iuvo

Latin

Etymology

From older Latin iuvere (> iuvāre), apparently a simple thematic verb, to which iuvāre may originally be an iterative.

Maybe cognate with Hittite iyauwatta (“to be healed, recover”) (middle voice, meaning developed from "to help oneself"), in which case it is reconstructable as Proto-Indo-European *h₁i-h₁éwH-ti (“to help”), from root Proto-Indo-European *h₁ewH-.^[1][2]

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈi̯u.u̯oː/, [ˈi̯uː̯oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈju.vo/, [ˈjuːvo]

Verb

iuvō (present infinitive iuvāre, perfect active iūvī, supine iūtum); first conjugation

1. to help, aid; save

   Synonyms: adiūtō, adiuvō, foveō, assistō, succurrō, sublevō, prōficiō, prōsum, adsum

   Antonym: officiō

   audaces fortuna iuvat ― Fortune favours the brave (Virgil, Aeneid)

2. to delight, gratify, please

   Synonyms: dēlectō, fruor, congrātulor, exhilarō

   Quamvis non rectum quod iuvat rectum putes ― It may not be right but if it pays think it so (Publilius Syrus)

Conjugation

Conjugation of iuvō (first conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	iuvō	iuvās	iuvat	iuvāmus	iuvātis	iuvant
	imperfect	iuvābam	iuvābās	iuvābat	iuvābāmus	iuvābātis	iuvābant
	future	iuvābō	iuvābis	iuvābit	iuvābimus	iuvābitis	iuvābunt
	perfect	iūvī	iūvistī	iūvit	iūvimus	iūvistis	iūvērunt, iūvēre
	pluperfect	iūveram	iūverās	iūverat	iūverāmus	iūverātis	iūverant
	future perfect	iūverō	iūveris	iūverit	iūverimus	iūveritis	iūverint
passive	present	iuvor	iuvāris, iuvāre	iuvātur	iuvāmur	iuvāminī	iuvantur
	imperfect	iuvābar	iuvābāris, iuvābāre	iuvābātur	iuvābāmur	iuvābāminī	iuvābantur
	future	iuvābor	iuvāberis, iuvābere	iuvābitur	iuvābimur	iuvābiminī	iuvābuntur
	perfect	iūtus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	iūtus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	iūtus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	iuvem	iuvēs	iuvet	iuvēmus	iuvētis	iuvent
	imperfect	iuvārem	iuvārēs	iuvāret	iuvārēmus	iuvārētis	iuvārent
	perfect	iūverim	iūverīs	iūverit	iūverīmus	iūverītis	iūverint
	pluperfect	iūvissem	iūvissēs	iūvisset	iūvissēmus	iūvissētis	iūvissent
passive	present	iuver	iuvēris, iuvēre	iuvētur	iuvēmur	iuvēminī	iuventur
	imperfect	iuvārer	iuvārēris, iuvārēre	iuvārētur	iuvārēmur	iuvārēminī	iuvārentur
	perfect	iūtus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	iūtus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	iuvā	—	—	iuvāte	—
	future	—	iuvātō	iuvātō	—	iuvātōte	iuvantō
passive	present	—	iuvāre	—	—	iuvāminī	—
	future	—	iuvātor	iuvātor	—	—	iuvantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		iuvāre	iūvisse	iūtūrum esse	iuvārī	iūtum esse	iūtum īrī
participles		iuvāns	—	iūtūrus	—	iūtus	iuvandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		iuvandī	iuvandō	iuvandum	iuvandō	iūtum	iūtū

Derived terms

• adiuvō
• dēiuvō
• iūcundus
• praeiuvō

Descendants

• Friulian: zovâ
• Italian: giovare
• Old French: juva (only in the 8th c. phrase tu lo juva 'bless him')
• Sardinian: juare, zuare, zubare
• Sicilian: juvari, giuvari
• Venetan: xiovar

References

1. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “iuvō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 243-44

Further reading

• “juvo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “iuvo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• iuvo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to give a person the advantage of one's advice (and actual support): aliquem consilio (et re) iuvare
    
• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN