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She çhengey Ellanagh Ghaelgagh Cheltiagh y Ghaelg Vanninagh, as oltey jeh’n chynney çhengey Indo-Oarpagh. Daase ee ass yn Çhenn Yernish as y Yernish Veanagh. Ga dy vel anchaslyssyn eddyr ny cairscreeuyn jeu, ta’n Ghaelg Vanninagh so-hoiggal ec Gaelgeyryn elley. Va Ned Maddrell cummal seose y çhengey echey trooid loayrt rish Gaelgeyryn Yernagh as Albinagh er ny baatyn.[1]Ta faggys-mooinjerys eddyr Gaelg, Yernish as Gaelg Albinagh foast, agh ta troyn er lheh eck chammah. Ta daa abbyrt ec Gaelg: Gaelg Hwoaie as Gaelg Yiass.[2]
Ren Shenn Yernish rheynn as gaase dys ny çhengaghyn Gaelgagh t'ayn nish: Yernish, Gaelg as Gaelg Albinagh. Myr shen, haghyr shiartanse dy chaghlaaghyn bentyn rish sheeanaghtys, jalloo-oaylleeaght as fockle-hasht yn Çhenn Yernish son dy yannoo y Ghaelg Vanninagh t'ayn nish.
Caghlaaghyn bentyn rish jerraghyn focklyn | |||
Shenn Yernish / Yernish Veanagh |
Yernish jeinagh | Gaelg Albinagh | Gaelg |
---|---|---|---|
[-əvʲ] | [-əw] | ||
[-əj] | [-iː] | ||
[-əð] | [-ə] (ayns ennymocklyn) [-əx] (ayns breearyn) |
[-ə] (ayns ennymocklyn) [-əx] (ayns breearyn) | |
Kyndagh rish y chovestey sheeanyn cleaoilagh, raad va [əvʲ] jerrey-fockle gyn trimmid (-(a)ibh, -(a)imh rere lettraghey Yernish as Albinagh), ta shen er govestey marish [əw] (-(e)amh) 'sy Ghaelg, as shen screeut myr "-oo" ny "-u(e)". Myr sampleyr, shassoo (Yernish seasamh), credjue (Yernish creideamh), nealloo (Yernish Yeianagh Leah (i) néalaibh, ayns bodjallyn), as erriu (Yernish oraibh)[3].
Raad va [əj] gyn trimmid er jerrey 'ockle 'sy Yernish Veanagh (-(a)idh as -(a)igh), ta shen er ny gaghlaa dys [iː] 'sy Ghaelg. T'eh goll er screeu myr "-ee", myr sampleyr, kionnee (Yernish ceannaigh) as cullee (Gaelg Albinish culaidh)[4]. Ta shen gollrish abbyrtyn twoaiey Yernish, chammah's abbyrtyn jiassey Albinagh.
Raad va [əð] ry-akin ayns Yernish Veanagh (-(e)adh), haink daa chummey Gaelg ass.
Ta kuse dy chorocklyn ny Gaelgey er gaghlaa ass ny cummaghyn v'oc 'sy Çhenn Yernish.
Gollrish abbyrtyn twoaie Yernish, as ymmodee abbyrtyn ny Gaelgey Albinagh, ta ny shenn jeesyn Gaelgagh /kn gn mn tn/ er jeet dy ve /kr gr mr tr/ ‘sy Ghaelg. Myr sampleyr, cosoylaghey Yernish Veanagh cnáid as mná rish craid as mraane ‘sy Ghaelg.[7]
Ta Gaelg, chammah's Yernish hwoaie as Gaelg Albinagh, er nyannoo affricaidyn [tʃ] as [dʒ] jeh staddyn feeacklagh cleaoilit [tʲ] as [dʲ] ny Shenn Yernish.[8]
Gollrish Gaelg Albinagh, cha nel cleaoilaghey neuchosoylagh ec corocklyn daa-veillagh Gaelg. Ayns y Yernish, ta ny corocklyn coghooysagh /pˠ bˠ fˠ w mˠ/ neuchosoylagh rish /pʲ bʲ fʲ vʲ mʲ/ 'sy chorys sheeancoryssagh. Agh Gaelg as Gaelg Albinagh, cha nel agh /p b f v m/ oc[9].
Gollrish Yernish y Vooan, raad va [vʲ] ec mean ny jerrey ‘ockle traa dy row (as shen screeut myr bh ny mh ‘sy lettraghey Yernish), ta shen er coayl ec Gaelg. Ny keayrtyn ta ny breeocklyn oc er jeet dy ve ny s’liurey; ny keayrtyn elley, ta’n fockle er jeant u jeh’n chorockle, as haink shen dy ve ny daaghooaght. Myr sampleyr: Ta geurey Gaelg [ˈɡʲeurə], [ɡʲuːrə] corrym rish geimhreadh ‘sy Yernish ([ˈɟiːɾˠə] rere fockley magh jiass), as ta sleityn corrym rish sléibhte [ˈʃlʲeːtʲə] rere fockley magh jiass).[10]
Ta daa cheintys ec y Ghaelg: firrinagh as bwoirrinagh. Ta ennymocklyn goll er yn-filley son earroo (liorish -yn myr meer yerree, son y chooid smoo). Cha nel ad goll er yn-filley son case, er lhimmey jeh possan beg as shenn chummey gienneydagh baghtal oc.
Ta breearyn jannoo cummaghyn liorish ym-loayrtys chammah as yn-filley.
Myr dagh çhengey Cheltiagh jeinagh, ta ceaghlaghyn corockyn toshee ec y Ghaelg. She obbyraghyn çhengoaylleeagh t'ayn. T'ad caghlaa kied chorockle 'ockle rere yn çhymbyllaght jalloo-oaylleeagh as co-ordrailagh echey[11].
Ta daa obbyr ceaghlagh ec y Ghaelg: boggaghys as stronnaghys.
Ayns Gaelg yn 20oo eash, va'n corys foudaghey (cadjin ayns cooishyn baase çhengey), as nagh row ram Gaelgeyr jannoo ymmyd jeh ceaghlaghyn rere ny shenn reillyn. Nish ta ynsaghey oikoil ayn, as Gaelgeyr dooghyssagh, as lhisin shen cooney beaynaghey yn çhengey.
Corockle gyn ceaghley | Boggaghys | Stronnaghys | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Kied cheim | Nah cheim | Treeoo cheim | ||
p /p/ | ph /f/ | ph /f/ | ph /f/ | b /b/ |
t, th /t/ | h /h/ | t, th /t/ | t, th /t/ | d /d/ |
çh /tʃ/ | h /h/ | çh /tʃ/ | çh /tʃ/ | j /dʒ/ |
c, k keyl /kʲ/ | ch /ç/ | ch /ç/ | ch /ç/ | g /gʲ/ |
c, k lheean /k/ | ch /x/ | ch /x/ | ch /x/ | g /g/ |
b /b/ | v /v/, /w/ | v /v/, /w/ | v /v/, /w/ | m /m/ |
bw, boo /bw/ | w /w/ | w /w/ | w /w/ | mw /mw/ |
d, dh /d/ | gh /ɣ/ | d /d/ | d /d/ | n/n/ |
j /dʒ/ | y /j/ | j /dʒ/ | j /dʒ/ | n'y /nʲ/ |
g keyl /gʲ/ | y, gh /j/ | y, gh /j/ | y, gh /j/ | ng /ŋʲ/ |
g lheean /g/ | gh /ɣ/ | gh /ɣ/ | gh /ɣ/ | ng /ŋ/ |
f /f/ | (dollit) | (dollit) | (dollit) | v /v/ |
s /s/ | h /h/ | t/t/ | s /s/ | s /s/ |
str /st/ | tr /tr/ | tr /tr/ | str /str/ | str /str/ |
sl /sl/ | l /l/ | cl /kl/ | sl /sl/ | sl /sl/ |
sn /sl/ | n, sn /n/, /sn/ | sn, n, tn /n/, /sn/, /tn/ | sn /sn/ | sn /sn/ |
sh /ʃ/ | h /h/ | ç /tʃ/ | sh /ʃ/ | sh /ʃ/ |
shl /ʃl/ | l /l/ | shl /ʃl/ | shl /ʃl/ | shl /ʃl/ |
m /m/ | v /v/ | v /v/ | v /v/ | m /m/ |
mw, moo /mw/ | w /w/ | w /w/ | w /w/ | mw /mw/ |
qu /kw/ | wh /ʍ/ | wh /ʍ/ | wh /ʍ/ | qu /kw/ |
Ta tree keimyn boggaghys ayn, as ny reillyn oc beggan anchasley rish y cheilley.
Ta boggaghys y chied cheim taghyrt ayns ny çhymbyllaghtyn shoh:
1. Erreish da daa
2. Erreish da earrooyn reajyssagh as -oo ec y jerrey (treeoo, jeihoo as y lheid)
3. Ta cummaghyn gerrymagh boggaghey.
4. Ta farenmyn shellooagh cur boggaghys er ny focklyn ny yei:
4.1 Erreish da my as dty.
4.2. Erreish da e, dy (dy-e) as ny (ny-e) firrinagh.
4.2.1 Cha nel erreish da ny cummaghyn bwoirrinagh
Ta boggaghys ec enmyn 'sy yienneydagh myrgeddin.
5. Ta boggaghys y chied cheim ec enmyn cair gyn art:
5.1 Cha nel f goll er dolley magh jeh enmyn sleih
5.2 Ta boggaghys y nah cheim ec enmyn cair as art oc. Jeeagh er y rheynnag shen.
5.3 Ny keayrtyn, cha nel shin boggaghey enmyn joarree.
6. Erreish da ny meeryn roie aa-, mee-, as neu-
7. Erreish da ymmodee marenmyn roie mannagh vel -d ny -n ec y jerrey.
7.1 Ta feer as lane, as adsyn as -d ny -n ec y jerrey, boggaghys ny treeoo cheim nyn yei. Jeeagh er boggaghys ny treeoo cheim
8 ayns marenmyn ny rovreear erreish da ro-, ree-, mie ny kiune
9. Ayns ennymockle erreish da roie-ocklyn.
9.1 Ayns Gaelg jeianagh, son y chooid smoo, t'ad faagail magh y caghlaa shoh er lhimmey jeh raghyn soit.
10. Ayns nah rheynn co-ennymockle erreish da kied 'ockle bwoirrinagh unnaneagh.
11. Ayns marenmyn erreish da ennymockle bwoirrinagh.
11.1. Ny keayrtyn, myr y nah cheim, cha nel eh caghlaa corocklyn feeacklagh.
12. Ny keayrtyn, ayns marenmyn erreish da ennym çhymsagh as yn art (y, yn) roish.
13. Ny keayrtyn, ayns marenmyn erreish da ennymockle unnaneagh firrynagh 'sy yienneydagh
14. Ayns marenmyn ny yei ennymockle yl-rey keyl
15. Ayns ennymocklyn as breearyn erreish da by / b’, cummey chaie ny kianglagh y chopail.
16. Ayns breearyn erreish da ry-
17. Ayns breearyn erreish da dy as y (rere dys)
18. Ayns cummaghyn phretereitagh, kianglagh neuchrogheydagh, as conastagh breearyn reiltagh, as ymmodee fir neureiltagh. Jeeagh er y rheynnag "breearyn".
19. Ny keayrtyn, erreish da er creaghney ayns ynnyd stronnaghys cadjin.
Ta boggaghys y nah cheim taghyrt ayns ny çhymbyllaghtyn shoh:
20. Ayns ennymockle bwoirrinagh erreish da'n art kinjagh 'sy chummey ennymagh
21. Ayns ennymockle neuchair firrynagh unnaneagh 'sy chummey gienneydagh.
22. Ta roie-ocklyn marish yn art boggaghey ennymocklyn unnaneagh nyn yei.
23. Ta earrooyn reajyssagh boggaghey erreish da'n art
Ta boggaghys y treeoo cheim taghyrt ayns ny çhymbyllaghtyn shoh:
24. Erreish da feer as lane
25. Erreish da marenmyn roie as -d ny -n ec y jerrey oc.
25.1. Ta marenmyn roie elley boggaghey 'sy chied aght. Jeeagh er boggaghys ny kied cheim.
26. Erreish da ny h-earrooyn un as kied/chied.
26.1. Ny keayrtyn, t'ad boggaghey focklyn nagh lhisagh y treeoo cheim boggaghey.
Ta stronnaghys ry-akin:
1. Erreish da nyn as er nyn
2. Erreish da dyn raad ta shen çheet jeh dy nyn
3. Erreish da er myr cummey chreaghnit breear
3.1 Ny keayrtyn, as bentyn rish sheeanyn [k] son y chooid smoo, ta boggaghys ayns ynnyd jeh stronnaghys marish er.
4. Erreish da'n art yl-rey ny gienneydagh
4.1. Ayns Gaelg jeianagh, son y chooid smoo, t'ad faagail magh y caghlaa shoh er lhimmey jeh enmyn as raghyn soit.
5. Ayns cummaghyn crogheydagh breearyn reiltagh 'syn emshir ry-heet as emshir chianglagh. Jeeagh er y rheynnag "breearyn".
Cha nel case ny red mooar 'sy Ghaelg, agh ta cummaghyn er lheh ec yn chase gerrymagh as yn case gienneydagh.
Ta ceaghley toshee corockle da enmyn as focklyn ta jannoo obbyr enmyn. Jeeagh er #Ceaghley corocklyn toshee son ny smoo fys. Cha nel eiyrtys erbee elley er y raa.
Son ennymocklyn unnaneagh firrinagh (as kuse dy hennymocklyn bwoirrinagh, myrgeddin), ta'n cummey gienneydagh gollrish y fer ennymagh, agh ta boggaghey y nah cheim ec toshiaght yn 'ockle.
Ta cummey gienneydagh er lheh ec kuse dy 'ocklyn unnaneagh bwoirrinagh, as cha nel ad jannoo ymmyd jeh ny reillyn cadjin. Son y chooid smoo, ta'n cummey myr shoh:
Myr sampleyr:
Focklyn elley, ta'n cummey gienneydagh oc ny smoo anchasley rish y fer ennymagh:
Ta daa aght ayn dy yannoo cummaghyn breearyn: yn-filley y breear hene, ny cur ry-cheilley breearyn cadjin as breear coonee (jannoo ny ve). Ayns Gaelg Anmagh Loayrit, va'n cummey ym-loayrtagh ny smoo cadjin.[14]
Emshir | Persoon | Cummey ym-loayrtagh | Cummey yn-filleydagh |
---|---|---|---|
Laaragh immeeaght | Kied | ta mee tilgey | — |
Nah yl-rey | ta shiu tilgey | — | |
Laaragh chreaghnit | Kied | ta mee er dilgey[15] | — |
Nah yl-rey | ta shiu er dilgey | — | |
Pretereitagh | Kied | ren mee tilgey | hilg mee |
Nah yl-rey | ren shiu tilgey | hilg shiu | |
Chaie immeeaght | Kied | va mee tilgey | — |
Nah yl-rey | va shiu tilgey | — | |
Chaie chreaghnit | Kied | va mee er dilgey[15] | — |
Nah yl-rey | va shiu er dilgey | — | |
Ry-heet | Kied | neeym tilgey | tilgym |
Nah yl-rey | nee shiu tilgey | tilgee shiu | |
Ry-heet immeeaght | Kied | bee'm tilgey | — |
Nah yl-rey | bee shiu tilgey | — | |
Ry-heet chreaghnit | Kied | bee'm er dilgey | — |
Nah yl-rey | bee shiu er dilgey | — | |
Kianglagh | Kied | yinnin tilgey | hilgin |
Nah yl-rey | yinnagh shiu tilgey | hilgagh shiu | |
Oardreilagh | Kied | jean tilgey! | tilg! |
Nah yl-rey | jean-jee tilgey! ny jean-shiu tilgey! |
tilg-jee! ny tilg-shiu! |
Gollrish çhengaghyn Celtiagh Ellynagh elley, ta raoie-ocklyn yn-filleydagh ec y Ghaelg: roie-ocklyn ta covestit marish far-ennym. Myr sampleyr, shoh cummaghyn yn roie-ockle ec (ta'n nah chummey ny chummey trome):
Unnaneagh | Yl-rey | ||
---|---|---|---|
Kied phersoon | aym ayms |
ain ainyn | |
Nah phersoon | ayd ayds |
eu euish | |
Trass persoon | Firrinagh | echey echeysyn |
oc ocsyn |
Bwoirrinagh | eck ecksh |
oc ocsyn |
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