κρύος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Uncertain. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *krews- (“to freeze, harden”) and cognate with Latin crusta, but according to Beekes, the word could alternatively derive from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-mo-s (“wound blood”) based on the derivative κρυμός (krumós, “frost”) (though this theory is semantically less convincing). For the former case, compare Tocharian B kuraś, krośce (“cold”), Latvian kruvesis, perhaps Ukrainian крига (kryha, “ice”) and Old English hruse (“surface”); for the latter, compare Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬏𐬨𐬀 (xrūma, “horrible”). See also κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “ice; rock crystal”) (which Beekes considers Pre-Greek).^[1]

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /krý.os/ → /ˈkry.os/ → /ˈkri.os/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /krý.os/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈkry.os/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈkry.os/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈkry.os/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈkri.os/

Noun

κρῠ́ος • (krúos) n (genitive κρῠ́ους or κρῠ́εος); third declension
κρῠ́ος • (krúos) m (genitive κρῠ́ου); second declension

1. cold, chilliness
2. frost
3. ice

Inflection

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ κρῠ́ος tò krúos	τὼ κρῠ́ει tṑ krúei	τᾰ̀ κρῠ́η tà krúē
Genitive	τοῦ κρῠ́ους toû krúous	τοῖν κρῠοῖν toîn kruoîn	τῶν κρῠῶν tôn kruôn
Dative	τῷ κρῠ́ει tôi krúei	τοῖν κρῠοῖν toîn kruoîn	τοῖς κρῠ́εσῐ / κρῠ́εσῐν toîs krúesi(n)
Accusative	τὸ κρῠ́ος tò krúos	τὼ κρῠ́ει tṑ krúei	τᾰ̀ κρῠ́η tà krúē
Vocative	κρῠ́ος krúos	κρῠ́ει krúei	κρῠ́η krúē
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Third declension of τὸ κρῠ́ος; τοῦ κρῠ́ους (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ κρῠ́ος ho krúos	τὼ κρῠ́ω tṑ krúō	οἱ κρῠ́οι hoi krúoi
Genitive	τοῦ κρῠ́ου toû krúou	τοῖν κρῠ́οιν toîn krúoin	τῶν κρῠ́ων tôn krúōn
Dative	τῷ κρῠ́ῳ tôi krúōi	τοῖν κρῠ́οιν toîn krúoin	τοῖς κρῠ́οις toîs krúois
Accusative	τὸν κρῠ́ον tòn krúon	τὼ κρῠ́ω tṑ krúō	τοὺς κρῠ́ους toùs krúous
Vocative	κρῠ́ε krúe	κρῠ́ω krúō	κρῠ́οι krúoi
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Second declension of ὁ κρῠ́ος; τοῦ κρῠ́ου (Attic)

Descendants

• Greek: κρύος (krýos)
• Mariupol Greek: кри́ю (kríju)

References

1. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κρύος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 786

References

• “κρύος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “κρύος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• κρύος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• κρύος in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • chill idem, page 130.
  • cold idem, page 142.
• “κρύος”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, 2011

Greek

Etymology

From Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos).

Compare Mariupol Greek кри́ю (kríju).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɾi.os/

Adjective

κρύος • (krýos) m (feminine κρύα, neuter κρύο)

1. cold, chilled, chilly, cool

Declension

number  case \ gender	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	κρύος •	κρύα •	κρύο •	κρύοι •	κρύες •	κρύα •
genitive	κρύου •	κρύας •	κρύου •	κρύων •	κρύων •	κρύων •
accusative	κρύο •	κρύα •	κρύο •	κρύους •	κρύες •	κρύα •
vocative	κρύε •	κρύα •	κρύο •	κρύοι •	κρύες •	κρύα •
derivations	Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο κρύος, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο κρύος, etc.)

Declension of κρύος

Coordinate terms

• χλιαρός (chliarós, “lukewarm”)
• ζεστός (zestós, “hot, warm”)
• θερμός (thermós, “hot, warm”)

Related terms

• κρύο n (krýo, “cold weather”)
• κρύωμα n (krýoma, “cold”) (illness)

Further reading

• κρύος, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language