gmj

Egyptian

FWOTD – 23 September 2019

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼiːmit/ → /ˈkʼiːmiʔ/ → /ˈkʼiːma/ → /ˈkʼiːmə/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼiːmit/ (infinitive)^[1]
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼiːmiʔ/ (infinitive)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼiːma/ (infinitive)
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼiːmə/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɡɛmi/
  • Conventional anglicization: gemi

Verb

 3ae inf.

1. (transitive) To (seek and) find. [since the Pyramid Texts]
   • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 14–15:

     ꜣst ꜣḫt nḏt sn.s ḥḥt sw jwtt b(ꜣ)gg.s pẖrt tꜣ pn m ḥꜣyt nj ḫn.n.s nj gm.tw.s sw

     capable Isis who saved her brother, who sought him without wearying, who circled this land in mourning, not alighting so long as he was not found

2. (transitive, also used with a genitive or r) To find a way to go.
3. (with a genitive) To find a way to do something. [Kushite period]
4. (transitive) To find a way out (of difficulties, etc.). [Old Kingdom]
5. (transitive) To discover, find, locate.
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 47–48:

     gm.n.j dꜣbw jꜣrrt jm jꜣqt nbt špst

     I found figs and grapes there, and splendid vegetables of all kinds.

6. (transitive) To come across, happen upon.
7. (transitive) To meet (someone).
8. (transitive) To ascertain, discern, recognize.
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 60–62:

     kf.n.j ḥr.j gm.n.j ḥfꜣw pw jw.f m jjt

     When I uncovered my face, I found it was a snake. He was coming!

9. (transitive) To determine or find to be in a particular state.
   • c. 2112–2063 BCE (reign of Intef II), Funerary stele of Rediu-Khnum from his tomb at Dendera (UE 6) (Cairo CG 20543), line A13–A14:^[2][3]

     srwd.n(.j) gmt.n(.j) wzṯ(.w) ṯz.n(.j) gmt.n(.j) fdq(.w) mḥ.n(.j) gmt.n(.j) jꜣṯ(.w)

     I made firm what I found dilapidated; I joined together what I found cut apart; I replenished what I found injured.

   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) line 157:

     ꜥḥꜥ.n šm.kw r smjt st gm.n.j sw rḫ st

     Then I went to report it but found him (already) aware of it.

10. (transitive) To officially establish or determine; to judge, to rule.
    • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 18:

      gm.n.tw ḥr ḫrw.f mꜣꜥ.w rdjw n.f jꜣwt nt (j)t.f

      Horus was found justified; the office of his father was given to him.

11. (transitive) To diagnose.
12. (transitive) To calculate (a numerical result).
13. (transitive) To achieve, receive (a position).
14. (transitive) To devise (something).
15. (intransitive, of a limb) To know how to use properly.
16. (catenative, generally negated) To be able to.
17. (transitive) To control a land.

Usage notes

This verb is often used with a following adverb clause introduced by a stative without a preceding subject; the subject of this stative is then ordinarily identical with the object of gmj.

Inflection

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
gmt, gmj	gmw, gm	gmt, gmwt, gmyt	gm	gm, gmy

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
gm8, gmm8	ḥr gmt, ḥr gmj	m gmt, m gmj	r gmt, r gmj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	gm.n	gmw, gm, gmy	consecutive	gm.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	gmt, gmyt
perfective3	gm	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	gm.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	gm, gmy	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	gmw, gm, gmy	gmw, gm, gmy	potentialis1	gm.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	gm, gmy	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	gm.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	gmw1, gmy, gm	active + .tj1, .tw2	gm	gmy, gm
imperfective	gmm, gmmy, gmmw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	gmm, gmmj6, gmmy6	gmm, gmmw5
prospective	gmw1, gmy, gm, gmtj7	—	gmwtj1 4, gmtj4, gmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Conjugation of gmj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: gm, geminated stem: gmm

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of gmj  

gmj	gmj	gmj	gmj
[Old Kingdom (most common), Middle Kingdom (less common), Late Period, Greco-Roman Period (most common again)]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[Greco-Roman Period]

Descendants

• Demotic: gm
  • Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲓⲙⲓ (čimi)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ϭⲓⲛⲉ (cine)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ϭⲓⲙⲓ (cimi), ϭⲓⲛⲓ (cini), ϫⲓⲛⲓ (čini), ϭⲓⲛⲉ (cine)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ϭⲓⲛⲉ (cine)
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ϭⲓⲛⲉ (cine)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 166.6–169.8
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 219.

1. Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 42
2. González León, Daniel (2018) “La estela de Rediukhnum de Dendera y la reorganización administrativa del Estado egipcio a finales del III milenio a.C.” in Revista Del Instituto De Historia Antigua Oriental, volume 19, pages 49–79
3. Lichtheim, Miriam (1988) Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom: A Study and an Anthology, pages 42–46 and plate I