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Multi-sport event in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The 1998 Commonwealth Games (Malay: Sukan Komanwel 1998), officially known as the XVI Commonwealth Games (Malay: Sukan Komanwel ke-16), were a multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The 1998 games were the first held in Asia and the last Commonwealth Games of the 20th century. For the first time ever, the games included team sports. The other bid from the 1998 games came from Adelaide in Australia.[1] Malaysia was the eighth nation to host the Commonwealth Games after Canada, England, Australia, New Zealand, Wales, Jamaica and Scotland. Around 3638 athletes from 70 Commonwealth member nations participated at the games which featured 214 events in 15 sports with 34 of them collected medals.[2]
| |
| Host city | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
|---|---|
| Motto | Bersama-sama Gemilangkannya (Together we'll glorify this moment) |
| Nations | 70 |
| Athletes | 3638 |
| Events | 214 in 15 sports |
| Opening | 11 September 1998 |
| Closing | 21 September 1998 |
| Opened by | Tuanku Jaafar King of Malaysia |
| Closed by | Elizabeth II |
| Athlete's Oath | Shalin Zulkifli |
| Queen's Baton Final Runner | Koh Eng Tong |
| Anthem | Forever as One (Roy) |
| Main venue | Bukit Jalil National Stadium |
Kuala Lumpur was selected to stage the games at the General Assembly of the Commonwealth Games Federation in Barcelona, Spain during the 1992 Summer Olympics.[1]
| City | CGA Name | Votes |
|---|---|---|
| Kuala Lumpur |  Malaysia |
40 |
| Adelaide |  Australia |
25 |
The athletes' village (Vista Kommanwel) with a capacity of 6,000 people is located beside the National Sports Complex in Bukit Jalil. It consists of three tower blocks of 30 storeys and six hillside blocks of 19 storeys with 1,300 condominiums and an International Shopping Zone. The International Broadcast Centre was constructed at Angkasapuri, Kuala Lumpur, while Mint Hotel (now Nouvelle Hotel) served as the Main Press Centre. stage broadcaster Radio Televisyen Malaysia was the host broadcaster of the event.[5]
The 16th Commonwealth Games opening ceremony took place on 11 September 1998 at 20:00 MST (UTC+08:00). During the ceremony, approximately 4,840 Soka Gakkai Malaysia volunteers displayed coloured flip cards which depicted sporting images, flags of the Commonwealth nations and messages that heralded the first games in Asia in the 68 years since their inception. The ceremony was preceded by a pre-show concert by Malaysian pop singers such as Noraniza Idris, Jamal Abdillah, Amy Search, Saleem, Zamani, Ella, Anuar Zain, Ziana Zain, Sheila Majid, Amy Mastura, Ning Baizura and Siti Nurhaliza, performance by local comedian Harith Iskander and 16 paratroopers who descended down the stadium.
The ceremony began with the arrival of dignitaries including the Chairman of Commonwealth Games Federation Michael Fennel, Prince Edward, Sultan of Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, the Yang Dipertuan Agong and Malaysian minister of Youth and Sports Muhyiddin Yassin. This was followed by the parade of nations — 69 participating nations, led by mascot Wira and previous games' mascots (Canada being the first country to come into the stadium as host country of the previous games, and Malaysia entering last as hosts).The Singaporean delegation was jeered by the crowd during the parade of nations.[6] Then came a performance about a Malaysian rainforest by 2,000 school children who dressed as birds, bees and flowers.[7]
After the performance, the Queen's message was delivered in the ceremonial baton, which had begun the final stages of its journey on the back of an elephant. 1978 Commonwealth Games badminton gold medal winner Sylvia Ng took the last lap with the baton and handed it off to Koh Eng Tong, a weightlifter who won a gold medal in weightlifting for Malaya in the 1950 British Empire Games, to take the final few feet to Prince Edward.
Contrary to tradition, the games were officially opened by the Malaysian head of stage, Yang di Pertuan Agong Tuanku Jaafar by striking the gong three times. A burst of fireworks and blurring of the giant bunga raya and a 16-gun salute which represents 1998 Commonwealth Games being the 16th-edition games, signified the beginning of the games.[8][9][10] The Commonwealth Games flag was then brought into the stadium raised to the theme song of the Games Forever As One written by local composer, Goh Boon Hoe. Malaysian bowler Shalin Zulkifli later take the oath on behalf of the athletes.
The ceremony concluded with a 40-minute performance, titled "Aur di Tebing" (Bamboo at the riverside) with the theme 'Unity towards Progress', which was conveyed through dance, music, and intricate human graphics. 2,000 performers swirled and danced carrying trays of bunga emas (golden flowers) on their heads during a mass silat display. The show told the Malaysian history from ancient Malacca to the present development in Malaysia, its political, economical and technological achievements as well as its people's vision of peace, prosperity and unity and lifestyle.[7]
The closing ceremony took place on 21 September 1998 at 20:00 MST (UTC+08:00). The attendees of the ceremony included Raja Permaisuri Agong, Tuanku Najihah, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and his wife, Commonwealth Games Federation President (CGF),Sir Michael Fennel; Commonwealth of Nations Secretary-general Chief Emeka Anyaoku; Minister of youth and sports Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin and Executive Chairman of Sukom Ninety Eight Berhad, Tan Sri Hashim Mohd. Ali.
The ceremony began with Queen Elizabeth and King Ja'afar's arrival in a limousine, for inspection of guards of honour of the Royal Malay Regiment. The British national anthem God Save The Queen was played followed by Malaysia's national anthem Negaraku. This was followed by a 3-part cultural performance led by a band performance by 400 school students from Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor and Kuala Lumpur followed by an upbeat song performance from local artist Jay Jay.
As the protocol says, a 15-minute presentation from Manchester, England, host city of the 2002 edition, was staged which included songs, videos and a live performance from the group New Order at the Albert Square, also the main moment was when message from British Prime Minister Tony Blair was delivered.
A contemporary farewell dance performance by local artists, featured Siti Nurhaliza and Noraniza Idris concludes the cultural performance. Soon afterwards, all the participants, flag-bearers and the volunteers march into the main ground of the stadium and Olympic council of Malaysia president Tan Sri Hamzah Abu Samah later declared the returning of the flags of all the participating nations.
Then the protocol was resumed and the 69 Commonwealth Games Associations flagbearers positioned themselves in a rostrum and the Commonwealth Games flag was lowered by the Malaysian armed forces. Next, the flag of the Commonwealth Games Federation is lowered by Malaysian Armed Forces personnel to the games theme song, Forever as one and is paraded around the stadium before being folded and handed over to the mayor of Kuala Lumpur, Tan Sri Kamarulzaman Sharif, who handed it over to the president of the Commonwealth Games Federation, Jamaican Michael Fennel.Fennel handed the flag to the Chief Citizen of Manchester city, Gordon Conquest. Following, the official speeches were delivered and Queen Elisabeth was invited to declare the Games closed. In a new protocol step, the Queen has withdrawn from the stadium alongside the King of Malaysia and other authorities, after the guard of honour march song has played, followed by Auld Lang Syne. The Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad, later made an announcement to declare 28 September 1998 as a national public holiday to commemorate the nation's success in hosting the games. The ceremony concluded with a concert performed by Six Commonwealth Top Singers representing the six regions of the Commonwealth Federation and local artists.[11][12][13]
Sixty-nine countries appeared at the 1998 Games. The only absent country was Nigeria, suspended from the Commonwealth due to the tyrannical dictatorship of Sani Abacha who had died earlier that year.[14]
| Participating Commonwealth Games Associations |
|---|
|
| Debuting Commonwealth countries and territories |
|
| OC | Opening ceremony | ● | Event competitions | 1 | Gold medal events | CC | Closing ceremony |
| September | 7th Mon |
8th Tue |
9th Wed |
10th Thu |
11th Fri |
12th Sat |
13th Sun |
14th Mon |
15th Tue |
16th Wed |
17th Thu |
18th Fri |
19th Sat |
20th Sun |
21st Mon |
Events | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ceremonies | OC | CC | — | ||||||||||||||
| Aquatics |  Diving
| 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | ||||||||||||
 Swimming
| 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 32 | ||||||||||
 Artistic Swimming
| ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||
 Athletics
| 2 | 8 | 7 | 11 | 7 | 11 | 46 | ||||||||||
 Badminton
| ● | ● | ● | ● | 2 | ● | ● | ● | ● | 3 | 2 | 7 | |||||
 Bowling
| 2 | 1 | ● | 2 | 5 | ||||||||||||
 Boxing
| ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 12 | 12 | ||||||||
 Cricket
| ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | ||||||
 Cycling
| 1 | 1 | ● | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 13 | ||||||||
 Gymnastics
| 1 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 20 | |||||||||
 Hockey
| ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 2 | 2 | ||||||
 Lawn bowls
| ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | |||||||
 Netball
| ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
 Rugby sevens
| ● | ● | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||
 Shooting
| ● | ● | ● | ● | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 31 | ||||
 Squash
| ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 2 | ● | ● | ● | 3 | 5 | ||||||
 Weightlifting
| 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 24 | ||||||||||||
| Daily medal events | 7 | 14 | 16 | 12 | 31 | 26 | 24 | 27 | 39 | 18 | 214 | ||||||
| Cumulative total | 7 | 21 | 37 | 49 | 80 | 106 | 130 | 157 | 196 | 214 | |||||||
| September | 7th Mon |
8th Tue |
9th Wed |
10th Thu |
11th Fri |
12th Sat |
13th Sun |
14th Mon |
15th Tue |
16th Wed |
17th Thu |
18th Fri |
19th Sat |
20th Sun |
21st Mon |
Events | |
The host nation achieved its best-ever haul of ten gold medals which has since been surpassed by its achievement in the 2010 Commonwealth Games, where Malaysia won twelve gold medals.
This is an edition marked by several unprecedented facts in the history of the Commonwealth Games. Not only because it is the first in Asia and the first that was not opened by a member of the royal family.And taking advantage of these factors, the Commonwealth Games Federation decided in 1994 that from this edition onwards, team sports could enter the Games program.As a result, the number of sports played rose from 10 to 16.The case studies determined that three team sports were eligible to become mandatory: field hockey (men and women), netball (women) and rugby 7's (men). Adding to aquatics (swimming) (athletics), boxing, badminton, cycling (road), weightlifting, and lawn bowls as compulsory sports. As decided also in 1994, the Organizing Committee could choose up to six sports from a list previously approved by the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) and which reflect their respective popularity in the organizing country. And they were the following: aquatics (synchronized swimming and diving), cricket, cycling (track), gymnastics (artistic and rhythmic), and shooting sports. Another spot was reserved for squash, which was an evaluation sport and could become mandatory in the next edition. There was still a spot for a local sport and the organizers chose ten-pin bowling because of the local infrastructure. Which was included as an extra sport because of its popularity in the country and also because of infrastructure spending. However, there was some controversy surrounding the removal of wrestling that had been present in all previous editions because of its low popularity in Malaysia.[15]
In front of 20,000 fans at the Petaling Jaya Stadium, rugby sevens in particular were an enormous success with New Zealand collecting its 100th Commonwealth Games medal with a 21–12 win over plucky Fiji, (the reigning world champions). Man of the match was the giant Jonah Lomu who had worked tirelessly during the 10-minutes-each-way final. Led by veteran star David Campese, Australia took the bronze beating Samoa 33–12.
In the squash event many had anticipated a close match between Michelle Martin and Sarah Fitz-Gerald who had both comfortably won their respective semi-finals. Fitz-Gerald had won the previous two years' World Opens and Martin the three prior to that and so it was with some surprise to many that Martin took the gold in three straight sets 9–0, 9–6, 9–5. Fitz-Gerald did avenge this defeat in the final of the world championship later that year, in what many people regard as the greatest women's final ever, coming back from 8–2 down in the fifth to retain her title.
Martin also teamed up with Craig Rowland to take the Commonwealth mixed doubles gold.
Erika-Leigh Stirton took five of the six available gold medals in the rhythmic gymnastics only being beaten into second place in the team event in the hosts took gold.[16][17]
Only the top ten successful nations are displayed here.
The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a "nation" is an entity represented by a Commonwealth Games Association). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by their three-letter country code.[18][19]
* Host nation (Malaysia)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Australia | 80 | 61 | 57 | 198 |
| 2 |  England | 36 | 47 | 53 | 136 |
| 3 |  Canada | 30 | 31 | 38 | 99 |
| 4 |  Malaysia* | 10 | 14 | 12 | 36 |
| 5 |  South Africa | 9 | 11 | 14 | 34 |
| 6 |  New Zealand | 8 | 6 | 20 | 34 |
| 7 |  India | 7 | 10 | 8 | 25 |
| 8 |  Kenya | 7 | 5 | 4 | 16 |
| 9 |  Jamaica | 4 | 2 | 0 | 6 |
| 10 |  Wales | 3 | 4 | 8 | 15 |
| 11 |  Scotland | 3 | 2 | 7 | 12 |
| 12 |  Nauru | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 13 |  Northern Ireland | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| 14 |  Zimbabwe | 2 | 0 | 3 | 5 |
| 15 |  Ghana | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 16 |  Mauritius | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 17 |  Cyprus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
 Tanzania | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
 Trinidad and Tobago | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
| 20 |  Bahamas | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
 Mozambique | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
| 22 |  Barbados | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 23 |  Lesotho | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 24 |  Cameroon | 0 | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 25 |  Namibia | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 26 |  Seychelles | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 27 |  Sri Lanka | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 28 |  Bermuda | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 Fiji | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
 Isle of Man | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
 Pakistan | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 32 |  Papua New Guinea | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 Uganda | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Zambia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (34 entries) | 213 | 213 | 244 | 670 | |
The logo of the 1998 Commonwealth Games is an image of the national flower of Malaysia, the hibiscus (the bunga raya), the first games logo to introduce the colour yellow. (All previous logos had been red, white and blue to reflect the colours of the British Union Flag.) The red, blue, white and yellow colours represents the colours of the Malaysian national flag and Malaysia as a confident, young, dynamic nation. The yellow pollens represent the six regions of the world that includes the 68 Commonwealth member nations.
The official mascot of the 1998 Commonwealth Games is an orangutan named Wira (Malay for "warrior" or "hero"). It is said that the orangutan is the largest and probably the most intelligent primate in Asia which lives in the tropical rainforests of Malaysia. The adoption of orangutan as a games' mascot is to represent the friendly personality of Malaysia as the games' host as well as the charm, intelligence, and sporting ability of the participating athletes.[20]
A total of 55 companies and organisations sponsored the games, including Malaysian state-owned enterprises.
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's cricket |  South Africa |
Australia |
 New Zealand |
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women's 28 km individual time trial | Anna Wilson Australia |
Linda Jackson Canada |
Kathy Watt Australia |
| Men's 42 km individual time trial | Eric Wohlberg Canada |
Stuart O'Grady Australia |
David George South Africa |
| Women's 92 km road race | Lyne Bessette Canada |
Susy Pryde New Zealand |
Anna Wilson Australia |
| Men's 184 km road race | Jay Sweet Australia |
Rosli Effandy Malaysia |
Eric Wohlberg Canada |
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's singles | Kenny Ang Malaysia, 6046 points |
Bill Rowe Canada, 5946 |
Warren Rennox Canada, 5850 |
| Women's singles | Cara Honeychurch Australia, 6406 |
Maxine Nable Australia, 6028 |
Lai Kin Ngoh Malaysia, 5920 |
| Men's doubles | Kenny Ang and Ben Heng Malaysia, 3522 |
Antoine Jones and Conrad Lister Bermuda, 3329 |
Michael Muir and Frank Ryan Australia, 3229 |
| Women's doubles | Cara Honeychurch and Maxine Nable Australia, 3678 |
Lai Kin Ngoh and Shalin Zulkifli Malaysia, 3548 |
Pauline Buck and Gemma Burden England, 3536 |
| Mixed doubles | Frank Ryan and Cara Honeychurch Australia, 3605 |
Richard Hood and Pauline Buck England, 3560 |
Bill Rowe and Jane Amlinger Canada, 3536 |
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's 56 kg snatch | Mehmey Yagci Australia, 107.5 kg |
Arumugam K. Pandian India 107.5 kg |
Matin Guntali Malaysia, 105 kg |
| Men's 56 kg clean and jerk | Dharmaraj Wilson India, 140 kg |
Arumugam K. Pandian India 137.5 kg |
Matin Guntali Malaysia, 135 kg |
| Men's 56 kg combined | Arumugam K. Pandian India, 245 kg |
Dharmaraj Wilson India, 242.5 kg |
Matin Guntali Malaysia, 240 kg |
| Men's 62 kg snatch | Marcus Stephen Nauru, 125 kg |
Yurik Sarkisyan Australia, 125 kg |
Ganapathy Gnanasekar India, 117.5 kg |
| Men's 62 kg clean and jerk | Marcus Stephen Nauru, 167.5 kg |
Yurik Sarkisyan Australia, 157.5 kg |
Murugesan Arun India, 155 kg |
| Men's 62 kg combined | Marcus Stephen Nauru, 292.5 kg |
Yurik Sarkisyan Australia, 282.5 kg |
Murugesan Arun India, 272.5 kg |
| Men's 69 kg snatch | Sebastien Groulx Canada, 130 kg |
Stewart Cruickshank England, 130 kg |
Tony Morgan Wales, 130 kg, |
| Men's 69 kg clean and jerk | Muhamad Hidayat Hamidon Malaysia, 167.5 kg |
Sebastien Groulx Canada, 167.5 kg |
G. Vadivelu India, 135.5 kg |
| Men's 69 kg combined | Sebastien Groulx Canada, 297.5 kg |
Muhamad Hidayat Hamidon Malaysia, 295 kg |
Sandeep Kumar India, 285 kg |
| Men's 77 kg snatch | Satheesha Rai India, 147.5 kg |
Dave Morgan Wales, 145 kg |
Damian Brown Australia, 140 kg |
| Men's 77 kg clean and jerk | Damian Brown Australia, 187.5 kg |
Satheesha Rai India, 175 kg |
Alain Bilodeau Canada, 167.5 kg |
| Men's 77 kg combined | Damian Brown Australia, 327.5 kg |
Satheesha Rai India, 322.5 kg |
Alain Bilodeau Canada, 305 kg |
| Men's 85 kg snatch | Stephen Ward England, 157.5 kg |
Leon Griffin England, 155 kg |
David Matam Matam Cameroon, 147.5 kg |
| Men's 85 kg clean and jerk | Leon Griffin England, 192.5 kg |
Stephen Ward England, 187.5 kg |
David Matam Matam Cameroon, 180 kg |
| Men's 85 kg combined | Leon Griffin England, 347.5 kg |
Stephen Ward England, 345 kg |
David Matam Matam Cameroon, 327.5 kg |
| Men's 94 kg snatch | Kiril Kounev Australia, 165 kg |
Anthony Arthur England, 152.5 |
Simon Heffernan Australia, 150 kg |
| Men's 94 kg clean and jerk | Kiril Kounev Australia, 205 kg |
Andy Callard England, 190 kg |
Simon Heffernan Australia, 185 kg |
| Men's 94 kg combined | Kiril Kounev Australia, 370 kg |
Andy Callard England, 340 kg |
Simon Heffernan Australia, 335 kg |
| Men's 105 kg snatch | Akos Sandor Canada, 167.5 kg |
Tommy Yule England, 160 kg |
Nigel Avery New Zealand, 155 kg |
| Men's 105 kg clean and jerk | Akos Sandor Canada, 192.5 kg |
Tommy Yule England, 190 kg |
Karl Grant England, 187.5 kg |
| Men's 105 kg combined | Akos Sandor Canada, 360 kg |
Tommy Yule England, 350 kg |
Nigel Avery New Zealand, 340 kg |
| Men's 105+ kg snatch | Darren Liddel New Zealand, 165 kg |
Giles Greenwood England, 162.5 kg |
Christopher Rae Australia, 160 kg |
| Men's 105+ kg clean and jerk | Darren Liddel New Zealand, 202.5 kg |
Jean Bilong Cameroon, 192.5 kg |
Christopher Rae Australia, 192.5 kg |
| Men's 105+ kg combined | Darren Liddel New Zealand, 367.5 kg |
Christopher Rae Australia, 352.5 kg |
Giles Greenwood England, 352.5 kg |
The 1998 Klang Valley water crisis was a water shortage that affected the biggest metropolitan region of the country. This water shortage affected almost all the residents in the Klang Valley, causing the government to impose water rationing prior to the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur.
This crisis was blamed on El Niño despite actual rainfall in the months leading up to February 1998 in Federal Territory[21] not being significantly below average. In fact in November 1997, Klang Gates Dam had its highest recorded rainfall. Similarly in October 1997 the Kajang station not far from the Semenyih dam had its highest rainfall in record.
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