Bayan shekaru aru-aru na wadata, daular ta fara durkushewa a cikin karni na biyu, kuma a karshe za ta zama wata kasa mai tasowa ta daular Mali a wani lokaci a karni na 13. Duk da rugujewar da ta yi, ana iya jin tasirin daular wajen kafa cibiyoyin birane da dama a duk fadin kasar da ta gabata. A cikin shekarar 1957, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Gold Coast karkashin jagorancin Kwame Nkrumah sun ba wa kanta sunan Ghana bisa samun 'yancin kai don girmamawa da tunawa da daular tarihi, duk da cewa iyakokinsu ba su ta'allaka ba.

Asalin kalmar

Kalmar ghana na nufin jarumi ko shugaban yaki kuma ita ce take da aka baiwa sarakunan asalin masarautan wanda sunan Soninke shine Ouagadou. Kaya Maghan (king of gold) wani lakabi ne na waɗannan sarakuna.^[3]

Manazarta

Hanyoyin kasuwanci na yammacin Sahara c. 1000-1500. Ana nuna filayen zinare ta hanyar inuwa mai launin ruwan kasa: Bambuk, Bure, Lobi, da Akan.

1. Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins, Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster, Markus Wiener Publishers: Princeton, 2006, ISBN 1-55876-405-4, pp. 6–7.
2. al-Kuwarizmi in Levtzion and Hopkins, Corpus, p. 7.
3. Willie F. Page; R. Hunt Davis, Jr., eds. (2005), "Ghana Empire", Encyclopedia of African History and Culture, vol. 2 (revised ed.), Facts on File, pp. 85–87