ith

See also: i'th', iþ, ið, -ið, and íð

English

Etymology 1

From i +‎ -th.

Alternative forms

• ith
• Sometimes written as i'th or i-th

Pronunciation

• (UK, US) IPA^(key): /aɪθ/, [aɪ̯θ]
• Rhymes: -aɪθ

Adjective

ith (not comparable)

1. (mathematics) Occurring at position i in a sequence.

Related terms

• nth

Translations

occurring at position i

Italian: i-esimo (it)

Etymology 2

From Pitman ess and ish, which it is related to phonetically and graphically, and the sound it represents.

Pronunciation

• (UK, US) IPA^(key): /ɪθ/
• Rhymes: -ɪθ

Noun

ith (plural iths)

1. The letter ⟨(⟩, which stands for the th sound (/θ/) in Pitman shorthand.

Related terms

• thee
• ish
• theta, the name of the IPA letter for this sound

Anagrams

• HIT, Thi, hit, iht, thi-

Albanian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Albanian *its, from Proto-Indo-European *eǵʰs (“from, out of”). Related to Lithuanian ìš, Latvian iz and Old Prussian is. The change in meaning is a part of the wider sematic shift of prepositions (see nga); the old meaning is preserved in the prefix sh- (partially influenced by a homonymous prefix of Latin origin continuing Latin dis-).^[1]

Adverb

ith

1. (obsolete) behind

Etymology 2

Verb

ith (aorist itha, participle ithur)

1. to follow someone

Related terms

• ind

References

1. Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “ith”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 154

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish ithid (“eats, bites, devours; grazes”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸiteti, from Proto-Indo-European *peyt-. The future stem is from Old Irish ·íss, from Proto-Celtic *ɸiɸitsāti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪ/, /ɪh/
• (Aran) IPA^(key): /iː/^[1]
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /ɪç/^[2]

Verb

ith (present analytic itheann, future analytic íosfaidh, verbal noun ithe, past participle ite)

1. to eat

Conjugation

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	ithim	itheann tú; ithir†	itheann sé, sí	ithimid; itheann muid	itheann sibh	itheann siad; ithid†	a itheann; a itheas / a n-itheann*; a n-itheas*	itear
	past	d'ith mé; d'itheas / ith mé‡; itheas‡	d'ith tú; d'ithis / ith tú‡; ithis‡	d'ith sé, sí / ith sé, sí‡	d'itheamar; d'ith muid / itheamar‡; ith muid‡	d'ith sibh; d'itheabhair / ith sibh‡; itheabhair‡	d'ith siad; d'itheadar / ith siad‡; itheadar‡	a d'ith / ar ith*	itheadh; hitheadh†
	past habitual	d'ithinn / ithinn‡; n-ithinn‡‡	d'iteá / iteá‡; n-iteᇇ	d'itheadh sé, sí / itheadh sé, sí‡; n-itheadh‡‡	d'ithimis; d'itheadh muid / ithimis‡; itheadh muid‡; n-ithimis‡‡; n-itheadh muid‡‡	d'itheadh sibh / itheadh sibh‡; n-itheadh sibh‡‡	d'ithidís; d'itheadh siad / ithidís‡; itheadh siad‡; n-ithidís‡‡; n-itheadh siad‡‡	a d'itheadh / a n-itheadh*	d'ití / ití‡; n-it퇇
future		íosfaidh mé; íosfad	íosfaidh tú; íosfair†	íosfaidh sé, sí	íosfaimid; íosfaidh muid	íosfaidh sibh	íosfaidh siad; íosfaid†	a íosfaidh, a íosfas / a n-íosfaidh*; a n-íosfas*	íosfar
conditional		d'íosfainn / íosfainn‡; n-íosfainn‡‡	d'íosfá / íosfá‡; n-íosfᇇ	d'íosfadh sé, sí / íosfadh sé, sí‡; n-íosfadh sé, s퇇	d'íosfaimis; d'íosfadh muid / íosfaimis‡; íosfadh muid‡; n-íosfaimis‡‡; n-íosfadh muid‡‡	d'íosfadh sibh / íosfadh sibh‡; n-íosfadh sibh‡‡	d'íosfaidís; d'íosfadh siad / íosfaidís‡; íosfadh siad‡; n-íosfaidís‡‡; n-íosfadh siad‡‡	a d'íosfadh / a n-íosfadh*	d'íosfaí / íosfaí‡; n-íosfa퇇
subjunctive	present	go n-ithe mé; go n-ithead†	go n-ithe tú; go n-ithir†	go n-ithe sé, sí	go n-ithimid; go n-ithe muid	go n-ithe sibh	go n-ithe siad; go n-ithid†	—	go n-itear
	past	dá n-ithinn	dá n-iteá	dá n-itheadh sé, sí	dá n-ithimis; dá n-itheadh muid	dá n-itheadh sibh	dá n-ithidís; dá n-itheadh siad	—	dá n-ití
imperative		ithim	ith	itheadh sé, sí	ithimis	ithigí; ithidh†	ithidís	—	itear
verbal noun		ithe
past participle		ite

	singular			plural			relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
past	duas	duais	duaidh sé, sí	duamair	duabhair	duadar	a dhuaidh / ar dhuaidh*	duadh

conjugation of ith (irregular)

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡ dependent form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis (except an)

in parts of Munster (e.g. Cape Clear Island, County Clare), the following forms of the past tense are found in addition to the those listed above:

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
ith	n-ith	hith	not applicable
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

1. Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 136
2. Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 345, page 118

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ith”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ithid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Holmer, Nils M. (1962) The Dialects of Co. Clare, part I, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, page 151
• Ó Buachalla, Breandán (2003) An Teanga Bheo: Gaeilge Chléire (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, →ISBN, page 82

Old Irish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *ɸitu, from Proto-Indo-European *peyt- (“food, nutrition”); from the same root is derived ithid (“to eat”). Cognate with Welsh ŷd.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iθ/

Noun

ith n (genitive etho, no plural)

1. corn, grain

Declension

Neuter u-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ithN	—	—
Vocative	ithN	—	—
Accusative	ithN	—	—
Genitive	ethoH, athoH	—	—
Dative	ithL	—	—
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Irish: ioth

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iθʲ/

Verb

ith

1. second-person singular imperative of ithid

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
ith (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	unchanged	n-ith
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ith”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish ithid (“eats, bites, devours; grazes”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸiteti, from Proto-Indo-European *peyt-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iç/

Verb

ith (past dh'ith, future ithidh, verbal noun ithe, past participle ithte)

1. eat

   Ith do leòr! ― Bon appetit!

   Ith, òl agus bi subhach! ― Eat, drink, and be merry!

Conjugation

		singular			plural			impersonal
		first	second	third m/f	first	second	third
independent	past	dh'ith mi	dh'ith thu	dh'ith e/i	dh'ith sinn	dh'ith sibh	dh'ith iad	dh'itheadh
	future	ithidh mi	ithidh tu	ithidh e/i	ithidh sinn	ithidh sibh	ithidh iad	ithear ithtear
	conditional	dh'ithinn	dh'itheadh tu	dh'itheadh e/i	dh'itheamaid dh'itheadh sinn	dh'itheadh sibh	dh'itheadh iad	dh'ithteadh dh'ithist1 dh'ithiste1
negative	past	cha do dh'ith mi	cha do dh'ith thu	cha do dh'ith e/i	cha do dh'ith sinn	cha do dh'ith sibh	cha do dh'ith iad	cha do dh'itheadh
	future	chan ith mi	chan ith thu	chan ith e/i	chan ith sinn	chan ith sibh	chan ith iad	chan ithear chan ithtear
	conditional	chan ithinn	chan itheadh tu	chan itheadh e/i	chan itheamaid chan itheadh sinn	chan itheadh sibh	chan itheadh iad	chan ithteadh chan ithist1 chan ithiste1
affirmative interrogative	past	an do dh'ith mi?	an do dh'ith thu?	an do dh'ith e/i?	an do dh'ith sinn?	an do dh'ith sibh?	an do dh'ith iad?	an do dh'itheadh?
	future	an ith mi?	an ith thu?	an ith e/i?	an ith sinn?	an ith sibh?	an ith iad?	an ithear? an ithtear?
	conditional	an ithinn?	an itheadh tu?	an itheadh e/i?	an itheamaid? an itheadh sinn?	an itheadh sibh?	an itheadh iad?	an ithteadh? an ithist?1 an ithiste?1
negative interrogative	past	nach do dh'ith mi?	nach do dh'ith thu?	nach do dh'ith e/i?	nach do dh'ith sinn?	nach do dh'ith sibh?	nach do dh'ith iad?	nach do dh'itheadh?
	future	nach ith mi?	nach ith thu?	nach ith e/i?	nach ith sinn?	nach ith sibh?	nach ith iad?	nach ithear? nach ithtear?
	conditional	nach ithinn?	nach itheadh tu?	nach itheadh e/i?	nach itheamaid? nach itheadh sinn?	nach itheadh sibh?	nach itheadh iad?	nach ithteadh? nach ithist?1 nach ithiste?1
relative future	affirmative	(ma) dh'itheas mi	(ma) dh'itheas thu	(ma) dh'itheas e/i	(ma) dh'itheas sinn	(ma) dh'itheas sibh	(ma) dh'itheas iad	(ma) dh'ithear
	negative	(mur) ith mi	(mur) ith thu	(mur) ith e/i	(mur) ith sinn	(mur) ith sibh	(mur) ith iad	(mur) ithear (mur) ithtear
imperative		itheam	ith	itheadh e/i	itheamaid	ithibh	itheadh iad	ithear ithtear
stem		ith
verbal noun		ithe
past participle		ithte

Conjugation of ith (regular)

¹ Lewis dialect form

Derived terms

• bioran-ithe (“chopstick”)
• bun-itheadair (“primary consumer”)
• feòil-itheach (“carnivore”)
• feòil-itheadair (“carnivorous”)
• feur-itheach, lus-itheach (“herbivore”)
• iar-itheadair (“secondary consumer”)
• itheadair (“eater”)
• itheadair-sheanganan (“anteater”)
• lus-itheadair (“herbivorous”)
• mì-rian ithe (“eating disorder”)
• seòmar-ithe (“dining room”)
• so-ithe, ion-ithe (“edible”)
• uidheam-ithe (“(a piece of) cutlery”)
• uil-itheadair (“omnivore”)

 

References

• Edward Dwelly (1911) “ith”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ithid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Welsh

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.). Not related to gwenith (“wheat”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iːθ/
• Rhymes: -iːθ

Noun

ith m (plural ithion or ithau)

1. (not in science) particle, atom, a grain

   Synonyms: mymryn, gronyn, brot, atom

2. grain, corn.

   Synonym: gronyn

Derived terms

• ithfaen (“granite”)

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
ith	unchanged	unchanged	hith
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ith”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies