युग

See also: योग

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit युग (yugá).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /jʊɡ/

Noun

युग • (yug) m (Urdu spelling یگ)

1. age, epoch

Declension

	singular	plural
direct	युग yug	युग yug
oblique	युग yug	युगों yugõ
vocative	युग yug	युगो yugo

Declension of युग (masc cons-stem)

Related terms

• योग (yog)

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• yuga (Latin script)
• 𑀬𑀼𑀕 (Brahmi script)
• যুগ (Bengali script)
• යුග (Sinhalese script)
• ယုဂ or ယုၷ (Burmese script)
• ยุค or ยุคะ (Thai script)
• ᨿᩩᨣ (Tai Tham script)
• ຍຸຄ or ຍຸຄະ or ຢຸຄະ (Lao script)
• យុគ (Khmer script)
• 𑄠𑄪𑄉 (Chakma script)

Noun

युग n

1. Devanagari script form of yuga (“pair; generation”)

Declension

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	युगं (yugaṃ)	युगानि (yugāni)
Accusative (second)	युगं (yugaṃ)	युगानि (yugāni)
Instrumental (third)	युगेन (yugena)	युगेहि (yugehi) or युगेभि (yugebhi)
Dative (fourth)	युगस्स (yugassa) or युगाय (yugāya) or युगत्थं (yugatthaṃ)	युगानं (yugānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	युगस्मा (yugasmā) or युगम्हा (yugamhā) or युगा (yugā)	युगेहि (yugehi) or युगेभि (yugebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	युगस्स (yugassa)	युगानं (yugānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	युगस्मिं (yugasmiṃ) or युगम्हि (yugamhi) or युगे (yuge)	युगेसु (yugesu)
Vocative (calling)	युग (yuga)	युगानि (yugāni)

Declension table of "युग" (neuter)

Noun

युग m

1. Devanagari script form of yuga (“yoke”)

Declension

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	युगो (yugo)	युगा (yugā)
Accusative (second)	युगं (yugaṃ)	युगे (yuge)
Instrumental (third)	युगेन (yugena)	युगेहि (yugehi) or युगेभि (yugebhi)
Dative (fourth)	युगस्स (yugassa) or युगाय (yugāya) or युगत्थं (yugatthaṃ)	युगानं (yugānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	युगस्मा (yugasmā) or युगम्हा (yugamhā) or युगा (yugā)	युगेहि (yugehi) or युगेभि (yugebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	युगस्स (yugassa)	युगानं (yugānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	युगस्मिं (yugasmiṃ) or युगम्हि (yugamhi) or युगे (yuge)	युगेसु (yugesu)
Vocative (calling)	युग (yuga)	युगा (yugā)

Declension table of "युग" (masculine)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• যুগ (Assamese script)
• ᬬᬸᬕ (Balinese script)
• যুগ (Bengali script)
• 𑰧𑰲𑰐 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀬𑀼𑀕 (Brahmi script)
• ယုဂ (Burmese script)
• યુગ (Gujarati script)
• ਯੁਗ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌯𑍁𑌗 (Grantha script)
• ꦪꦸꦒ (Javanese script)
• 𑂨𑂳𑂏 (Kaithi script)
• ಯುಗ (Kannada script)
• យុគ (Khmer script)
• ຍຸຄ (Lao script)
• യുഗ (Malayalam script)
• ᠶᡠᡤᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘧𑘳𑘐 (Modi script)
• ᠶ᠋ᠤᠺᠠ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧇𑧔𑦰 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐫𑐸𑐐 (Newa script)
• ଯୁଗ (Odia script)
• ꢫꢸꢔ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆪𑆶𑆓 (Sharada script)
• 𑖧𑖲𑖐 (Siddham script)
• යුග (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩻𑩒𑩞 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚣𑚰𑚌 (Takri script)
• யுக³ (Tamil script)
• యుగ (Telugu script)
• ยุค (Thai script)
• ཡུ་ག (Tibetan script)
• 𑒨𑒳𑒑 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨪𑨃𑨍 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yugám, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm. Cognate with Avestan 𐬫𐬎𐬎𐬀 (yuua), Ancient Greek ζυγόν (zugón), Latin iugum, Old English ġeoc (whence English yoke). The Sanskrit root is युज् (yuj).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ju.ɡɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈju.ɡɐ/

Noun

युग • (yugá) stem, n

1. (literally) yoke
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 3.53.17:

     स्थि॒रौ गावौ॑ भवतां वी॒ळुरक्षो॒ मेषा वि व॑र्हि॒ मा यु॒गं वि शा॑रि।
     इन्द्रः॑ पात॒ल्ये॑ ददतां॒ शरी॑तो॒ररि॑ष्टनेमे अ॒भि नः॑ सचस्व॥

     sthiraú gā́vau bhavatāṃ vīḷúrákṣo méṣā́ ví varhi mā́ yugáṃ ví śāri.
     índraḥ pātalyè dadatāṃ śárītoráriṣṭaneme abhí naḥ sacasva.

     Strong be the pair of oxen, firm the axles, let not the pole slip nor the yoke be broken.
     May Indra, keep the yoke-pins from decaying: attend us, thou whose fellies are uninjured.

2. brace
3. pair, couple, team (especially of animals)
4. a race of men, generation
5. a period or astronomical cycle of 5 (rarely 6) years, a lustrum (especially in the cycle of Jupiter)
6. an age of the world, long mundane period of years, an eon, era
   • c. 400 BCE, Bhagavad Gītā IV.8:

     परित्राणाय साधूनां विनाशाय च दुष्कृताम्।
     धर्मसंस्थापनार्थाय संभवामि युगे युगे॥

     paritrāṇāya sādhūnāṃ vināśāya ca duṣkṛtām.
     dharmasaṃsthāpanārthāya saṃbhavāmi yuge yuge.

     To deliver the pious and destroy the miscreants and to reestablish Dharma, I appear eon after eon.

7. a measure of length
8. name of a particular position or configuration of the moon

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of युग (yugá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	युगम् yugám	युगे yugé	युगानि / युगा¹ yugā́ni / yugā́¹
Vocative	युग yúga	युगे yúge	युगानि / युगा¹ yúgāni / yúgā¹
Accusative	युगम् yugám	युगे yugé	युगानि / युगा¹ yugā́ni / yugā́¹
Instrumental	युगेन yugéna	युगाभ्याम् yugā́bhyām	युगैः / युगेभिः¹ yugaíḥ / yugébhiḥ¹
Dative	युगाय yugā́ya	युगाभ्याम् yugā́bhyām	युगेभ्यः yugébhyaḥ
Ablative	युगात् yugā́t	युगाभ्याम् yugā́bhyām	युगेभ्यः yugébhyaḥ
Genitive	युगस्य yugásya	युगयोः yugáyoḥ	युगानाम् yugā́nām
Locative	युगे yugé	युगयोः yugáyoḥ	युगेषु yugéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Related terms

• योग (yóga)

Descendants

• Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
  • Bengali: জোয়াল (jōẇal)
• Dardic:
  • Kalasha: ǰu (“yoke”)
  • Torwali: يو (yū)
• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀅 (jua)
  • Marathi: जुंव (juuva), जुवाली (juvālī), युग (yug)
  • Konkani: जु (zu)
• Sauraseni Prakrit:
  • Hindi: जूआ (jūā)
  • Nepali: जुवा (juwā)
  • Urdu: جوا (jūā)
• → Bengali: যুগ (jug)
• → Hindi: युग (yug)
• → Malayalam: യുഗം (yugaṁ)
• → Marathi: युग (yug)
• → Old Javanese: yuga (see there for further descendants)
• → Punjabi: ਯੁਗ (yug)
• → Tamil: யுகம் (yukam), உகம் (ukam), நுகம் (nukam)
• → Telugu: యుగము (yugamu)

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899) “युग”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 854.