-다

See also: 다

Jeju

Etymology

Cognate to Korean 다 (-da)

Pronunciation

• (Morphophonemic) IPA^(key): ⫽ta⫽
• (Jeju City) IPA^(key): [ta̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	-da
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	da
Yale Romanization?	ta

Suffix

다 (-da)

1. (formal) a plain style declarative suffix

   도새기것 먹엇다. ― Dosaegi-geot meogeot-da. ― The pig ate the fodder.

Synonyms

• 저 (-jeo)

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Korean 다〮 (Yale: -tá), from Old Korean 如 (*-ta). First uncontroversially attested in 695 C.E.^[1]

Suffix

다 • (-da)

1. In the plain style, the sentence-final declarative mood suffix. [since 695 C.E.]

   맛있겠다. ― Masitgetda. ― It looks delicious.

   우리가 이겼다. ― Uri-ga igyeotda. ― We won.

   길이 멀다. ― Gir-i meolda. ― The way is far.

   양궁 선수가 활을 쏜다. ― Yanggung seonsu-ga hwar-eul ssonda. ― The archery athlete shoots her bow.

   어머니가 아기를 업는다. ― Eomeoni-ga agi-reul eomneunda. ― The mother carries her baby on her back.

2. Used to form the dictionary citation form of verbs and adjectives; note that Korean verbs and adjectives are never lemmatized at the infinitive.

Alternative forms

• 라 (-ra) (after certain suffixes, and in indirect quotes after the copulas; see the linked entry for more)

Derived terms

• 는다 (-neunda)
• 다고 (-dago)
• 다니 (-dani)
• 대 (-dae)
• 습니다 (-seumnida)

 

Etymology 2

The contraction may be first attested only in the early twentieth century, such as in the 1922 literary journal Baekjo.^[2]

Particle

다 • (-da)

1. Contraction of 다가 (-daga, emphatic marker).

Etymology 3

From Middle Korean 다 (Yale: -tà); see the main entry for more.

Suffix

다 • (-da)

1. Alternative form of 다가 (-daga, “and then; but soon”, conveys one action halting and another beginning).

References

1. 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2019) “고대국어 종결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 [godaegugeo jonggyeoreomi yeon'guui hyeonhwanggwa gwaje, The current situation and future tasks in the study of Old Korean sentence enders]”, in Gugyeol yeon'gu, volume 43, pages 5—53
2. 전후민 (Jeon Hu-min) (2014) “{다가}의 변천사 [The history of taka]”, in Urimalgeul, volume 63, pages 29—68

Middle Korean

Etymology

From Old Korean 如 (*-ta).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tá/

Suffix

다〮 (tá)

1. declarative mood sentence-final verbal suffix
   • orig. 14th century?, “西京別曲 / 서경별곡 (Seogyeong byeolgok)”, in 樂章歌詞 / 악장가사 (Akjang Gasa):

     아즐가 괴시란ᄃᆡ 우러곰 좃니노ᅌᅵ다

     aculka kwoysilantoy wulekwom cwosninwongita

     If you only loved me, I would chase after you as I wept

   • 1459, Hunmin jeongeum eonhae 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해:

     語(ᅌᅥᆼ〯)는 말〯ᄊᆞ미라〮

     NGĚ-nùn mǎlssòm-ìlá

     [The Chinese word] "語" is "speech".

   • 1586, Widow of Yi Eung-tae, Letter excavated from the grave of Yi Eung-tae:

     나ᄂᆞᆫ ᄭᅮ믈 자내 보려 믿고 인뇌이다

     na-non skwum-ul canay pwolye mitkwo innwoyita

     I'm trusting that I'll see you in my dreams.

Alternative forms

Surfaces as the lenited allomorph 라〮 (-lá) after the following:

• The copula 이 (-i-) and suffixes derived from it:
  • The durative aspect suffix 으〮니〮/ᄋᆞ〮니〮 (-úní/óní)
  • The prospective aspect suffix 으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮 (-úlí/ólí)
• The retrospective mood suffix 더〮 (Yale: -té-)
• The emphatic suffix 과〮 (Yale: -kwá-)
• The modulator suffix 오〮 (Yale: -wó-) or 우〮 (Yale: -wú-)

See also

Middle Korean sentence enders
Form			Mood	Notes			Applied to 셔 (sye-, “to stand”)
	다〮 (-tá) 라〮 (-lá)		Declarative	Unmarked			셔다〮 (Yale: syètá)
	우〮마〮 (-wúmá)			Promissive			셔우〮마〮 (Yale: syèwúmá)
ㄴ (-n)	다〮 (-tá)		Interrogative	Realis	Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject		션다〮 (Yale: syèntá)
	가〮 (-ka)				Polar question, non-2P subject		션가〮 (Yale: syènká)
	고〮 (-kwo)				Wh-word question, non-2P subject		션고〮 (Yale: syènkwó)
ㅭ (-lq)	다〮 (-tá)			Irrealis	Obligatory for 2P subject		셜따〮 (Yale: syèlttá)
	가〮 (-ká)				Polar question, non-2P subject		셜까〮 (Yale: syèlkká)
	고〮 (-kwó)				Wh-word question, non-2P subject		셜꼬〮 (Yale: syèlkkwó)
니〮 (-ní-)		아〮 (-Gá)		Realis	Non-honorific	Polar question	셔니〮아〮 (Yale: syèníGá), 셔녀〮 (Yale: syènyé)
		오〮 (-Gwó)				Non-polar question	셔니〮오〮 (Yale: syèníGwó), 셔뇨〮 (Yale: syènywó)
	ㅅ (-s-)	가〮 (-ká)			Deferential	No polarity distinction	셔닛〮가〮 (Yale: syèníská)
	ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-)				Highly deferential		셔니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèníngìská)
리〮 (-lí-)		아〮 (-Gá)		Irrealis	Non-honorific	Polar question	셔리〮아〮 (Yale: syèlíGá), 셔려〮 (Yale: syèlyé)
		오〮 (-Gwó)				Non-polar question	셔리〮오〮 (Yale: syèlíGwó), 셔료〮 (Yale: syèlywó)
	ㅅ (-s-)	가〮 (-ká)			Deferential	No polarity distinction	셔릿〮가〮 (Yale: syèlíská)
	ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-)				Highly deferential		셔리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèlíngìská)
	라〮 (-lá)		Imperative	Ordering	Non-honorific		셔라〮 (Yale: syèlá)
	아〮쎠〮 (-ássyé) 어〮쎠〮 (-éssyé)				Deferential		셔〮쎠〮 (Yale: syéssyé)
	쇼〮셔〮 (-syósyé)				Highly deferential		셔쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: syèsyósyé)
고〮 (-kwó-) 오〮 (-Gwó-)	라〮 (-lá)			Requesting	Non-honorific		셔고〮라〮 (Yale: syèkwólá)
	려〮 (-lyé)				Deferential		셔고〮려〮 (Yale: syèkwólyé)
	ᅌᅵ (-ngì-)	다〮 (-tá)			Highly deferential		셔고〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèkwóngìtá)
	져〮 (-cyé)		Propositive	Plain			셔져〮 (Yale: syècyé)
사〮 (-sá-)	ᅌᅵ (-ngì-)	다〮 (-tá)		Deferential			셔사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèsángìtá)
ㄴ (-n)	뎌〮 (-tyé)		Exclamatory	Self-honoring			션뎌〮 (Yale: syèntyé)
ㅭ (-lq)	셔〮 (-syé)						셜쎠〮 (Yale: syèlssyé)
고〮나〮 (-kwóná)				Only sixteenth century			셔고〮나〮 (Yale: syèkwóná)
Based on 나찬연 2020, 중세 국어의 이해; Lee and Ramsey 2011, History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive.