偽

See also: 伪, and 僞

偽 U+507D, 偽 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-507D ← 偼 [U+507C] CJK Unified Ideographs 偾 → [U+507E]

Translingual

Traditional	偽
Simplified	伪
Japanese	偽
Korean	僞

Han character

偽 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人戈大火 (OIKF), four-corner 2222₇, composition ⿰亻為)

Derived characters

• 𠼮

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 112, character 7
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 927
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 195, character 4
• Unihan data for U+507D

Chinese

trad.		偽/僞
simp.		伪

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 偽
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Guwen Sishengyun (compiled in Song)	Jizhuan Guwen Yunhai (compiled in Song)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts	Transcribed ancient scripts	Transcribed ancient scripts
Small seal script s05848 Transcribed ancient scripts L21811 L21812
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

	Old Chinese
譌	*ŋʷaːl
嬀	*kʷral
潙	*kʷral, *ɢʷal
蟡	*kʷralʔ, *qʷral
僞	*ŋʷrals
噅	*qʰʷral
撝	*qʰʷral
爲	*ɢʷal, *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals
鄬	*ɢʷal, *ɢʷalʔ
蔿	*ɢʷalʔ
儰	*ɢʷalʔ
寪	*ɢʷalʔ
蘤	*ɢʷalʔ

Characters in the same phonetic series (爲) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals) : semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.

Etymology

Often thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

Alternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).

Jacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.

Pronunciation

Rime
Character	偽
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	支 (14)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	危睡切
Baxter	ngjweH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠiuᴇH/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋʷᵚiɛH/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiuɛH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋjwiə̆H/
Li Rong	/ŋjueH/
Wang Li	/ŋǐweH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋwie̯H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wèi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngai6

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	偽	偽
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wěi	wěi
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjweH ›	‹ ngjweH ›
Old Chinese	/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/	/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/
English	false	falsify; deceive
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	偽
Reading #	1/1
No.	12867
Phonetic component	爲
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	僞
Old Chinese	/*ŋʷrals/

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wěi, wèi

  (Zhuyin): ㄨㄟˇ, ㄨㄟˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngai⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ngúi

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ngui³

• Eastern Min (BUC): ngôi
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): gūi / ūi / ûi

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ngui⁶

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶we

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wěi
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wěi
    • Wade–Giles: wei³
    • Yale: wěi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woei
    • Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /weɪ̯²¹⁴/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wèi
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wèi
    • Wade–Giles: wei⁴
    • Yale: wèi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wey
    • Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /weɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ngai⁶
    • Yale: ngaih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngai⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: ngei⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɐi̯²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngúi
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngui^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngui³
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋu̯i³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ngui³
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋuɪ³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ngôi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋui²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gūi
    • Tâi-lô: guī
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gui
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡui²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡui³³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡui⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ūi
    • Tâi-lô: uī
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ui
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ui²²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ûi
    • Tâi-lô: uî
    • Phofsit Daibuun: uii
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ui²⁴/

Note:

• gūi - literary;
• ûi/ūi - colloquial variant.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ngui⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngŭi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋui³⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶we
    • MiniDict: we^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhue
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦue²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: ngjweH

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/, /*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷrals/

Definitions

偽

1. false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial

   虛偽／虚伪  ―  xūwěi  ―  hypocritical; hypocrisy

   偽造／伪造  ―  wěizào  ―  to forge; to counterfeit

   偽鈔／伪钞  ―  wěichāo  ―  counterfeit banknote

   偽麻黃鹼／伪麻黄碱  ―  wěimáhuángjiǎn  ―  pseudoephedrine

   • 人之性惡，其善者偽也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     人之性恶，其善者伪也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Xunzi, c. 3^rd century BCE

     Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě. [Pinyin]

     Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.

2. falsehood; untruthfulness
3. illegal; illegitimate

   偽政權／伪政权  ―  wěizhèngquán  ―  puppet government

   偽滿洲國／伪满洲国  ―  Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó  ―  Manchukuo

   偽北京大學／伪北京大学  ―  Wěi Běijīng Dàxué  ―  the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan

Compounds

• 世偽／世伪
• 乖偽／乖伪
• 乘偽行詐／乘伪行诈
• 以偽亂真／以伪乱真
• 作偽／作伪 (zuòwěi)
• 侈偽／侈伪
• 偽人／伪人
• 偽作／伪作 (wěizuò)
• 偽俗／伪俗
• 假偽／假伪
• 偽傳／伪传
• 偽冒／伪冒
• 偽劣／伪劣 (wěiliè)
• 偽化／伪化
• 偽史／伪史 (wěishǐ)
• 偽名／伪名
• 偽君子／伪君子 (wěijūnzǐ)
• 偽命／伪命
• 偽品／伪品
• 偽善／伪善 (wěishàn)
• 偽國／伪国 (wěiguó)
• 偽塗／伪涂
• 偽夫／伪夫
• 偽妄／伪妄
• 偽娘／伪娘 (wěiniáng)
• 偽媮／伪偷
• 偽孔／伪孔
• 偽孔傳／伪孔传
• 偽字／伪字
• 偽學／伪学
• 偽定／伪定
• 偽客／伪客
• 偽局／伪局
• 偽巧／伪巧
• 偽師／伪师
• 偽幣／伪币 (wěibì)
• 偽庭／伪庭
• 偽廉／伪廉
• 偽廷／伪廷
• 偽從／伪从
• 偽心／伪心
• 偽怠／伪怠
• 偽惑／伪惑
• 偽情／伪情
• 偽意／伪意
• 偽態／伪态
• 偽戾／伪戾
• 偽托／伪托 (wěituō)
• 偽撰
• 偽政府／伪政府
• 偽政權／伪政权 (wěizhèngquán)
• 偽方／伪方
• 偽易／伪易
• 偽書／伪书 (wěishū)
• 偽服／伪服
• 偽朝／伪朝
• 偽本／伪本
• 偽民／伪民
• 偽滿／伪满 (Wěimǎn)
• 偽滿洲國／伪满洲国 (Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó)
• 偽物／伪物
• 偽百合／伪百合
• 偽皇／伪皇 (wěihuáng)
• 偽真／伪真
• 偽科學／伪科学 (wěikēxué)
• 偽端／伪端
• 偽筍／伪笋
• 偽組織／伪组织
• 偽經／伪经 (wěijīng)
• 偽繆／伪缪
• 偽臣／伪臣
• 偽荊卿／伪荆卿
• 偽蔽／伪蔽
• 偽薄／伪薄
• 偽藥／伪药
• 偽蠶／伪蚕
• 偽行／伪行
• 偽裝／伪装 (wěizhuāng)
• 偽裝滲透／伪装渗透
• 偽言／伪言
• 偽託／伪托 (wěituō)
• 偽詐／伪诈
• 偽說／伪说
• 偽論／伪论
• 偽謬／伪谬
• 偽證／伪证 (wěizhèng)
• 偽譔／伪撰
• 偽議／伪议
• 偽讓／伪让
• 偽貌／伪貌
• 偽足／伪足 (wěizú)
• 偽跡／伪迹
• 偽蹟／伪迹
• 偽軍／伪军 (wěijūn)
• 偽辭／伪辞
• 偽辯／伪辩
• 偽造／伪造 (wěizào)
• 偽造文書／伪造文书
• 偽道／伪道
• 偽金錢／伪金钱
• 偽鈔／伪钞 (wěichāo)
• 偽錢／伪钱
• 偽飾／伪饰
• 偽體／伪体
• 偽鳳／伪凤
• 偽麻黃鹼／伪麻黄碱 (wěimáhuángjiǎn)
• 偽黨／伪党
• 僭偽／僭伪
• 凶偽
• 別裁偽體／别裁伪体
• 化性起偽／化性起伪
• 南偽／南伪
• 厭偽／厌伪
• 去偽存真／去伪存真 (qùwěicúnzhēn)
• 妖偽／妖伪
• 姦偽／奸伪
• 巧偽／巧伪
• 幻偽／幻伪
• 彫偽／雕伪
• 情偽／情伪
• 慝偽／慝伪
• 敵偽／敌伪 (díwěi)
• 晦偽／晦伪
• 智偽／智伪
• 棄偽從真／弃伪从真
• 機偽／机伪
• 樹偽／树伪
• 欺偽／欺伪
• 汙偽／污伪
• 浮偽／浮伪
• 淺偽／浅伪
• 淫偽／淫伪
• 澆偽／浇伪
• 濫偽／滥伪
• 煩偽／烦伪
• 狡偽／狡伪
• 猾偽／猾伪
• 番偽／番伪
• 百偽／百伪
• 真偽／真伪 (zhēnwěi)
• 真偽莫辨／真伪莫辨
• 眾偽／众伪
• 矜偽／矜伪
• 矯偽／矫伪
• 矯言偽行／矫言伪行
• 矯飾偽行／矫饰伪行
• 祅偽／祅伪
• 積偽／积伪
• 空偽／空伪
• 篡偽／篡伪
• 苦偽／苦伪
• 華偽／华伪
• 虛偽／虚伪 (xūwěi)
• 蠱偽／蛊伪
• 行偽／行伪
• 託偽／托伪
• 訛偽／讹伪
• 詐偽／诈伪
• 詭偽／诡伪
• 誠偽／诚伪 (chéngwěi)
• 詿偽／诖伪
• 誣偽／诬伪
• 請偽／请伪
• 諂偽／谄伪
• 讎偽／雠伪
• 輕偽／轻伪
• 遂偽／遂伪
• 邀偽／邀伪
• 邪偽／邪伪
• 酢偽／酢伪
• 闇偽／暗伪
• 隱偽／隐伪
• 雕偽／雕伪
• 雜偽／杂伪
• 飾偽／饰伪

 

References

• “偽”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai	偽
Kyūjitai	僞

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 偽

偽

(Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 僞)

1. falsehood, lie
2. fake, forgery

Readings

• Go-on: が (ga)^{←ぐわ (gwa, historical)}、ぎ (gi, Jōyō)^{←ぎ (gi, historical)←ぐゐ (gwi, ancient)}
• Kan-on: が (ga)^{←ぐわ (gwa, historical)}、ぎ (gi, Jōyō)^{←ぎ (gi, historical)←ぐゐ (gwi, ancient)}
• Kan’yō-on: か (ka)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
• Kun: いつわり (itsuwari, 偽り)^{←いつはり (itufari, 偽り, historical)}、いつわる (itsuwaru, 偽る, Jōyō)^{←いつはる (itufaru, 偽る, historical)}、にせ (nise, 偽, Jōyō)

Compounds

Compounds

• 疑(ぎ)似(じ) (giji)
• 偽(ぎ)装(そう) (gisō)
• 偽(ぎ)造(ぞう) (gizō)
• 偽(ぎ)善(ぜん) (gizen)
• 偽(ぎ)名(めい) (gimei)
• 偽(ぎ)薬(やく) (giyaku)
• 虚(きょ)偽(ぎ) (kyogi), 虚(こ)偽(ぎ) (kogi)
• 詐(さ)偽(ぎ) (sagi)
• 真(しん)偽(ぎ) (shingi)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
偽
ぎ Grade: S
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
僞 (kyūjitai)

/ŋui/ → /ɡwi/ → /ɡi/

From Middle Chinese 僞 (MC ngjweH).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ぎ [gíꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [ɡʲi]

Noun

偽(ぎ) • (gi) 

1. a falsehood, lie

   Synonym: 偽り (itsuwari)

2. (logic) a false statement (usually based without facts)

   Antonyms: 真 (shin), 真理 (shinri)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 偽(ぎ)印(いん) (gīn)
• 偽(ぎ)札(さつ) (gisatsu)
• 偽(ぎ)陰(いん)性(せい) (gīnsei)
• 偽(ぎ)陽(よう)性(せい) (giyōsei)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
偽
にせ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
僞 (kyūjitai)

The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 似(に)せる (niseru, “copy, imitate, forge”).^[2]

Alternative forms

• 贋

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) にせ [nìsé] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [ɲ̟ise̞]

Adjective

偽(にせ) or 偽(ニセ) • (nise) 

1. a counterfeit, forgery
2. an imitation, replica
3. prefixed to nouns:
   1. counterfeit, forged

      偽(にせ)札(さつ)

      nisesatsu

      counterfeit paper money

   2. fake, false

      偽(にせ)学(がく)生(せい)

      nise-gakusei

      student with a false identity

Usage notes

• This is an example of a word that can be spelled with katakana to convey an informal conversational tone, as ニセ.

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 偽(にせ)アカウント (nise-akaunto), 偽(にせ)アカ (niseaka)
• 偽(にせ)印(いん) (nisein)
• 偽(にせ)書(がき), 偽(にせ)書(が)き (nisegaki)
• 偽(にせ)金(がね) (nisegane)
• 偽(にせ)首(くび) (nisekubi)
• 偽(にせ)札(さつ) (nisesatsu)
• 偽(にせ)証(じょう)文(もん) (nise-jōmon)
• 偽(にせ)電(でん)話(わ)詐(さ)欺(ぎ) (nise denwa sagi)
• 偽(にせ)判(はん) (nise-han)
• 偽(にせ)者(もの) (nisemono)
• 偽(にせ)物(もの) (nisemono)

References

1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
2. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

偽 (eum 위 (wi))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

偽: Hán Nôm readings: ngụy/nguỵ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.