1928 United States Senate elections

The 1928 United States Senate elections were elections that coincided with the presidential election of Republican Herbert Hoover. The 32 seats of Class 1 were contested in regular elections, and special elections were held to fill vacancies. The strong economy helped the Republicans to gain seven seats from the Democrats.

1928 United States Senate elections

← 1926 November 6, 1928[1] 1930 →
32 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate 49 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Charles Curtis (retired) Joseph Robinson Party Republican Democratic Leader since November 9, 1924 December 3, 1923 Leader's seat Kansas Arkansas Seats before 49 46 Seats after 56 39 Seat change 7 7 Seats up 12 19 Races won 18 13   Third party   Party Farmer–Labor Seats before 1 Seats after 1 Seat change Seats up 1 Races won 1
Results of the elections:      Democratic hold      Republican gain      Republican hold      Farmer–Labor hold      No election
Majority Leader before election Charles Curtis Republican Elected Majority Leader James Watson Republican

Senate Majority leader, Republican Charles Curtis of Kansas, was not up for election this cycle, but he was elected U.S. Vice President. He resigned March 3, 1929, so his seat was vacant at the beginning of the next Congress until April 1, 1929, when a Republican was appointed to continue the term.

Gains, losses, and holds

Retirements

Two Republicans and one Democrat retired instead of seeking re-election.

State	Senator	Replaced by
Connecticut	George P. McLean	Frederic C. Walcott
Missouri	James A. Reed	Roscoe C. Patterson
New Mexico (special)	Bronson M. Cutting	Octaviano Larrazolo

Defeats

Seven Democrats sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election.

State	Senator	Replaced by
Delaware	Thomas F. Bayard Jr.	John G. Townsend Jr.
Maryland	William Cabell Bruce	Phillips Lee Goldsborough
New Jersey	Edward I. Edwards	Hamilton F. Kean
Ohio (special)	Cyrus Locher	Theodore E. Burton
Rhode Island	Peter G. Gerry	Felix Hebert
Texas	Earle B. Mayfield	Tom Connally
West Virginia	Matthew M. Neely	Henry D. Hatfield

Disqualification

Two Republicans were elected in 1926, but disqualified from taking office. One resigned on February 9, 1928, and the seat was filled in the 1928 election. One resigned December 6, 1929 and the seat was filled by appointment.

State	Senator	Replaced by
Illinois	Frank L. Smith	Otis F. Glenn
Pennsylvania	William Scott Vare	Joseph R. Grundy

Post-election changes

State	Senator	Replaced by
New Jersey	Walter Evans Edge	David Baird Jr.
Ohio	Theodore E. Burton	Roscoe C. McCulloch
Kentucky	Frederic M. Sackett	John M. Robsion
Tennessee	Lawrence Tyson	William Emerson Brock
Wyoming	Francis E. Warren	Patrick Joseph Sullivan

Change in composition

Before the elections

At the beginning of 1928.

		D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8
D18	D17	D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11	D10	D9
D19	D20	D21	D22	D23	D24	D25	D26	D27 Del. Ran	D28 Ariz. Ran
D38 R.I. Ran	D37 Ohio (sp) Ran	D36 N.Y. Ran	D35 N.J. Ran	D34 Mont. Ran	D33 Mo. Retired	D32 Miss. Ran	D31 Mass. Ran	D30 Md. Ran	D29 Fla. Ran
D39 Tenn. Ran	D40 Texas Ran	D41 Utah Ran	D42 Va. Ran	D43 Wash. Ran	D44 W.Va. Ran	D45 Wyo. Ran	FL1 Minn. Ran	V1 Sen. Vare	V2 Ill. (sp)
Plurality ↓
R39 Maine Ran	R40 Mich. (reg) Mich. (sp) Ran	R41 Neb. Ran	R42 Nev. Ran	R43 N.M. (reg) Ran N.M. (sp) Retired	R44 N.D. Ran	R45 Ohio (reg) Ran	R46 Pa. Ran	R47 Vt. Ran	R48 Wis. Ran
R38 Ind. Ran	R37 Idaho (sp) Ran	R36 Conn. Retired	R35 Calif. Ran	R34	R33	R32	R31	R30	R29
R19	R20	R21	R22	R23	R24	R25	R26	R27	R28
R18	R17	R16	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9
		R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8

Elections result

		D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8
D18	D17	D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11	D10	D9
D19	D20	D21	D22	D23	D24	D25	D26	D27 Ariz. Re-elected	D28 Fla. Re-elected
D38 Wyo. Re-elected	D37 Wash. Re-elected	D36 Va. Re-elected	D35 Utah Re-elected	D34 Texas Hold	D33 Tenn. Re-elected	D32 N.Y. Re-elected	D31 Mont. Re-elected	D30 Miss. Re-elected	D29 Mass. Re-elected
FL1 Minn. Re-elected	V1 Sen. Vare	V2 VP Curtis	R55 Wis. Re-elected	R54 W.Va. Gain	R53 Vt. Re-elected	R52 R.I. Gain	R51 Pa. Re-elected	R50 Ohio (sp) Gain	R49 Ohio (reg) Re-elected
Majority →
R39 Ind. Re-elected	R40 Maine Re-elected	R41 Md. Gain	R42 Mich. (reg) Mich. (sp) Elected[a]	R43 Mo. Gain	R44 Neb. Re-elected	R45 Nev. Re-elected	R46 N.J. Gain	R47 N.M. (reg) Elected[a] N.M. (sp) Hold	R48 N.D. Re-elected
R38 Ill. (sp) Gain	R37 Idaho (sp) Elected[a]	R36 Del. Gain	R35 Conn. Hold	R34 Calif. Re-elected	R33	R32	R31	R30	R29
R19	R20	R21	R22	R23	R24	R25	R26	R27	R28
R18	R17	R16	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9
		R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8

Key	D# Democratic FL# Farmer–Labor R# Republican V# Vacant

Race summary

Special elections during the 70th Congress

In these special elections, the winner were seated during 1928; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Idaho (Class 3)	John Thomas	Republican	1928 (Appointed)	Frank R. Gooding (R) died June 24, 1928, and Thomas was appointed June 30, 1928, to continue the term. Interim appointee elected November 6, 1928.	▌Y John Thomas (Republican) 62.6% ▌Chase A. Clark (Democratic) 36.7%
Illinois (Class 3)	Vacant			1926 Senator-elect Frank L. Smith (R) had been disqualified and resigned February 9, 1928.[2] New senator elected November 6, 1928. Republican hold.	▌Y Otis F. Glenn (Republican) 54.5% ▌Anton Cermak (Democratic) 44.9%
Michigan (Class 1)	Arthur Vandenberg	Republican	1928 (Appointed)	Woodbridge N. Ferris (D) died March 23, 1928, and Vandenberg was appointed to continue the term. Interim appointee elected November 6, 1928. Winner was also elected to the next term, see below.	▌Y Arthur Vandenberg (Republican) 72.03% ▌John W. Bailey (Democratic) 27.78%[3]
New Mexico (Class 1)	Bronson M. Cutting	Republican	1927 (Appointed)	Interim appointee did not run to finish the term, but was elected to the next term, see below. New senator elected November 6, 1928. Republican hold.	▌Y Octaviano Larrazolo (Republican) 55.65% ▌Juan N. Vigil (Democratic) 44.35%[4]
Ohio (Class 3)	Cyrus Locher	Democratic	1928 (Appointed)	Frank B. Willis (R) died March 30, 1928, and Locher was appointed to continue the term. Interim appointee lost nomination. New senator elected November 6, 1928. Republican gain.	▌Y Theodore E. Burton (Republican) 62.4% ▌Graham P. Hunt (Democratic) 37.4%

Elections leading to the 71st Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1929; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats, unless otherwise indicated.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Arizona	Henry F. Ashurst	Democratic	1912 1916 1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Henry F. Ashurst (Democratic) 54.3% ▌Ralph H. Cameron (Republican) 45.7%
California	Hiram Johnson	Republican	1916 1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Hiram Johnson (Republican) 74.1% ▌Minor Moore (Democratic) 18.2% ▌Charles Hiram Randall (Independent) 5.9%
Connecticut	George P. McLean	Republican	1911 1922	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold.	▌Y Frederic C. Walcott (Republican) 53.9% ▌Augustine Lonergan (Democratic) 45.6%
Delaware	Thomas F. Bayard Jr.	Democratic	1922 (special) 1922	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	▌Y John G. Townsend Jr. (Republican) 61.0% ▌Thomas F. Bayard Jr. (Democratic) 39.1%
Florida	Park Trammell	Democratic	1916 1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Park Trammell (Democratic) 68.5% ▌Barclay H. Warburton (Republican) 31.5%
Indiana	Arthur Raymond Robinson	Republican	1926 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Arthur Raymond Robinson (Republican) 55.3% ▌Albert Stump (Democratic) 44.1%
Maine	Frederick Hale	Republican	1916 1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Frederick Hale (Republican) 69.6% ▌Herbert E. Holmes (Democratic) 30.4%
Maryland	William Cabell Bruce	Democratic	1922	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	▌Y Phillips Lee Goldsborough (Republican) 54.1% ▌William Cabell Bruce (Democratic) 45.2%
Massachusetts	David I. Walsh	Democratic	1926 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y David I. Walsh (Democratic) 53.6% ▌Benjamin Loring Young (Republican) 45.5%
Michigan	Arthur Vandenberg	Republican	1928 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected. Winner was also elected to finish the current term, see above.	▌Y Arthur Vandenberg (Republican) 71.8% ▌John W. Bailey (Democratic) 27.7%
Minnesota	Henrik Shipstead	Farmer–Labor	1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y Henrik Shipstead (Farmer–Labor) 65.4% ▌Arthur E. Nelson (Republican) 33.7%
Mississippi	Hubert D. Stephens	Democratic	1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Hubert D. Stephens (Democratic) Unopposed
Missouri	James A. Reed	Democratic	1910 1916 1922	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican gain.	▌Y Roscoe C. Patterson (Republican) 51.9% ▌Charles M. Hay (Democratic) 47.9%
Montana	Burton K. Wheeler	Democratic	1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Burton K. Wheeler (Democratic) 53.2% ▌Joseph M. Dixon (Republican) 46.8%
Nebraska	Robert B. Howell	Republican	1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Robert B. Howell (Republican) 61.3% ▌Richard Lee Metcalfe (Democratic) 38.7%
Nevada	Key Pittman	Democratic	1913 (special) 1916 1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Key Pittman (Democratic) 59.3% ▌Samuel Platt (Republican) 40.7%
New Jersey	Edward I. Edwards	Democratic	1922	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	▌Y Hamilton F. Kean (Republican) 57.9% ▌Edward I. Edwards (Democratic) 41.8%
New Mexico	Bronson M. Cutting	Republican	1927 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected. Winner was not elected to finish the current term, see above.	▌Y Bronson M. Cutting (Republican) 57.7% ▌Jethro S. Vaught (Democratic) 42.3%
New York	Royal S. Copeland	Democratic	1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Royal S. Copeland (Democratic) 49.1% ▌Alanson B. Houghton (Republican) 47.9%
North Dakota	Lynn Frazier	Republican	1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Lynn Frazier (Republican) 79.6% ▌F. F. Burchard (Democratic) 19.4%
Ohio	Simeon D. Fess	Republican	1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Simeon D. Fess (Republican) 60.7% ▌Charles V. Truax (Democratic) 39.1%
Pennsylvania	David A. Reed	Republican	1922 (Appointed) 1922 (special) 1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y David A. Reed (Republican) 64.4% ▌William N. McNair (Democratic) 34.0%
Rhode Island	Peter G. Gerry	Democratic	1916 1922	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	▌Y Felix Hebert (Republican) 50.6% ▌Peter G. Gerry (Democratic) 49.3%
Tennessee	Kenneth McKellar	Democratic	1916 1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Kenneth McKellar (Democratic) 59.3% ▌James Alexander Fowler (Republican) 40.7%
Texas	Earle B. Mayfield	Democratic	1922	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Tom Connally (Democratic) 81.2% ▌T. M. Kennerly (Republican) 18.7%
Utah	William H. King	Democratic	1916 1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William H. King (Democratic) 55.5% ▌Ernest Bamberger (Republican) 43.9%
Vermont	Frank L. Greene	Republican	1916 1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Frank L. Greene (Republican) 71.6% ▌Fred C. Martin (Democratic) 28.5%
Virginia	Claude A. Swanson	Democratic	1910 (Appointed) 1911 (Appointed) 1912 (special) 1916 1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Claude A. Swanson (Democratic) 99.8% Unopposed
Washington	Clarence Dill	Democratic	1916 1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Clarence Dill (Democratic) 53.4% ▌Kenneth Mackintosh (Republican) 46.5% ▌Alex Noral (Communist) 0.1%
West Virginia	Matthew M. Neely	Democratic	1922	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	▌Y Henry D. Hatfield (Republican) 50.7% ▌Matthew M. Neely (Democratic) 49.2%
Wisconsin	Robert M. La Follette Jr.	Republican	1925 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Robert M. La Follette Jr. (Republican) 85.6% ▌William H. Markham (Independent) 11.0% ▌David W. Emerson (Prohibition) 2.9%
Wyoming	John B. Kendrick	Democratic	1916 1922	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John B. Kendrick (Democratic) 53.5% ▌Charles E. Winter (Republican) 46.1%

Closest races

Twelve races had a margin of victory under 10%:

State	Party of winner	Margin
New York	Democratic	1.2%
Rhode Island	Republican (flip)	1.3%
West Virginia	Republican (flip)	1.5%
Missouri	Republican (flip)	4.0%
Montana	Republican (flip)	6.4%
Washington	Democratic	6.9%
Wyoming	Democratic	7.4%
Massachusetts	Democratic	8.1%
Connecticut	Republican	8.3%
Arizona	Democratic	8.6%
Maryland	Republican (flip)	8.9%
Illinois	Republican (flip)	9.6%

New Mexico was the tipping point state with a margin of 15.4%.

Arizona

1928 United States Senate election in Arizona

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Henry F. Ashurst Ralph H. Cameron Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 47,013 39,651 Percentage 54.25% 45.75%

County results Ashurst:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Cameron:      50-60%

U.S. senator before election Henry F. Ashurst Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Henry F. Ashurst Democratic

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Arizona

See also: List of United States senators from Arizona

1928 United States Senate election in Arizona^[5]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Henry F. Ashurst (incumbent)	47,013	54.25%
	Republican	Ralph H. Cameron	39,651	45.75%
Majority			7,362	8.50%
Turnout			86,664
	Democratic hold		Swing

California

1928 United States Senate election in California

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Hiram Johnson Minor Moore Charles H. Randall Party Republican Democratic Prohibition Popular vote 1,148,397 282,411 92,106 Percentage 74.11% 18.23% 5.94%

County results Johnson:      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      90–100%

U.S. senator before election Hiram Johnson Republican Elected U.S. Senator Hiram Johnson Republican

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in California

See also: List of United States senators from California

1928 United States Senate election in California ^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Hiram Johnson (Incumbent)	1,148,397	74.10%
	Democratic	Minor Moore	282,411	18.22%
	Prohibition	Charles Hiram Randall	92,106	5.94%
	Socialist	Lena Morrow Lewis	26,624	1.72%
	Independent	Anita Whitney	154	0.01%
	None	Scattering	104	0.01%
Majority			865,986	55.88%
Turnout			1,549,796
	Republican hold

Connecticut

1928 United States Senate election in Connecticut

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Frederic C. Walcott Augustine Lonergan Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 296,958 251,429 Percentage 53.86% 45.60%

County results Municipality results Wolcott:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80-90% Lonergan:      50–60%      60-70%      70-80%

U.S. senator before election George McLean Republican Elected U.S. Senator Frederic C. Walcott Republican

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Connecticut

See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut

1928 United States Senate election in Connecticut^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Frederic C. Walcott	296,958	53.86%
	Democratic	Augustine Lonergan	251,429	45.60%
	Socialist	Martin F Plunkett	3,014	0.55%
Majority			45,529	8.26%
Turnout			551,401
	Republican hold

Delaware

1928 United States Senate election in Delaware

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee John G. Townsend Jr. Thomas F. Bayard Jr. Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 63,725 40,828 Percentage 60.95% 39.05%

County results Townsend:      50-60%      60-70%

U.S. senator before election Thomas F. Bayard Jr. Democratic Elected U.S. Senator John G. Townsend Jr. Republican

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Delaware

See also: List of United States senators from Delaware

1928 United States Senate election in Delaware^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	John G. Townsend Jr.	63,725	60.95%
	Democratic	Thomas F. Bayard Jr. (Incumbent)	40,828	39.05%
Majority			22,897	21.90%
Turnout			104,553
	Republican gain from Democratic

Florida

1928 United States Senate election in Florida

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Park Trammell Barclay Warburton Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 153,816 70,633 Percentage 68.53% 31.47%

County results Trammell:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80-90%      >90% Warburton:      50-60%

U.S. senator before election Park Trammell Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Park Trammell Democratic

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Florida

See also: List of United States senators from Florida

1928 United States Senate election in Florida^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Park Trammell (Incumbent)	153,816	68.53%
	Republican	Barclay H. Warburton	70,633	31.47%
Majority			83,183	37.06%
Turnout			224,449
	Democratic hold

Idaho (special)

1928 United States Senate special election in Idaho

← 1926 November 6, 1928 1932 →

Nominee John Thomas Chase A. Clark Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 90,922 53,399 Percentage 62.56% 36.74%

County results Thomas:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80% Clark:      50-60%      60-70%

U.S. senator before election John Thomas Republican Elected U.S. Senator John Thomas Democratic

See also: List of United States senators from Idaho

1928 United States Senate special election in Idaho^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	John Thomas (incumbent)	90,922	62.56%
	Democratic	Chase A. Clark	53,399	36.74%
	Socialist	Lundt	1,016	0.70%
Majority			37,523	25.82%
Turnout			145,337
	Republican hold

Illinois (special)

1928 United States Senate special election in Illinois

← 1926 November 6, 1928 1932 →

Nominee Otis F. Glenn Anton Cermak Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,594,031 1,315,338 Percentage 54.46% 44.94%

Results by county Glenn:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Cermak:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Vacant Elected U.S. senator Otis F. Glenn Republican

Main article: 1928 United States Senate special election in Illinois

See also: List of United States senators from Illinois

1928 United States Senate special election in Illinois^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Otis F. Glenn	1,594,031	54.46%
	Democratic	Anton Cermak	1,315,338	44.94%
	Socialist	George Ross Kirkpatrick	13,002	0.44%
	Workers	Max Bedacht	3,177	0.11%
	Socialist Labor	G. A. Jenning	1,463	0.05%
Majority			278,693	9.52%
Turnout			2,927,011

Indiana

1928 United States Senate election in Indiana

← 1926 (special) November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Arthur Robinson Albert Stump Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 782,144 623,996 Percentage 55.30% 44.12%

County results Robinson:      50–60%      60–70% Stump:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Arthur Raymond Robinson Republican Elected U.S. Senator Arthur Raymond Robinson Republican

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Indiana

See also: List of United States senators from Indiana

1928 United States Senate election in Indiana^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Arthur Raymond Robinson (Incumbent)	782,144	55.30%
	Democratic	Albert Stump	623,996	44.12%
	Prohibition	William H. Harris	4,033	0.29%
	Socialist	Philip K. Reinbold	3,346	0.24%
	Socialist Labor	Charles Ginsberg	443	0.03%
	Workers	William F. Jackson	327	0.02%
	National	John Zalind	151	0.01%
Majority			158,148	11.18%
Turnout			1,414,440
	Republican hold

Maine

1928 United States Senate election in Maine

← 1922 September 10, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Frederick Hale Herbert E. Holmes Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 145,501 63,429 Percentage 69.64% 30.36%

County Results Hale:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Frederick Hale Republican Elected U.S. Senator Frederick Hale Republican

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Maine

See also: List of United States senators from Maine

1928 United States Senate election in Maine^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Frederick Hale (Incumbent)	245,501	79.47%
	Democratic	Herbert E. Holmes	63,429	20.53%
Majority			182,072	58.94%
Turnout			308,930
	Republican hold

Maryland

1928 United States Senate election in Maryland

← 1922 November 5, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Phillips Lee Goldsborough William Cabell Bruce Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 256,224 214,447 Percentage 54.05% 45.24%

County results Goldsborough:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Bruce:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election William Cabell Bruce Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Phillips Lee Goldsborough Republican

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Maryland

See also: List of United States senators from Maryland

1928 United States Senate election in Maryland^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Phillips Lee Goldsborough	256,224	54.05%
	Democratic	William Cabell Bruce (incumbent)	214,447	45.24%
	Socialist	William A Toole	2,026	0.43%
	Labor	Robert W. Stevens	1,370	0.29%
Majority			41,777	8.81%
Turnout			474,067
	Republican gain from Democratic

Massachusetts

1928 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

← 1926 (special) November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee David I. Walsh Benjamin Loring Young Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 818,055 693,563 Percentage 53.65% 45.48%

County results Walsh:      40–50%      50–60%      70–80% Young:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

Senator before election David I. Walsh Democratic Elected Senator David I. Walsh Democratic

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts

1928 United States Senate election in Massachusetts^[7]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	David I. Walsh (incumbent)	818,055	53.65
	Republican	Benjamin Loring Young	693,563	45.48
	Socialist	Alfred B. Lewis	7,675	0.50
	Workers	John J. Ballam	5,621	0.37

Michigan

See also: List of United States senators from Michigan

First-term Democrat Woodbridge N. Ferris died March 23, 1928.

On March 31, 1928, Governor Fred W. Green appointed 44-year-old Republican Arthur H. Vandenberg to fill the vacancy, pending a special election. Green considered resigning so he could be appointed to the vacancy. He also considered several other candidates, including former governors Albert Sleeper and Chase Osborn. In addition, Green considered Representative Joseph W. Fordney, who would have been a placeholder until the election for the remainder of Ferris' term. Green finally decided upon Vandenberg, who immediately declared his intention to stand for election to both the short, unexpired term and the full six-year term. Both the special and the general elections were held the same day, November 6, 1928.

Michigan (regular)

1928 United States Senate election in Michigan

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Arthur Vandenberg John W. Bailey Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 977,893 376,592 Percentage 71.79% 27.65%

County results Vandenberg:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90%

U.S. senator before election Arthur Vandenberg Republican Elected U.S. Senator Arthur Vandenberg Republican

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Michigan

1928 United States Senate election in Michigan^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Arthur Vandenberg (Incumbent)	977,893	71.79%
	Democratic	John W. Bailey	376,592	27.65%
	Socialist	William L. Krieghoff	2,796	0.21%
	Workers	Ben A. Faulkner	2,249	0.17%
	Prohibition	Duly McCone	1,927	0.14%
	Socialist Labor	David Boyd	689	0.05%
Majority			601,301	44.14%
Turnout			1,362,146
	Republican hold

Michigan (special)

1928 United States Senate special election in Michigan^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Arthur Vandenberg (Incumbent)	974,203	72.03%
	Democratic	John W. Bailey	375,673	27.77%
	Socialist	Francis W. Elliott	2,682	0.20%
	None	Scattering	3	0.00%
Majority			598,530	44.26%
Turnout			1,352,561
	Republican hold

Minnesota

1928 United States Senate election in Minnesota

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Henrik Shipstead Arthur E. Nelson Party Farmer–Labor Republican Popular vote 665,169 342,992 Percentage 65.38% 33.71%

County results Shipstead:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%

U.S. senator before election Henrik Shipstead Farmer–Labor Elected U.S. Senator Henrik Shipstead Farmer–Labor

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Minnesota

See also: List of United States senators from Minnesota

1928 United States Senate election in Minnesota^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Farmer–Labor	Henrik Shipstead (Incumbent)	665,169	65.37%
	Republican	Arthur E. Nelson	342,992	33.71%
	Workers (Communist)	Vincent R. Dunne	9,380	0.92%
Majority			322,177	31.66%
Turnout			1,017,541
	Farmer–Labor hold

Mississippi

See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi

1928 United States Senate election in Mississippi^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Hubert D. Stephens (Incumbent)	111,180	100.00%
	Democratic hold

Missouri

1928 United States Senate election in Missouri

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Roscoe C. Patterson Charles M. Hay Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 787,499 726,322 Percentage 51.91% 47.88%

County Results Patterson:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Hay:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Tie:      40–50%

U.S. senator before election James A. Reed Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Roscoe C. Patterson Republican

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Missouri

See also: List of United States senators from Missouri

1928 Missouri United States Senate election^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Roscoe C. Patterson	787,499	51.91%
	Democratic	Charles M. Hay	726,322	47.88%
	Socialist	Charles H. Harrison	2,845	0.19%
	Socialist Labor	William Wesley Cox	257	0.02%
Majority			61,177	4.03%
Turnout			1,516,923
	Republican gain from Democratic

Montana

1928 United States Senate election in Montana

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Burton K. Wheeler Joseph M. Dixon Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 103,655 91,185 Percentage 53.20% 46.80%

County Results Wheeler:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Dixon:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Burton K. Wheeler Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Burton K. Wheeler Democratic

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Montana

See also: List of United States senators from Montana

1928 United States Senate election in Montana^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Burton K. Wheeler (Incumbent)	103,655	53.20%
	Republican	Joseph M. Dixon	91,185	46.80%
Majority			12,470	6.40%
Turnout			194,840
	Democratic hold

Nebraska

1928 United States Senate election in Nebraska

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 (special) →

Nominee Robert B. Howell Richard L. Metcalfe Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 324,014 204,737 Percentage 61.28% 38.72%

County results Howell:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Metcalfe:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Robert B. Howell Republican Elected U.S. Senator Robert B. Howell Republican

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Nebraska

See also: List of United States senators from Nebraska

1928 United States Senate election in Nebraska^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Robert B. Howell (Incumbent)	324,014	61.28%
	Democratic	Richard L. Metcalfe	204,737	38.72%
	None	Scattering	1	0.00%
Majority			119,277	22.56%
Turnout			528,752
	Republican hold

Nevada

1934 United States Senate election in Nevada

← 1928 November 6, 1928 1940 →

Nominee Key Pittman Samuel Platt Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 27,581 14,273 Percentage 64.51% 33.38%

County results Pittman:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Platt:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Key Pittman Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Key Pittman Democratic

See also: List of United States senators from Nevada

1928 United States Senate election in Nevada^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Key Pittman (Incumbent)	19,515	59.26%
	Republican	Samuel Platt	13,414	40.74%
Majority			6,101	18.52%
Turnout			32,929
	Democratic hold

New Jersey

1928 United States Senate election in New Jersey

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Hamilton Fish Kean Edward I. Edwards Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 841,752 608,623 Percentage 57.87% 41.84%

County results Kean:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Edwards:      60–70%

Senator before election Edward I. Edwards Democratic Elected Senator Hamilton Fish Kean Republican

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in New Jersey

See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey

1928 United States Senate election in New Jersey^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Hamilton Fish Kean	841,752	57.87%
	Democratic	Edward I. Edwards (incumbent)	608,623	41.84%
	Socialist	Charlotte L. Bohlin	2,267	0.16%
	Workers	Albert Weisbrod	1,333	0.09%
	Prohibition	Will D. Martin	372	0.03%
	Socialist Labor	Frank Sanders	280	0.02%
Majority			232,129	16.03%
Turnout			1,454,627
	Republican gain from Democratic

New Mexico

See also: List of United States senators from New Mexico

Two-term Democrat Andrieus A. Jones died December 20, 1927. Republican Bronson M. Cutting was appointed December 29, 1927, to continue the term, pending a special election in which he was not a candidate.

New Mexico (special)

1928 United States Senate special election in New Mexico

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Octavio A. Larrazolo Juan N. Vigil Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 64,623 51,495 Percentage 55.65% 44.35%

County results Larrazolo:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Vigil:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Bronson M. Cutting Republican Elected U.S. Senator Octavio A. Larrazolo Republican

1928 United States Senate special election in New Mexico^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Octavio A. Larrazolo	64,623	55.65%
	Democratic	Juan N. Vigil	51,495	44.35%
Majority			13,128	11.30%
Turnout			116,118
	Republican hold

Larrazolo was not a candidate, however, for the next term. After leaving office, Larrazolo died on April 7, 1930.

New Mexico (regular)

1928 United States Senate election in New Mexico

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Bronson M. Cutting Jethro S. Vaught Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 68,070 49,913 Percentage 57.69% 42.31%

County results Cutting:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Vaught:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Bronson M. Cutting Republican Elected U.S. Senator Bronson M. Cutting Republican

1928 United States Senate election in New Mexico^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Bronson M. Cutting (Incumbent)	68,070	57.69%
	Democratic	Jethro S. Vaught	49,913	42.31%
Majority			18,157	15.38%
Turnout			117,983
	Republican hold

Cutting would be re-elected in 1934 but died May 6, 1935.

New York

1928 United States Senate election in New York

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Royal S. Copeland Alanson B. Houghton Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 2,084,273 2,034,014 Percentage 49.08% 47.89%

County Results Copeland:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Houghton:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

Senator before election Royal S. Copeland Democratic Elected Senator Royal S. Copeland Democratic

Main articles: 1928 New York state election and 1928 United States Senate election in New York

See also: List of United States senators from New York

1928 United States Senate election in New York^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Royal S. Copeland (incumbent)	2,084,273	49.08%
	Republican	Alanson B. Houghton	2,034,014	47.89%
	Socialist	McAlister Coleman	111,208	2.62%
	Workers	Robert Minor	11,956	0.28%
	Socialist Labor	Henry Kuhn	5,543	0.13%
Majority			50,259	1.19%
Turnout			4,246,994
	Democratic hold

North Dakota

1928 United States Senate election in North Dakota

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Lynn Frazier F. F. Burchard Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 159,940 38,856 Percentage 79.63% 19.35%

County results Frazier:      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      90–100%

U.S. senator before election Lynn Frazier Republican Elected U.S. Senator Lynn Frazier Republican

See also: List of United States senators from North Dakota

1928 United States Senate election in North Dakota^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Lynn Frazier (Incumbent)	159,940	79.63%
	Democratic	F. F. Burchard	38,856	19.35%
	Farmer–Labor	Alfred Knutson	2,047	1.02%
Majority			121,084	60.28%
Turnout			200,843
	Republican hold

Ohio

See also: List of United States senators from Ohio

There were 2 elections due to the March 30, 1928, death of Republican Frank B. Willis.

Ohio (regular)

1928 United States Senate election in Ohio

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Simeon D. Fess Charles V. Truax Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,412,805 908,952 Percentage 60.73% 39.07%

County results Fess:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Traux:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Simeon D. Fess Republican Elected U.S. Senator Simeon D. Fess Republican

Ohio General election^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Simeon D. Fess (Incumbent)	1,412,805	60.73%
	Democratic	Charles V. Truax	908,952	39.07%
	Independent	Joseph Willnecker	2,061	0.09%
	Independent	James Goward	1,384	0.06%
	Independent	J. Wetherell Hutton	1,003	0.04%
Majority			503,853	21.66%
Turnout			2,326,205
	Republican hold

Ohio (special)

1928 United States Senate special election in Ohio

← 1926 November 6, 1928 1930 (special) →

Nominee Theodore E. Burton Graham P. Hunt Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,429,554 856,807 Percentage 62.43% 37.42%

County results Burton:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Hunt:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Cyrus Locher Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Theodore E. Burton Republican

Democrat Cyrus Locher was appointed April 5, 1928, to continue the term, pending the special election, in which he lost his party's nomination.

Ohio special election^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Theodore E. Burton	1,429,554	62.43%
	Democratic	Graham P. Hunt	856,807	37.42%
	Independent	Israel Amter	2,062	0.09%
	Independent	Anna K. Storck	1,389	0.06%
Majority			572,747	25.01%
Turnout			2,289,812
	Republican gain from Democratic

Burton, in turn, died October 28, 1929, triggering another interim appointment and special election before the 1933 end of the term.

Pennsylvania

1928 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee David A. Reed William N. McNair Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,948,646 1,029,055 Percentage 64.38% 34.00%

County Results: Reed:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80-90% McNair:      50-60%

U.S. senator before election David A. Reed Republican Elected U.S. Senator David A. Reed Republican

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania

General election results^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	David A. Reed (inc.)	1,948,646	64.38%	+8.77%
	Democratic	William N. McNair	1,029,055	34.00%	+3.87%
	Socialist	William J. Van Essen	23,100	0.76%	−1.53%
	Prohibition	Elisha K. Kane	14,866	0.49%	−2.42%
	Socialist Labor	Charles Kutz	7,524	0.25%	+0.25%
	Workers	W. J. White	2,420	0.08%	+0.08%
	Socialist Labor	William H. Thomas	1,234	0.04%	+0.04%
	N/A	Other	19	0.00%	N/A
Totals			3,026,864	100.00%

Rhode Island

See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island

1928 United States Senate election in Rhode Island^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Felix Hebert	119,228	50.57%
	Democratic	Peter G. Gerry (Incumbent)	116,234	49.30%
	Workers	James P. Reid	313	0.13%
Majority			2,994	1.27%
Turnout			235,775
	Republican gain from Democratic

Tennessee

1928 United States Senate election in Tennessee

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Kenneth McKellar James A. Fowler Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 175,431 120,289 Percentage 59.32% 40.68%

County results Congressional districts results McKellar:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Fowler:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%

U.S. senator before election Kenneth McKellar Democratic Elected U.S. senator Kenneth McKellar Democratic

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Tennessee

See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee

1928 United States Senate election in Tennessee^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Kenneth D. McKellar (Incumbent)	175,329	59.32%
	Republican	James Alexander Fowler	120,259	40.68%
Majority			55,070	18.64%
Turnout			295,588
	Democratic hold

Texas

1928 United States Senate election in Texas

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Tom Connally T. M. Kennerly Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 566,139 129,910 Percentage 81.24% 18.64%

County Results[8] Connally:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Kennerly:      50–60%      60–70% No vote:

U.S. senator before election Earle Mayfield Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Tom Connally Democratic

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Texas

See also: List of United States senators from Texas

1928 United States Senate election in Texas^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Tom Connally	566,139	81.24%
	Republican	Thomas Martin Kennerly	129,910	18.64%
	Socialist	David Curran	690	0.10%
	Communist	John Rust	114	0.02%
Majority			436,229	62.60%
Turnout			696,853
	Democratic hold

Utah

1928 United States Senate election in Utah

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee William H. King Ernest Bamberger Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 97,436 77,073 Percentage 55.52% 43.91%

County results King:      50–60%      60–70% Bamberger:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election William H. King Democratic Elected U.S. Senator William H. King Democratic

See also: List of United States senators from Utah

1928 United States Senate election in Utah^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	William H. King (Incumbent)	97,436	55.52%
	Republican	Ernest Bamberger	77,073	43.91%
	Socialist	Charles T. Stoney	998	0.57%
Majority			20,363	11.61%
Turnout			175,507
	Democratic hold

Vermont

1928 United States Senate election in Vermont

← 1922 November 6, 1928 (1928-11-06) 1931 (special) →

Nominee Frank L. Greene Fred C. Martin Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 93,136 37,030 Percentage 71.55% 28.45%

County results Municipality results Greene:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80-90%      90-100% Martin:      50-60%      60-70%      80-90%

U.S. senator before election Frank L. Greene Republican Elected U.S. Senator Frank L. Greene Republican

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Vermont

See also: List of United States senators from Vermont

1928 United States Senate election in Vermont^[9]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Frank L. Greene (Incumbent)	93,136	71.55%
	Democratic	Fred C. Martin	37,030	28.45%
Majority			56,106	43.10%
Turnout			130,166
	Republican hold

Virginia

1928 United States Senate election in Virginia

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1933 (special) →

Nominee Claude A. Swanson Party Democratic Popular vote 275,425 Percentage 99.84%

U.S. senator before election Claude A. Swanson Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Claude A. Swanson Democratic

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Virginia

See also: List of United States senators from Virginia

1928 United States Senate election in Virginia^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Claude A. Swanson (inc.)	275,425	99.84%	+27.96%
	Write-ins		436	0.16%	+0.16%
Majority			274,989	99.68%	+54.29%
Turnout			275,861
	Democratic hold

Washington

1928 United States Senate election in Washington

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Clarence Dill Kenneth Mackintosh Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 261,524 227,415 Percentage 53.42% 46.45%

County results Dill:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Mackintosh:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Clarence Dill Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Clarence Dill Democratic

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Washington

See also: List of United States senators from Washington

1928 United States Senate election in Washington^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Clarence Dill (Incumbent)	261,524	53.42%
	Republican	Kenneth Mackintosh	227,415	46.45%
	Workers (Communist)	Alex Noral	666	0.14%
Majority			34,109	6.97%
Turnout			489,605
	Democratic hold

West Virginia

1928 United States Senate election in West Virginia

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Henry D. Hatfield Matthew M. Neely Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 327,266 317,620 Percentage 50.68% 49.18%

County results Hatfield:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Neely:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Matthew M. Neely Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Henry D. Hatfield Republican

See also: List of United States senators from West Virginia

1928 United States Senate election in West Virginia^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Henry D. Hatfield	327,266	50.68%
	Democratic	Matthew M. Neely (Incumbent)	317,620	49.18%
	Socialist	M. S. Holt	919	0.14%
Majority			9,646	1.50%
Turnout			645,805
	Republican gain from Democratic

Wisconsin

1928 United States Senate election in Wisconsin

← 1925 (special) November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee Robert La Follette Jr. William H. Markham Party Republican Independent Republican Popular vote 635,376 81,302 Percentage 85.57% 10.92%

La Follete:      70–80%      80–90%      >90%

U.S. senator before election Robert La Follette Jr. Republican Elected U.S. Senator Robert La Follette Jr. Republican

Main article: 1928 United States Senate election in Wisconsin

See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin

1928 United States Senate election in Wisconsin^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Robert M. La Follette Jr. (incumbent)	635,379	85.56%
	Independent Republican	William H. Markham	81,302	10.95%
	Prohibition	David W. Emerson	21,359	2.88%
	Independent Labor	Richard Koeppel	3,053	0.41%
	Workers	John Kasun	1,463	0.20%
	None	Scattering	92	0.01%
Majority			54,077	74.61%
Turnout			742,648
	Republican hold

Wyoming

1928 United States Senate election in Wyoming

← 1922 November 6, 1928 1934 →

Nominee John B. Kendrick Charles E. Winter Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 43,032 37,076 Percentage 53.50% 46.09%

County results Kendrick:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Winter:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election John B. Kendrick Democratic Elected U.S. Senator John B. Kendrick Democratic

See also: List of United States senators from Wyoming

1928 United States Senate election in Wyoming^[6]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	John B. Kendrick (Incumbent)	43,032	53.50%
	Republican	Charles E. Winter	37,076	46.09%
	Socialist	W. W. Wolfe	333	0.41%
Majority			5,956	7.41%
Turnout			80,441
	Democratic hold

See also

• 1928 United States elections
  • 1928 United States presidential election
  • 1928 United States House of Representatives elections
• 70th United States Congress
• 71st United States Congress

Notes

1. Appointee elected

References

1. September 10, 1928, in Maine
2. "SMITH, Frank Leslie – Biographical Information". Bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
3. "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". www.ourcampaigns.com.
4. "Our Campaigns - NM US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 08, 1928". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
5. "Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate Race - Nov 06, 1928". www.ourcampaigns.com.
6. "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 1928" (PDF). Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
7. Office of the Secretary of Commonwealth of Massachusetts (1928). Number of assessed polls, registered voters and persons who voted in each voting precinct in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts at the state, city and town elections. p. 375.
8. Heard, Alexander; Strong, Donald (1950). Southern Primaries and Elections 1920-1949. University of Alabama Press. pp. 170–172. ISBN 9780836955248.
9. "General Election Results - U.S. Senator - 1914-2014" (PDF). Office of the Vermont Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2015.