Toxina

As toxinas (do grego τοξικόν toxikon) son substancias velenosas producidas por células de organismos vivos.^[1]^[2] As toxinas non inclúen a velenos producidos sinteticamente. O termo empregouno por primeira vez o químico Ludwig Brieger (1849–1919).

As toxinas poden ser aquelas pequenas moléculas, péptidos ou proteínas que causen enfermidades por contacto con ou por absorción nos tecidos corporais e que interactúen con macromoléculas biolóxicas, como enzimas ou receptores celulares. As toxinas varían amplamente na súa capacidade de toxicidade. Van desde pequenas inchazóns, como as de picaduras de abellas, a mortes súbitas, como as da toxina botúlica.

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Ás veces emprégase o termo biotoxina para subliñar a orixe biolóxica da enfermidade.^[1]

As biotoxinas clasifícanse ademais en biotoxinas de fungos (ou micotoxinas), biotoxinas microbianas, biotoxinas de plantas (ou ficotoxinas) e biotoxinas animais. Ás biotoxinas producidas en medios acuáticos chámaselle biotoxinas mariñas.

As toxinas que producen os microorganismos son os factores que determinan a virulencia dos patóxenos microbianos e/ou a capacidade de evasión inmune do hóspede.^[3]

O papel das bioxotinas na natureza son:

a predación nos arácnidos, cóbregas, escorpións, avespas, medusas
a defensa nas abellas, formigas, térmites, medusas, ras

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O termo toxina ambiental emprégase ás veces para incluír explicitamente a contaminantes sintéticos.^[4] Inclúen a produtos contaminantes industriais e outras substancias tóxicas producidas artificialmente. Este termo, que contradí as outras definicións de toxina, emprégase habitualmente en campos fóra das microbioloxías.

Algúns casos de toxinas ambientais que se transmite a través da cadeas tróficas de medios mariños e son prexudiciais para a saúde humana son:

Toxina paralizante dos moluscos.^[5]^[6]^[7]
Toxina amnésica dos moluscos.^[8]^[9]
Toxina diarreica dos moluscos.^[10]^[11]
Toxina neurotóxica dos moluscos.^[12]^[13]^[14]

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[1]
"toxin - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Consultado o 12 setembro 2016.
[2]
Real Academia Galega (12 de setembro de 2016). RAG, ed. "toxina, RAG". www.academia.gal/dicionario/. Consultado o 12 de setembro de 2016.
[3]
Proft T (editor) (2009). Microbial Toxins: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-44-8.
[4]
Grigg J (March 2004). "Environmental toxins; their impact on children's health". Arch. Dis. Child. 89 (3): 244–50. PMC 1719840. PMID 14977703. doi:10.1136/adc.2002.022202.
[5]
Vale, Carmen; Alfonso, Amparo; Vieytes, Mercedes R.; Romarís, Xosé Manuel; Arévalo, Fabiola; Botana, Ana M.; Botana, Luis M. (2008). "In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Potency and the Influence of the pH of Extraction". Analytical Chemistry (American Chemical Society) 80 (5): 1770–1776. PMID 18232710. doi:10.1021/ac7022266.
[6]
Oikawa, Hiroshi; Fujita, Tsuneo; Saito, Ken; Satomi, Masataka; Yano, Yutaka (2008). "Difference in the level of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin accumulation between the crabs Telmessus acutidens and Charybdis japonica collected in Onahama, Fukushima Prefecture". Fisheries Science (Springer) 73 (2): 395–403. doi:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01347.x.
[7]
Abouabdellah, Rachid; Taleb, Hamid; Bennouna, Asmae; Erler, Katrin; Chafik, Abdeghani; Moukrim, Abdelatif (2008). "Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin profile of mussels Perna perna from southern Atlantic coasts of Morocco". Toxin (Elsevier) 51 (5): 780–786. PMID 18237757. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.004.
[8]
Wang, Lin; Liang, Xu-Fang; Zhang, Wen-Bing; Mai, Kang-Sen; Huang, Yan; Shen, Dan (2009). "Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin stimulates the transcription of CYP1A possibly through AHR and ARNT in the liver of red sea bream Pagrus major". Marine Pollution Bulletin (Elsevier) 58 (11): 1643–1648. PMID 19665739. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.07.004.
[9]
Wang, Lin; Vaquero, E.; Leão, J. M.; Gogo-Martínez, A.; Rodríguez Vázquez, J. A. (2001). "Optimization of conditions for the liquid chromatographic-electrospray lonization-mass spectrometric analysis of amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins". Chromatographia (Vieweg Verlag) 53 (1): S231–S235. doi:10.1007/BF02490333.
[10]
Mouratidou, Theoni; Kaniou-Grigoriadou, I.; Samara, C.; Kouimtzis, T. (2006). "Detection of the marine toxin okadaic acid in mussels during a diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) episode in Thermaikos Gulf, Greece, using biological, chemical and immunological methods". Science of the Total Environment (Elsevier) 366 (2 – 3): 894–904. PMID 16815531. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.03.002.
[11]
Doucet, Erin; Ross, Neil N.; Quilliam, Michael A. (2007). "Enzymatic hydrolysis of esterified diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and pectenotoxins". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (Springer) 389 (1): 335–342. PMID 17661021. doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1489-3.
[12]
Poli, Mark A.; Musser, Steven M.; Dickey, Robert W.; Eilers, Paul P.; Hall, Sherwood (2000). "Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and brevetoxin metabolites: a case study from Florida". Toxicon (Elsevier) 38 (7): 981–993. PMID 10728835. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00191-9.
[13]
Morohashi, Akio; Satake, M.; Murata, K.; Naoki, H.; Kaspar, H.; Yasumoto, T. (1995). "Brevetoxin B3, a new brevetoxin analog isolated from the greenshell mussel perna canaliculus involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in new zealand". Tetrahedron Letters (Elsevier) 36 (49): 8995–8998. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(95)01969-O.
[14]
Morohashi, Akio; Satake, Masayuki; Naoki, Hideo; Kaspar, Heinrich F.; Oshima, Yasukatsu; Yasumoto, Takeshi (1999). "Brevetoxin B4 isolated from greenshell mussels Perna canaliculus, the major toxin involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in New Zealand". Tetrahedron Letters (Natural Toxins) 7 (2): 45–48. PMID 10495465. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199903/04)7:2<45::AID-NT34>3.0.CO;2-H. Consultado o 15 February 2010.

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Biotoxina mariñas

Este artigo sobre bioloxía é, polo de agora, só un bosquexo. Traballa nel para axudar a contribuír a que a Galipedia mellore e medre.
Existen igualmente outros artigos relacionados con este tema nos que tamén podes contribuír.

[urltoxin_merrian-1] [1]
"toxin - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Consultado o 12 setembro 2016.

[rag-2] [2]
Real Academia Galega (12 de setembro de 2016). RAG, ed. "toxina, RAG". www.academia.gal/dicionario/. Consultado o 12 de setembro de 2016.

[ProftT-3] [3]
Proft T (editor) (2009). Microbial Toxins: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-44-8.

[pmid14977703-4] [4]
Grigg J (March 2004). "Environmental toxins; their impact on children's health". Arch. Dis. Child. 89 (3): 244–50. PMC 1719840. PMID 14977703. doi:10.1136/adc.2002.022202.

[iviv-5] [5]
Vale, Carmen; Alfonso, Amparo; Vieytes, Mercedes R.; Romarís, Xosé Manuel; Arévalo, Fabiola; Botana, Ana M.; Botana, Luis M. (2008). "In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Potency and the Influence of the pH of Extraction". Analytical Chemistry (American Chemical Society) 80 (5): 1770–1776. PMID 18232710. doi:10.1021/ac7022266.

[dlpsp-6] [6]
Oikawa, Hiroshi; Fujita, Tsuneo; Saito, Ken; Satomi, Masataka; Yano, Yutaka (2008). "Difference in the level of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin accumulation between the crabs Telmessus acutidens and Charybdis japonica collected in Onahama, Fukushima Prefecture". Fisheries Science (Springer) 73 (2): 395–403. doi:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01347.x.

[psptp-7] [7]
Abouabdellah, Rachid; Taleb, Hamid; Bennouna, Asmae; Erler, Katrin; Chafik, Abdeghani; Moukrim, Abdelatif (2008). "Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin profile of mussels Perna perna from southern Atlantic coasts of Morocco". Toxin (Elsevier) 51 (5): 780–786. PMID 18237757. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.004.

[aspt-8] [8]
Wang, Lin; Liang, Xu-Fang; Zhang, Wen-Bing; Mai, Kang-Sen; Huang, Yan; Shen, Dan (2009). "Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin stimulates the transcription of CYP1A possibly through AHR and ARNT in the liver of red sea bream Pagrus major". Marine Pollution Bulletin (Elsevier) 58 (11): 1643–1648. PMID 19665739. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.07.004.

[ocfl-9] [9]
Wang, Lin; Vaquero, E.; Leão, J. M.; Gogo-Martínez, A.; Rodríguez Vázquez, J. A. (2001). "Optimization of conditions for the liquid chromatographic-electrospray lonization-mass spectrometric analysis of amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins". Chromatographia (Vieweg Verlag) 53 (1): S231–S235. doi:10.1007/BF02490333.

[dmto-10] [10]
Mouratidou, Theoni; Kaniou-Grigoriadou, I.; Samara, C.; Kouimtzis, T. (2006). "Detection of the marine toxin okadaic acid in mussels during a diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) episode in Thermaikos Gulf, Greece, using biological, chemical and immunological methods". Science of the Total Environment (Elsevier) 366 (2 – 3): 894–904. PMID 16815531. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.03.002.

[ehed-11] [11]
Doucet, Erin; Ross, Neil N.; Quilliam, Michael A. (2007). "Enzymatic hydrolysis of esterified diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and pectenotoxins". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (Springer) 389 (1): 335–342. PMID 17661021. doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1489-3.

[nspb-12] [12]
Poli, Mark A.; Musser, Steven M.; Dickey, Robert W.; Eilers, Paul P.; Hall, Sherwood (2000). "Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and brevetoxin metabolites: a case study from Florida". Toxicon (Elsevier) 38 (7): 981–993. PMID 10728835. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00191-9.

[bnba-13] [13]
Morohashi, Akio; Satake, M.; Murata, K.; Naoki, H.; Kaspar, H.; Yasumoto, T. (1995). "Brevetoxin B3, a new brevetoxin analog isolated from the greenshell mussel perna canaliculus involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in new zealand". Tetrahedron Letters (Elsevier) 36 (49): 8995–8998. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(95)01969-O.

[bigm-14] [14]
Morohashi, Akio; Satake, Masayuki; Naoki, Hideo; Kaspar, Heinrich F.; Oshima, Yasukatsu; Yasumoto, Takeshi (1999). "Brevetoxin B4 isolated from greenshell mussels Perna canaliculus, the major toxin involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in New Zealand". Tetrahedron Letters (Natural Toxins) 7 (2): 45–48. PMID 10495465. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199903/04)7:2<45::AID-NT34>3.0.CO;2-H. Consultado o 15 February 2010.

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Toxina

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