1940 United States Senate elections

The 1940 United States Senate elections coincided with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt to his third term as president. The 32 seats of Class 1 were contested in regular elections, and special elections were held to fill vacancies.

1940 United States Senate elections

← 1938 November 5, 1940 1942 →
1941 (MS, SC, TX) →
34 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate 49 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Alben Barkley Warren Austin (acting) Party Democratic Republican Leader since July 22, 1937 January 3, 1940 Leader's seat Kentucky Vermont Seats before 69 24 Seats after 66 28 Seat change 3 4 Popular vote 19,715,831 19,831,926 Percentage 47.5% 47.8% Seats up 25 9 Races won 22 13   Third party Fourth party   Party Farmer–Labor Progressive Seats before 1 1 Seats won 0 1 Seat change 1 Popular vote 310,875[1] 605,609 Percentage 2.57%[1] 1.5% Seats up 1 1 Races won 0 1   Fifth party   Party Independent Seats before 1 Seats after 1 Seat change Seats up 0 Races won 0
Results of the elections:      Democratic gain      Democratic hold      Republican gain      Republican hold      Progressive hold      No election
Majority Leader before election Alben Barkley Democratic Elected Majority Leader Alben Barkley Democratic

Although Roosevelt was re-elected, support for his administration had dropped somewhat after eight years, and the Republican opposition gained three seats from the Democrats. However, the New Deal Democrats regained firm control of both the House and Senate because Progressives dominated the election.^[2] The Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party also disappeared from the Senate, as Henrik Shipstead joined the Republican party and Ernest Lundeen had died during the preceding term. Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri was elected to his final term in the Senate in 1940. Truman resigned in 1945 to serve as President Roosevelt's third Vice President.

Republicans later gained an additional seat through an appointment in Colorado.

Gains, losses, and holds

Retirements

One Republican and two Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election. One Republican retired instead of seeking election to finish the unexpired term.

State	Senator	Replaced by
Maine	Frederick Hale	Owen Brewster
Ohio	Vic Donahey	Harold H. Burton
Vermont (special)	Ernest W. Gibson Jr.	George Aiken
Washington	Lewis B. Schwellenbach	Monrad Wallgren

Defeats

Five Democrats and two Republicans sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election. One Democrat sought election to finish the unexpired term but lost in the general election.

State	Senator	Replaced by
Arizona	Henry F. Ashurst	Ernest McFarland
Delaware	John G. Townsend Jr.	James M. Tunnell
Illinois	James M. Slattery	C. Wayland Brooks
Indiana	Sherman Minton	Raymond E. Willis
Nebraska	Edward R. Burke	Hugh A. Butler
North Dakota	Lynn Frazier	William Langer
Utah	William H. King	Abe Murdock
West Virginia	Rush Holt Sr.	Harley M. Kilgore

Post-election changes

State	Senator	Replaced by
Nevada	Key Pittman	Berkeley L. Bunker
Arkansas	John E. Miller	G. Lloyd Spencer
Colorado	Alva B. Adams	Eugene Donald Millikin
South Carolina	James F. Byrnes	Alva M. Lumpkin
South Carolina	Alva M. Lumpkin	Roger C. Peace
South Carolina	Roger C. Peace	Burnet R. Maybank
Texas	Morris Sheppard	Andrew Jackson Houston
Texas	Andrew Jackson Houston	W. Lee O'Daniel
Mississippi	Pat Harrison	James Eastland
Mississippi	James Eastland	Wall Doxey
West Virginia	Matthew M. Neely	Joseph Rosier

Party switches

One Farmer-Labor senator was re-elected as a Republican.

State	Senator	Replaced by
Minnesota	Henrik Shipstead	Henrik Shipstead

Change in composition

Before the elections

		D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8
D18	D17	D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11	D10	D9
D19	D20	D21	D22	D23	D24	D25	D26	D27	D28
D38	D37	D36	D35	D34	D33	D32	D31	D30	D29
D39	D40	D41	D42	D43	D44	D45 Ariz. Ran	D46 Conn. Ran	D47 Fla. Ran	D48 Ill. (sp) Ran
Majority →									D49 Ind. Ran
D58 N.M. Ran	D57 Nev. Ran	D56 Neb. Ran	D55 Mont. Ran	D54 Mo. Ran	D53 Miss. Ran	D52 Mass. Ran	D51 Md. Ran	D50 Ky. (sp) Ran
D59 N.Y. Ran	D60 Ohio Ran	D61 Pa. Ran	D62 R.I. Ran	D63 Tenn. Ran	D64 Texas Ran	D65 Utah Ran	D66 Va. Ran	D67 Wash. Retired	D68 W.Va. Ran
R19 Maine Retired	R20 Mich. Ran	R21 N.J. Ran	R22 N.D. Ran	R23 Vt. (reg) Ran	R24 Vt. (sp) Retired	FL1 Minn. Ran	P1 Wis. Ran	I1	D69 Wyo. Ran
R18 Idaho (sp) Ran	R17 Del. Ran	R16 Calif. Ran	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9
		R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8

Election results

		D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8
D18	D17	D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11	D10	D9
D19	D20	D21	D22	D23	D24	D25	D26	D27	D28
D38	D37	D36	D35	D34	D33	D32	D31	D30	D29
D39	D40	D41	D42	D43	D44	D45 Ariz. Hold	D46 Conn. Re-elected	D47 Fla. Re-elected	D48 Ky. (sp) Elected[a]
Majority →									D49 Md. Re-elected
D58 R.I. Re-elected	D57 Pa. Re-elected	D56 N.Y. Re-elected	D55 N.M. Re-elected	D54 Nev. Re-elected	D53 Mont. Re-elected	D52 Mo. Re-elected	D51 Miss. Re-elected	D50 Mass. Re-elected
D59 Tenn. Re-elected	D60 Texas Re-elected	D61 Utah Hold	D62 Va. Re-elected	D63 Wash. Hold	D64 W.Va. Hold	D65 Wyo. Re-elected	D66 Del. Gain	I1	P1 Wis. Re-elected
R19 Mich. Re-elected	R20 N.J. Re-elected	R21 N.D. Hold	R22 Vt. (reg) Re-elected	R23 Vt. (sp) Hold	R24 Ill. (sp) Gain[b]	R25 Ind. Gain	R26 Minn. Re-elected under different party	R27 Neb. Gain	R28 Ohio Gain
R18 Maine Hold	R17 Idaho (sp) Elected[a]	R16 Calif. Re-elected	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9
		R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8

Key	D# Democratic FL# Farmer–Labor P# Progressive R# Republican I# Independent

Race summaries

Special elections during the 76th Congress

In these special elections, the winner elected during 1940 and seated once qualified; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Idaho (Class 2)	John Thomas	Republican	1928 (appointed) 1928 (special) 1932 (lost) 1940 (appointed)	Interim appointee elected November 5, 1940.	▌Y John Thomas (Republican) 53.0% ▌Glen H. Taylor (Democratic) 47.0%
Illinois (Class 2)	James M. Slattery	Democratic	1939 (appointed)	Interim appointee lost election to finish term. New senator elected November 5, 1940. Republican gain.	▌Y C. Wayland Brooks (Republican) 50.1% ▌James M. Slattery (Democratic) 49.6%
Kentucky (Class 2)	Happy Chandler	Democratic	1939 (appointed)	Interim appointee elected November 5, 1940.	▌Y Happy Chandler (Democratic) 58.3% ▌Walter B. Smith (Republican) 41.7%
Vermont (Class 3)	Ernest W. Gibson Jr.	Republican	1940 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 5, 1940. Republican hold.	▌Y George Aiken (Republican) 61.6% ▌Herbert B. Comings (Democratic) 38.4%

Races leading to the 77th Congress

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1941; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Arizona	Henry F. Ashurst	Democratic	1912 1916 1922 1928 1934	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Ernest McFarland (Democratic) 71.6% ▌I. A. Jennings (Republican) 28.0% ▌A. Walter Gehres (Prohibition) 0.4%
California	Hiram Johnson	Republican	1916 1922 1928 1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Hiram Johnson (Republican) 82.5% ▌Fred Dyster (Prohibition) 13.5% ▌Anita Whitney (Communist) 3.6%
Connecticut	Francis T. Maloney	Democratic	1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Francis T. Maloney (Democratic) 53.2% ▌Paul L. Cornell (Republican) 45.7%
Delaware	John G. Townsend Jr.	Republican	1928 1934	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Democratic gain.	▌Y James M. Tunnell (Democratic) 50.6% ▌John G. Townsend Jr. (Republican) 47.3% ▌William F. Allen (Liberal Democratic) 2.1%
Florida	Charles O. Andrews	Democratic	1936 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Charles O. Andrews (Democratic) Unopposed
Indiana	Sherman Minton	Democratic	1934	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	▌Y Raymond E. Willis (Republican) 50.5% ▌Sherman Minton (Democratic) 49.1% ▌Carl W. Thompson (Prohibition) 0.3% ▌John H. Kingsbury (Socialist) 0.1%
Maine	Frederick Hale	Republican	1916 1922 1928 1934	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold.	▌Y Owen Brewster (Republican) 58.6% ▌Louis J. Brann (Democratic) 41.3%
Maryland	George L. P. Radcliffe	Democratic	1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George L. P. Radcliffe (Democratic) 64.7% ▌Harry Nice (Republican) 33.5%
Massachusetts	David I. Walsh	Democratic	1918 1924 (lost) 1926 (special) 1928 1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y David I. Walsh (Democratic) 55.6% ▌Henry Parkman Jr. (Republican) 42.8%
Michigan	Arthur Vandenberg	Republican	1928 (appointed) 1928 (special) 1928 1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Arthur Vandenberg (Republican) 52.7% ▌Frank Fitzpatrick (Democratic) 47.0%
Minnesota	Henrik Shipstead	Farmer–Labor	1922 1928 1934	Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain.	▌Y Henrik Shipstead (Republican) 53.0% ▌Elmer A. Benson (Farmer–Labor) 25.7% ▌John E. Regan (Democratic) 20.6%
Mississippi	Theodore G. Bilbo	Democratic	1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Theodore G. Bilbo (Democratic) Unopposed
Missouri	Harry S. Truman	Democratic	1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Harry S. Truman (Democratic) 51.2% ▌Manvel H. Davis (Republican) 48.7% ▌W. F. Rinck (Socialist) 0.1% ▌Theodore Baeff (Socialist Labor) 0.01%
Montana	Burton K. Wheeler	Democratic	1922 1928 1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Burton K. Wheeler (Democratic) 73.4% ▌E. K. Cheadle (Republican) 26.6%
Nebraska	Edward R. Burke	Democratic	1934	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected. Republican gain.	▌Y Hugh A. Butler (Republican) 57.0% ▌Robert Leroy Cochran (Democratic) 41.5%
Nevada	Key Pittman	Democratic	1913 (special) 1916 1922 1928 1934	Incumbent re-elected. Winner died November 10, 1940, and Berkeley L. Bunker (D) was appointed both to finish the term and to start the next term.	▌Y Key Pittman (Democratic) 60.5% ▌Samuel Platt (Republican) 39.5%
New Jersey	W. Warren Barbour	Republican	1931 (appointed) 1932 (special) 1936 (lost) 1938 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y W. Warren Barbour (Republican) 55.1% ▌James H. R. Cromwell (Democratic) 44.1%
New Mexico	Dennis Chávez	Democratic	1935 (appointed) 1936 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Dennis Chávez (Democratic) 56.0% ▌Albert K. Mitchell (Republican) 44.1%
New York	James M. Mead	Democratic	1938 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James M. Mead (Democratic) 53.3% ▌Bruce Fairchild Barton (Republican) 46.7%
North Dakota	Lynn Frazier	Republican/ Nonpartisan League	1922 1928 1934	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected. Republican hold.	▌Y William Langer (Republican-NPL) 38.1% ▌William Lemke (Independent) 35.1% ▌Charles V. Vogel (Democratic) 26.5%
Ohio	Vic Donahey	Democratic	1934	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican gain.	▌Y Harold H. Burton (Republican) 52.4% ▌John McSweeney (Democratic) 47.6%
Pennsylvania	Joseph F. Guffey	Democratic	1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Joseph F. Guffey (Democratic) 51.8% ▌Jay Cooke (Republican) 47.4%
Rhode Island	Peter G. Gerry	Democratic	1916 1922 1928 (lost) 1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Peter G. Gerry (Democratic) 55.2% ▌James O. McManus (Republican) 44.8%
Tennessee	Kenneth McKellar	Democratic	1916 1922 1928 1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Kenneth McKellar (Democratic) 70.8% ▌Howard Baker Sr. (Republican) 29.2%
Texas	Tom Connally	Democratic	1928 1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Tom Connally (Democratic) 94.3% ▌George I. Shannon (Republican) 5.7%
Utah	William H. King	Democratic	1916 1922 1928 (lost) 1934	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Abe Murdock (Democratic) 62.9% ▌Philo Farnsworth (Republican) 37.2%
Vermont	Warren Austin	Republican	1931 (special) 1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Warren Austin (Republican) 66.5% ▌Ona S. Searles (Democratic) 33.6%
Virginia	Harry F. Byrd	Democratic	1933 (appointed) 1933 (special) 1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Harry F. Byrd (Democratic) 93.3
Washington	Lewis B. Schwellenbach	Democratic	1934	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Democratic hold. Incumbent resigned December 16, 1940. Winner appointed to finish the term.	▌Y Monrad Wallgren (Democratic) 54.2% ▌Stephen F. Chadwick (Republican) 45.8%
West Virginia	Rush Holt Sr.	Democratic	1934	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Harley M. Kilgore (Democratic) 56.3% ▌Thomas Sweeney (Republican) 43.7%
Wisconsin	Robert M. La Follette Jr.	Progressive	1925 (special) 1928 1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Robert M. La Follette Jr. (Progressive) 45.3% ▌Fred H. Clausen (Republican) 41.4% ▌James E. Finnegan (Democratic) 13.2%
Wyoming	Joseph C. O'Mahoney	Democratic	1933 (appointed) 1934	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Joseph C. O'Mahoney (Democratic) 58.7% ▌Milward Simpson (Republican) 41.3%

Closest races

Thirteen races had a margin of victory under 10%:

State	Party of winner	Margin
Illinois	Republican (flip)	0.7%
Indiana	Republican (flip)	1.4%
Missouri	Democratic	2.5%
North Dakota	Republican	3.0%
Connecticut	Democratic (flip)	3.3%
Wisconsin	Progressive	3.9%
Pennsylvania	Democratic	4.4%
Ohio	Republican (flip)	4.8%
Michigan	Republican	5.7%
Idaho (special)	Republican	5.9%
New York	Democratic	6.6%
Connecticut	Democratic	7.5%
Washington	Democratic	8.4%

There is no tipping point state.

Arizona

1940 United States Senate election in Arizona

← 1934 November 3, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Ernest McFarland Irving A. Jennings Sr. Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 101,495 29,657 Percentage 71.61% 27.98%

County results McFarland:      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%

U.S. senator before election Henry F. Ashurst Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Ernest McFarland Democratic

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Arizona

See also: List of United States senators from Arizona

1940 United States Senate election in Arizona^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Ernest McFarland	101,495	71.6
	Republican	Irving A. Jennings Sr.	39,657	28
	Prohibition	A. Walter Gehres	579	0.4
Majority			61,838	43.63
Turnout			141,731
	Democratic hold

California

1940 United States Senate election in California

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 (special) →

Nominee Hiram Johnson Fred Dyster Party Republican Prohibition Alliance Democratic Progressive Popular vote 2,238,899 366,044 Percentage 82.62% 13.51%

County results Johnson:     70–80%      80–90%      >90%

U.S. senator before election Hiram Johnson Republican Elected U.S. Senator Hiram Johnson Republican

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in California

See also: List of United States senators from California

United States Senate election in California of 1940^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Hiram W. Johnson (Incumbent)	2,238,899	82.50
	Prohibition	Fred Dyster	366,044	13.49
	Communist	Anita Whitney	97,478	3.59
	Write-In	John Anson Ford	7,415	0.27
	None	Scattering	4,029	0.15
Majority			1,872,855	69.01
Turnout			2,713,865
	Republican hold

Connecticut

1940 United States Senate election in Connecticut

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Francis T. Maloney Paul L. Cornell Party Democratic Republican Alliance Union Popular vote 416,740 358,313 Percentage 53.15% 45.70%

County results Municipality results Maloney:      40–50%      50–60%      60-70% Cornell:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%

U.S. senator before election Francis T. Maloney Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Francis T. Maloney Democratic

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Connecticut

See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut

1940 United States Senate election in Connecticut^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Francis T. Maloney (Incumbent)	416,740	53.15
	Republican	Paul L. Cornell	358,313	45.70
	Socialist	Kenneth W. Thurlow	6,557	0.84
	Socialist Labor	James A. Hutchin	1,343	0,17
	Communist	Isadore Wofsy	1,114	0,14
Majority			58,427	12.45
Turnout			784,067
	Democratic hold

Delaware

1940 United States Senate election in Delaware

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee James M. Tunnell John G. Townsend Jr. Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 68,294 63,799 Percentage 50.63% 47.30%

County results Tunnell:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election John G. Townsend Jr. Republican Elected U.S. Senator James M. Tunnell Democratic

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Delaware

See also: List of United States senators from Delaware

1940 United States Senate election in Delaware^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	James M. Tunnell	68,294	50.63
	Republican	John G. Townsend Jr. (Incumbent)	63,799	47.30
	Independent Democratic	William F. Allen	2,786	2.07
Majority			4,495	3.33
Turnout			134,879
	Democratic gain from Republican

Florida

1940 United States Senate election in Florida

← 1936 (special) November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Charles O. Andrews Party Democratic Popular vote 323,216 Percentage 100.0%

County results Andrews:      90–100%

U.S. senator before election Charles O. Andrews Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Charles O. Andrews Democratic

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Florida

See also: List of United States senators from Florida

1940 United States Senate election in Florida^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Charles O. Andrews (Incumbent)	323,216	100.00
	Democratic hold

Idaho (special)

1940 United States Senate special election in Idaho

← 1936 November 5, 1940 1942 →

Nominee John Thomas Glen H. Taylor Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 124,535 110,614 Percentage 52.96% 47.04%

County results Thomas:      50-60%      60-70%      80-90% Taylor:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election John Thomas Republican Elected U.S. Senator John Thomas Republican

See also: List of United States senators from Idaho

1940 United States Senate special election in Idaho^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	John Thomas	124,535	52.96
	Democratic	Glen H. Taylor	110,614	47.04
Majority			13,921	5.92
Turnout			235,149
	Republican hold

Illinois (special)

1940 United States Senate special election in Illinois

← 1936 November 5, 1940 1942 →

Nominee Charles W. Brooks James M. Slattery Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 2,045,924 2,025,097 Percentage 50.07% 49.56%

Results by county Brooks:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Slattery:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election James M. Slattery Democratic Elected U.S. senator Charles W. Brooks Republican

Main article: 1940 United States Senate special election in Illinois

See also: List of United States senators from Illinois

1940 United States Senate special election in Illinois^[1][4]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Charles W. Brooks	2,045,924	50.07
	Democratic	James M. Slattery (Incumbent)	2,025,097	49.56
	Prohibition	Enoch A. Holtwick	8,625	0.21
	Socialist	Clarence H. Mayer	6,517	0.16
	None	Scattering	16	0.00
Majority			20,827	0.51
Turnout			4,086,179
	Republican hold

Indiana

1940 United States Senate election in Indiana

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Raymond E. Willis Sherman Minton Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 888,070 864,803 Percentage 50.45% 49.13%

County results Willis:      50–60%      60–70% Minton:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Sherman Minton Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Raymond E. Willis Republican

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Indiana

See also: List of United States senators from Indiana

1940 United States Senate election in Indiana^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Raymond E. Willis	888,070	50.45
	Democratic	Sherman Minton (Incumbent)	864,803	49.13
	Prohibition	Carl W. Thompson	5,621	0.32
	Socialist	John H. Kingsbury	1,751	0.10
Majority			23,267	1.32
Turnout			1,760,245
	Republican gain from Democratic

Kentucky (special)

Senator Happy Chandler

See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky

1940 United States Senate special election in Kentucky^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Happy Chandler (Incumbent)	561,151	58.27
	Republican	Walter B. Smith	401,812	41.73
Majority			159,339	16.54
Turnout			962,963
	Democratic hold

Maine

1940 United States Senate election in Maine

← 1934 September 9, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Owen Brewster Louis Brann Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 150,149 105,740 Percentage 58.61% 41.27%

County results Brewster:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Brann:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Frederick Hale Republican Elected U.S. Senator Owen Brewster Republican

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Maine

See also: List of United States senators from Maine

1940 United States Senate election in Maine^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Ralph Owen Brewster	150,149	58.61
	Democratic	Louis J. Brann	105,740	41.27
	Independent	Lewis Gordon	305	0.12
Majority			44,409	17.34
Turnout			256,194
	Republican hold

Maryland

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Maryland

See also: List of United States senators from Maryland

1940 United States Senate election in Maryland

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee George L. P. Radcliffe Harry Nice Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 394,239 203,912 Percentage 64.74% 33.48%

County results Nice:      40–50%      50–60% Radcliffe:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election George L. P. Radcliffe Democratic Elected U.S. Senator George L. P. Radcliffe Democratic

1940 United States Senate election in Maryland^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	George L. P. Radcliffe (Incumbent)	394,239	64.74
	Republican	Harry W. Nice	203,912	33.48
	Socialist	Edwin B. Abbott	4,204	0.69
	Independent	David L. Elliott	3,423	0.56
	American Labor	Robert Kadish	1,848	0.30
	Communist	Albert E. Blumberg	1,349	0.22
Majority			190,327	31.26
Turnout			608,975
	Democratic hold

Massachusetts

1940 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee David I. Walsh Henry Parkman Jr. Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,088,838 838,122 Percentage 55.64% 42.38%

County results Municipality results Walsh:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Parkman:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%

Senator before election David I. Walsh Democratic Elected Senator David I. Walsh Democratic

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts

1940 United States Senate election in Massachusetts^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	David I. Walsh (Incumbent)	1,088,838	55.64
	Republican	Henry Parkman Jr.	838,122	42.38
	Prohibition	George L. Thompson	9,632	0.49
	Communist	Philip Frankfeld	9,465	0.48
	Socialist	Lyman Paine	6,876	0.35
	Socialist Labor	Horace I. Hillis	4,133	0.21
Majority			250,716	12.82
Turnout			1,957,089
	Democratic hold

Michigan

1940 United States Senate election in Michigan

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Arthur Vandenberg Frank FitzGerald Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,053,104 939,740 Percentage 52.65% 46.98%

County results Vandenberg:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% FitzGerald:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Arthur Vandenberg Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Arthur Vandenberg Republican

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Michigan

See also: List of United States senators from Michigan

1940 United States Senate election in Michigan^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Arthur Vandenberg (Incumbent)	1,053,104	52.65
	Democratic	Frank FitzGerald	939,740	46.98
	Socialist	Nahum Burnett	3,580	0.18
	Communist	Elmer Johnson	2,290	0.11
	Prohibition	Carroll P. Pahman	937	0.05
	Socialist Labor	Theos A. Grove	691	0.03
Majority			113,364	5.67
Turnout			2,000,342
	Republican hold

Minnesota

1940 United States Senate election in Minnesota

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Henrik Shipstead Elmer A. Benson John E. Regan Party Republican Farmer–Labor Democratic Popular vote 641,049 310,875 248,658 Percentage 53.01% 25.71% 20.56%

County results Shipstead:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Benson:      40–50%

U.S. senator before election Henrik Shipstead Farmer–Labor Elected U.S. Senator Henrik Shipstead Republican

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Minnesota

See also: List of United States senators from Minnesota

1940 United States Senate election in Minnesota^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Henrik Shipstead (Incumbent)	641,049	53.00
	Farmer–Labor	Elmer Austin Benson	310,875	25.70
	Democratic	John E. Regan	248,658	20.56
	Trotskyist Anti-War	Grace Holmes Carlson	8,761	0.72
	Independent	Carl Winter	256	0.02
Majority			330,174	27.30
Turnout			1,209,599
	Republican gain from Farmer–Labor

Mississippi

1940 Democratic Senate primary election in Mississippi

← 1934 August 27, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Theodore Bilbo Hugh White Party Democratic Democratic Popular vote 91,334 62,641 Percentage 59.32% 40.68%

County results Bilbo:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80-90% White:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80% Tie:      50%

U.S. senator before election Theodore Bilbo Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Theodore Bilbo Democratic

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Mississippi

See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi

1940 United States Senate election in Mississippi^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Theodore G. Bilbo (Incumbent)	143,431	100.00
	Democratic hold

Missouri

1940 United States Senate election in Missouri

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Harry S. Truman Manvel H. Davis Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 930,775 886,376 Percentage 51.17% 48.73%

County results Truman:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Davis:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%

U.S. senator before election Harry S. Truman Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Harry S. Truman Democratic

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Missouri

See also: List of United States senators from Missouri

One-term Democrat Harry S. Truman was narrowly re-elected. He would only serve until resigning January 17, 1945, to become U.S. Vice President.

1940 Missouri United States Senate election^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Harry S. Truman (Incumbent)	930,775	51.17
	Republican	Manvel H. Davis	886,376	48.73
	Socialist	W.F. Rinck	1,669	0.09
	Socialist Labor	Theodore Baeff	196	0.01
Majority			44,499	2.44
Turnout			1,819,016
	Democratic hold

Montana

1940 United States Senate election in Montana

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Burton K. Wheeler E. K. Cheadle Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 176,753 63,941 Percentage 73.43% 26.57%

County results Wheeler:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      90–100%

U.S. senator before election Burton K. Wheeler Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Burton K. Wheeler Democratic

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Montana

See also: List of United States senators from Montana

1940 United States Senate election in Montana^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Burton K. Wheeler (Incumbent)	176,753	73.43	+3.29%
	Republican	E. K. Cheadle	63,941	26.57	−2.17%
Majority			112,812	46.87	+5.47%
Turnout			240,694
	Democratic hold		Swing

Nebraska

1940 United States Senate election in Nebraska

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Hugh A. Butler Robert Leroy Cochran Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 340,250 247,659 Percentage 57.00% 41.49%

County results Butler:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Cochran:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Edward R. Burke Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Hugh A. Butler Republican

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Nebraska

See also: List of United States senators from Nebraska

1940 United States Senate election in Nebraska^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Hugh A. Butler	340,250	57.00
	Democratic	Robert Leroy Cochran	247,659	41.49
	None	Albert F. Ruthven	8,982	1.50
Majority			92,591	15.51
Turnout			596,891
	Republican gain from Democratic

Nevada

1944 United States Senate election in Nevada

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1942 (special) →

Nominee Key Pittman Samuel Platt Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 31,351 20,488 Percentage 60.48% 39.52%

County results Pittman:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Platt:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Key Pittman Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Key Pittman Democratic

Pittman suffered a severe heart attack just before the election on November 5, and two doctors told his aides before the election that death was imminent. To avoid affecting the election, the party told the press that the senator was hospitalized for exhaustion and that his condition was not serious.^[5] Pittman died on November 10 at the Washoe General Hospital in Reno, Nevada.^[6] Governor Edward Carville would go on to appoint Berkeley L. Bunker as his replacement.

In later years, a myth spread that Pittman had in fact died before the election, and his body had been kept on ice in the Mizpah Hotel in Tonopah so that Carville could appoint his replacement.^[5]

See also: List of United States senators from Nevada

1940 United States Senate election in Nevada^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Key Pittman (Incumbent)	31,351	60.48
	Republican	Samuel Platt	20,488	39.52
Majority			10,863	20.96
Turnout			51,839
	Democratic hold

New Jersey

New Jersey election

← 1938 (special) November 5, 1940 1944 (special) →

Nominee W. Warren Barbour James H. R. Cromwell Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,029,331 823,893 Percentage 55.11% 44.11%

County results Barbour:      50–60%      60–70% Cromwell:      50–60%

Senator before election W. Warren Barbour Republican Elected Senator W. Warren Barbour Republican

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in New Jersey

See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey

1940 United States Senate election in New Jersey^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	W. Warren Barbour (Incumbent)	1,029,331	55.11
	Democratic	James H. R. Cromwell	823,893	44.11
	Socialist	McAlister Coleman	8,836	0.47
	Independent	James A. Tumulty Jr.	2,784	0.15
	Communist	Mary Ellen Dooner	1,519	0.08
	Prohibition	Edson R. Leach	645	0.03
	Socialist Labor	Harry Santhouse	464	0.02
	Socialist Workers	George Breitman	303	0.02
Majority			225,438	11.00
Turnout			1,867,775
	Republican hold

New Mexico

1940 United States Senate election in New Mexico

← 1936 (special) November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Dennis Chavez Albert K. Mitchell Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 103,194 81,257 Percentage 55.95% 44.05%

County results Chevez:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Mitchell:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Dennis Chavez Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Dennis Chavez Democratic

See also: List of United States senators from New Mexico

1940 United States Senate election in New Mexico^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Dennis Chávez (Incumbent)	103,194	55.95
	Republican	Albert K. Mitchell	81,257	44.05
Majority			21,937	11.90
Turnout			184,451
	Democratic hold

New York

1940 United States Senate election in New York

← 1938 (special) November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee James M. Mead Bruce Barton Party Democratic Republican Alliance American Labor Popular vote 3,274,766 2,868,852 Percentage 53.26% 46.66%

County results Mead:      50–60%      60–70% Barton:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election James M. Mead Democratic Elected U.S. Senator James M. Mead Democratic

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in New York

See also: List of United States senators from New York

The whole ticket nominated by Democrats and American Laborites was elected.

1940 United States Senate election in New York^[3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	James M. Mead	2,893,407	47.06
	American Labor	James M. Mead	381,359	6.20
	Total	James M. Mead (Incumbent)	3,274,766	53.26
	Republican	Bruce Barton	2,842,942	46.66
	Prohibition	Stephen W. Paine	4,944	0.08
Total votes			6,148,562	100.00
	Democratic hold

North Dakota

1940 United States Senate election in North Dakota

← 1934 1946 →

Nominee William Langer William Lemke Charles V. Vogel Party Republican Independent Democratic Popular vote 100,647 92,593 69,847 Percentage 38.11% 35.06% 26.45%

County results Langer:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% Lemke:      30–40%      40–50%      50-–% Vogel:      30–40%      40–50%

U.S. senator before election Gerald Nye Republican Elected U.S. Senator Gerald Nye Republican

See also: List of United States senators from North Dakota

1940 United States Senate election in North Dakota^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	William Langer	100,647	38.11
	Independent	William Lemke	92,593	35.06
	Democratic	Charles V. Vogel	69,847	26.45
	N/A	Jasper Haaland	1,014	0.38
Majority			8,054	3.05
Turnout			264,101
	Republican hold

Ohio

1940 United States Senate election in Ohio

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Harold Burton John McSweeney Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,602,498 1,457,304 Percentage 52.37% 47.63%

U.S. senator before election Vic Donahey Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Harold Hitz Burton Republican

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Ohio

See also: List of United States senators from Ohio

1940 United States Senate election in Ohio^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Harold H. Burton	1,602,498	52.37
	Democratic	John McSweeney	1,457,304	47.63
Majority			145,194	4.74
Turnout			3,059,802
	Republican gain from Democratic

Pennsylvania

1940 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Joseph F. Guffey Jay Cooke Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 2,069,980 1,893,104 Percentage 51.79% 47.36%

County results Guffey:      50–60%      60–70% Cooke:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Joseph F. Guffey Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Joseph F. Guffey Democratic

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania

General election results^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Joseph F. Guffey (Incumbent)	2,069,980	51.79	+1.01%
	Republican	Jay Cooke	1,893,104	47.36	−0.90%
	Socialist	David H.H. Felix	15,449	0.39	0.00%
	Prohibition	H. B. Mansell	11,113	0.28	−0.40%
	Communist	Carl Reeve	4,761	0.12	−0.09%
	Socialist Labor	Frank Knotek	2,503	0.06	−0.10%
	N/A	Other	110	0.00	N/A
Majority			176,876	4.43
Turnout			3,997,020
	Democratic hold		Swing

Rhode Island

Senator Peter G. Gerry

See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island

1940 United States Senate election in Rhode Island^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Peter G. Gerry (Incumbent)	173,927	55.16
	Republican	James O. McManus	141,401	44.84
Majority			32,526	10.32
Turnout			315,328
	Democratic hold

Tennessee

Senator Kenneth McKellar

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Tennessee

See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee

1940 United States Senate election in Tennessee^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Kenneth McKellar (Incumbent)	295,440	70.80
	Republican	Howard Baker Sr.	121,790	29.19
	Independent	John Randolph Neal Jr.	35.06	0.01
Majority			173,650	41.61
Turnout			417,265
	Democratic hold

Texas

1940 United States Senate election in Texas

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Tom Connally George Shannon Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 978,095 59,340 Percentage 94.24% 5.72%

County results[7] Connally:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% No vote:

U.S. senator before election Tom Connally Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Tom Connally Democratic

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Texas

See also: List of United States senators from Texas

1940 United States Senate election in Texas^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Tom Connally (Incumbent)	978,095	94.24
	Republican	George I. Shannon	59,340	5.72
	Communist	Homer Brooks	408	0.04
Majority			918,755	88.52
Turnout			1,037,843
	Democratic hold

Utah

1940 United States Senate election in Utah

← 1934 November 5, 1940 (1940-11-05) 1946 →

Nominee Abe Murdock Philo Farnsworth Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 155,499 91,931 Percentage 62.85% 37.15%

County results Murdock:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Farnsworth:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election William H. King Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Abe Murdock Democratic

See also: List of United States senators from Utah

1940 United States Senate election in Utah^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Abe Murdock	155,499	62.85
	Republican	Philo Farnsworth	91,931	37.15
Majority			63,568	25.70
Turnout			247,430
	Democratic hold

Vermont

See also: List of United States senators from Vermont

There were 2 elections due to the June 20, 1940, death of two-term Republican Ernest Willard Gibson.

Vermont (regular)

1940 United States Senate Election in Vermont

← 1934 November 5, 1940 (1940-11-05) 1946 →

Nominee Warren Austin Ona Searles Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 93,283 47,101 Percentage 66.4% 33.6%

County results Municipality results Austin:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80-90%      90-100% Searles:      50-60%      60-70%      80-90%

U.S. senator before election Warren Austin Republican Elected U.S. Senator Warren Austin Republican

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Vermont

Two-term Republican Warren Austin was easily re-elected. He faced no opponents in the primary.^[8]

Vermont regular election^[8]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Warren Austin (Incumbent)	93,283	66.4
	Democratic	Ona S. Searles	47,101	33.6
Total votes			140,384	100.0
Majority			46,182	32.9
Total votes			140,388
	Republican hold

Austin served only until his August 2, 1946, resignation to become U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.

Vermont (special)

1940 United States Senate Special Election in Vermont

← 1938 November 5, 1940 (1940-11-05) 1944 →

Nominee George Aiken Herbert Comings Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 87,150 54,263 Percentage 58.2% 38.4%

County results Municipality results Aiken:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80-90%      90-100% Comings:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80-90%

U.S. senator before election Ernest W. Gibson Jr. Republican Elected U.S. Senator George Aiken Republican

Main article: 1940 United States Senate special election in Vermont

Gibson's son, Republican Ernest W. Gibson Jr. was appointed June 24, 1940, to continue his father's term, pending a special election, in which he was not a candidate.

Vermont special election^[8]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	George Aiken	87,150	61.6
	Democratic	Herbert B. Comings	54,263	38.4
Majority			32,887	23.20
Total votes			141,413
	Republican hold

Aiken did not take the seat until January 10, 1941, as he wanted to remain Governor of Vermont. He would be repeatedly re-elected and serve until his 1975 retirement.

Virginia

1940 United States Senate election in Virginia

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Harry F. Byrd Sr. Party Democratic Popular vote 274,260 Percentage 93.32%

County and Independent City Results Byrd:      80-90%      90-100%

U.S. senator before election Harry F. Byrd Sr. Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd Sr. Democratic

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Virginia

See also: List of United States senators from Virginia

1940 United States Senate election in Virginia^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Harry F. Byrd Sr. (Incumbent)	274,260	93.32	+17.36%
	Independent	Hilliard Berstein	11,159	3.80
	Independent	Alice Burke	8,250	2.81
	Write-ins		212	0.07	+0.05%
Majority			263,101	89.53	+34.50%
Turnout			293,881
	Democratic hold

Washington

1940 United States Senate election in Washington

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Monrad Wallgren Stephen F. Chadwick Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 404,718 342,589 Percentage 54.16% 45.84%

County results Wallgren:      50–60%      60–70% Chadwick:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Lewis Schwellenbach Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Monrad Wallgren Democratic

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Washington

See also: List of United States senators from Washington

1940 United States Senate election in Washington^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Monrad Wallgren	404,718	54.16
	Republican	Stephen F. Chadwick	342,589	45.84
Majority			62,129	8.32
Turnout			747,307
	Democratic hold

West Virginia

1940 United States Senate election in West Virginia

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Harley M. Kilgore Thomas Sweeney Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 492,413 381,806 Percentage 56.33% 43.67%

County results Kilgore:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Sweeney:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Russ D. Holt Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Harley M. Kilgore Democratic

See also: List of United States senators from West Virginia

1940 United States Senate election in West Virginia^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Harley M. Kilgore	492,413	56.33
	Republican	Thomas Sweeney	381,806	43.67
Majority			110,607	12.66
Turnout			874,219
	Democratic hold

Wisconsin

1940 United States Senate election in Wisconsin

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Robert La Follette Jr. Fred H. Clausen James E. Finnegan Party Progressive Republican Democratic Popular vote 605,609 553,692 176,688 Percentage 45.26% 41.38% 13.20%

County results La Follete Jr.:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% Clausen:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Robert La Follette Jr. Progressive Elected U.S. Senator Robert La Follette Jr. Progressive

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Wisconsin

See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin

1940 United States Senate election in Wisconsin^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Progressive	Robert M. La Follette Jr. (Incumbent)	605,609	45.26
	Republican	Fred H. Clausen	553,692	41.38
	Democratic	James E. Finnegan	176,688	13.20
	Independent Communist	Ted Furman	1,308	0.10
	Socialist Labor	Adolf Wiggert Jr.	838	0.06
Majority			51,917	4.88
Turnout			1,338,135
	Progressive hold

Wyoming

1940 United States Senate election in Wyoming

← 1934 November 5, 1940 1946 →

Nominee Joseph C. O'Mahoney Milward Simpson Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 65,022 45,682 Percentage 58.74% 41.26%

County results O'Mahoney:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Simpson:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Joseph C. O'Mahoney Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Joseph C. O'Mahoney Democratic

Main article: 1940 United States Senate election in Wyoming

See also: List of United States senators from Wyoming

1940 United States Senate election in Wyoming^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Joseph C. O'Mahoney (Incumbent)	65,022	58.74
	Republican	Milward L. Simpson	45,682	41.26
Majority			19,340	17.48
Turnout			110,704
	Democratic hold

See also

• 1940 United States elections
  • 1940 United States presidential election
  • 1940 United States gubernatorial elections
  • 1940 United States House of Representatives elections
• 76th United States Congress
• 77th United States Congress

Notes

1. Appointee elected
2. Appointee defeated

References

1. "Statistics of the Congressional and Presidential election of November 5, 1940" (PDF). Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
2. "CONGRESS: New Houses". November 11, 1940. Archived from the original on October 14, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2017 – via www.time.com.
3. Brandon, Leory D. (1941). Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 5 1940. Washington, DC: United States House of Representatives. p. 1.
4. "OFFICIAL VOTE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS CAST AT THE GENERAL ELECTION, NOV. 5, 1940 JUDICIAL ELECTIONS, 1939-1940 PRIMARY ELECTION GENERAL PRIMARY, APRIL 9, 1940" (PDF). Illinois State Board of Elections. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
5. Nevada Yesterdays. "The Truth Of The Legend Of Key Pittman". KNPR. Las Vegas, NV. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
6. Rocha, Guy; Myers, Dennis (May 2003). "Myth #88 - Key Pittman on Ice". Sierra Sage. State Library and Archives, Department of Administration, State of Nevada. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
7. Heard, Alexander; Strong, Donald (1950). Southern Primaries and Elections 1920-1949. University of Alabama Press. pp. 177–179. ISBN 9780836955248.
8. "VT Elections Database » Search Elections". VT Elections Database. Retrieved July 17, 2020.