-도다

See also: 도다

Korean

Alternative forms

• 로다 (-roda) — used only in certain environments, for which refer to usage notes.

Etymology

From Middle Korean 도〮다〮 (Yale: -twótá) first attested in hangul form in Seokbosangjeol, 1447.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [to̞da̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [도다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	doda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	doda
McCune–Reischauer?	toda
Yale Romanization?	tota

Suffix

도다 • (-doda)

1. (dated or humorous) A formal non-polite exclamatory ending used to express admiration or surprise.

   Synonym: 는구나 (-neun'guna)

   • 양사언(楊士彦) (Yang Sa'eon), 태산가(泰山歌), Middle Korean translation in modernized language

     태산이 높다 하되 하늘 아래 뫼이로다

     Taesan-i nopda hadoe haneul arae moe-iroda

     Although Taesan is lofty, it is still a mountain underneath heaven

   • 시편 135:11 (KRV 개역한글) [Psalm 135:11 (Korean Revised Version)]; English translation from the King James Version

     곧 아모리인의 왕 시혼과 바산 왕 옥과 가나안의 모든 국왕이로다

     got Amoriin-ui wang Sihon-gwa Basan wang Ok-gwa Ganaan-ui modeun gugwang-iroda

     Sihon king of the Amorites, and Og king of Bashan, And all the kingdoms of Canaan

2. (humorous, mainly 1st person) A formal non-polite exclamatory ending used to declare a certain fact.

   나는 왔도다 ― na-neun watdoda ― I have come!

Usage notes

• Even though this was a requirement in Middle Korean, Modern Korean 도다 (-doda) does not have to be substituted with 로다 (-roda) after 이다 (-ida), 아니다 (anida), or 으시 (-eusi-). When used after them, 로다 (-roda) tends to sound more old-fashioned.
• 로다 (-roda) is still obligatory after 으리 (-euri).

Middle Korean

Alternative forms

• 로〮다〮 (-lwótá) — after the copula and 으〮리〮 (-úlí-)
• 옷〮다〮 (-wóstá) — after ᄂᆞ (-no-), 더〮 (-té-), and 거 (-ke-)

Etymology

A compound suffix made up of 도〮 (-twó-, emotive suffix) and 다〮 (-tá, declarative mood suffix).

Suffix

도〮다〮 (twótá)

1. An exclamatory sentence-final suffix

Related terms

• 도〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-twóswóngìtá, the polite version)

 

See also

Middle Korean sentence enders
Form			Mood	Notes			Applied to 셔 (sye-, “to stand”)
	다〮 (-tá) 라〮 (-lá)		Declarative	Unmarked			셔다〮 (Yale: syètá)
	우〮마〮 (-wúmá)			Promissive			셔우〮마〮 (Yale: syèwúmá)
ㄴ (-n)	다〮 (-tá)		Interrogative	Realis	Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject		션다〮 (Yale: syèntá)
	가〮 (-ka)				Polar question, non-2P subject		션가〮 (Yale: syènká)
	고〮 (-kwo)				Wh-word question, non-2P subject		션고〮 (Yale: syènkwó)
ㅭ (-lq)	다〮 (-tá)			Irrealis	Obligatory for 2P subject		셜따〮 (Yale: syèlttá)
	가〮 (-ká)				Polar question, non-2P subject		셜까〮 (Yale: syèlkká)
	고〮 (-kwó)				Wh-word question, non-2P subject		셜꼬〮 (Yale: syèlkkwó)
니〮 (-ní-)		아〮 (-Gá)		Realis	Non-honorific	Polar question	셔니〮아〮 (Yale: syèníGá), 셔녀〮 (Yale: syènyé)
		오〮 (-Gwó)				Non-polar question	셔니〮오〮 (Yale: syèníGwó), 셔뇨〮 (Yale: syènywó)
	ㅅ (-s-)	가〮 (-ká)			Deferential	No polarity distinction	셔닛〮가〮 (Yale: syèníská)
	ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-)				Highly deferential		셔니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèníngìská)
리〮 (-lí-)		아〮 (-Gá)		Irrealis	Non-honorific	Polar question	셔리〮아〮 (Yale: syèlíGá), 셔려〮 (Yale: syèlyé)
		오〮 (-Gwó)				Non-polar question	셔리〮오〮 (Yale: syèlíGwó), 셔료〮 (Yale: syèlywó)
	ㅅ (-s-)	가〮 (-ká)			Deferential	No polarity distinction	셔릿〮가〮 (Yale: syèlíská)
	ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-)				Highly deferential		셔리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèlíngìská)
	라〮 (-lá)		Imperative	Ordering	Non-honorific		셔라〮 (Yale: syèlá)
	아〮쎠〮 (-ássyé) 어〮쎠〮 (-éssyé)				Deferential		셔〮쎠〮 (Yale: syéssyé)
	쇼〮셔〮 (-syósyé)				Highly deferential		셔쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: syèsyósyé)
고〮 (-kwó-) 오〮 (-Gwó-)	라〮 (-lá)			Requesting	Non-honorific		셔고〮라〮 (Yale: syèkwólá)
	려〮 (-lyé)				Deferential		셔고〮려〮 (Yale: syèkwólyé)
	ᅌᅵ (-ngì-)	다〮 (-tá)			Highly deferential		셔고〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèkwóngìtá)
	져〮 (-cyé)		Propositive	Plain			셔져〮 (Yale: syècyé)
사〮 (-sá-)	ᅌᅵ (-ngì-)	다〮 (-tá)		Deferential			셔사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèsángìtá)
ㄴ (-n)	뎌〮 (-tyé)		Exclamatory	Self-honoring			션뎌〮 (Yale: syèntyé)
ㅭ (-lq)	셔〮 (-syé)						셜쎠〮 (Yale: syèlssyé)
고〮나〮 (-kwóná)				Only sixteenth century			셔고〮나〮 (Yale: syèkwóná)
Based on 나찬연 2020, 중세 국어의 이해; Lee and Ramsey 2011, History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive.