fraus

English

Noun

fraus

1. plural of frau

Anagrams

• Raufs, fuars

Catalan

Noun

fraus

1. plural of frau

Latin

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive, mislead”), with an uncertain phonetic development. However see also Sanskrit ध्रुति (dhruti, “deception”), द्रुह्यति (druhyati, “to deceive”) and Younger Avestan 𐬛𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (drāuuaiiāt̰, “will deceive”), which (along with perhaps Proto-Germanic *draumaz (“dream”)) point to Proto-Indo-European *dʰrew-, which would have been extended as *dʰrew-d⁽ʰ⁾- at some point before Latin and also as *dʰrew-gʰ- in PIE times.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /frau̯s/, [fräu̯s̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /frau̯s/, [fräu̯s]

Noun

fraus f (genitive fraudis); third declension

1. cheating, deceit, deception, fraud, guile, stratagem, trick, treachery, wiles

   Synonyms: dēceptiō, maleficium, perfidia, dolus, stratēgēma, ars

   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.675:

     “Mē fraude petēbās?”

     (Literally) “[So, it’s] me [who] you are aiming at with [your] deceit?”
     (The emphatic position of “me” conveys Anna’s emotional response to Dido’s impending death. Translations – Mackail, 1885: “Was my summons a snare?”; Knight, 1956: “You planned to deceive me!”; Mandelbaum, 1971: “Did you plan this fraud for me?”; West, 1990: “It was all to deceive your sister!”; Ahl, 2007: “Your fraud had me as its target?”; Bartsch, 2020: “You wanted to trick me?”)

2. delusion, error
3. injury, hurt, harm

   Synonyms: damnum, dētrīmentum, incommoditās, calamitās, pauperiēs, maleficium, iniūria, noxa, vulnus

4. bad or ill intent

Declension

Third-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	fraus	fraudēs
genitive	fraudis	fraudum fraudium
dative	fraudī	fraudibus
accusative	fraudem	fraudēs
ablative	fraude	fraudibus
vocative	fraus	fraudēs

Derived terms

• fraudātiō
• fraudātor
• fraudātōrius
• fraudō
• fraudulenter
• fraudulentia
• fraudulentus
• fraudulōsus
• frūstrā

Descendants

• Italian: frode
• → Catalan: frau
• → Old French: fraude
  • Middle French: fraude
    • French: fraude
  • Norman: fraude
  • → Middle Dutch: fraude
    • Dutch: fraude
      • → Indonesian: fraude
  • → Middle English: fraude
    • English: fraud
• → Portuguese: fraude
• → Romanian: fraudă
• → Spanish: fraude
• → Esperanto: fraŭdo
  • Ido: fraudo

References

• “fraus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “fraus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• fraus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “fraud”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 277
• De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fraus, -dis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 240

Norwegian Bokmål

Verb

fraus

1. (non-standard since 2005) past tense of fryse

Norwegian Nynorsk

Verb

fraus

1. past tense of frysa