Traditional food

Traditional foods are foods and dishes that are passed on through generations^[1] or which have been consumed for many generations.^[2] Traditional foods and dishes are traditional in nature, and may have a historic precedent in a national dish, regional cuisine^[1] or local cuisine. Traditional foods and beverages may be produced as homemade, by restaurants and small manufacturers, and by large food processing plant facilities.^[3]

Thumb — Bryndzové halušky (potato dumplings with sheep's-milk cheese) is a traditional food of shepherds in Slovakia.

Some traditional foods have geographical indications and traditional specialties in the European Union designations per European Union schemes of geographical indications and traditional specialties: Protected designation of origin (PDO), Protected geographical indication (PGI) and Traditional specialties guaranteed (TSG). These standards serve to promote and protect names of quality agricultural products and foodstuffs.^[4]

This article also includes information about traditional beverages.

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Although it is common for them to be used as synonyms, the truth is that "traditional" cuisine and "typical" cuisine are considered two different concepts according to culinary anthropology; The first refers to culinary customs that are invariably inherited orally, on a small scale in the family, and a large scale in a community as part of its culture and identity. On the other hand, when we speak of typical (or "popular") cuisine, it is one that most people in a place like and is massively replicated.^[5] Therefore, a traditional dish may be typical and vice versa, but neither much less all the typical dishes are traditional nor the traditional ones are typical.

Most traditional dishes are originated from the skill of housewives who creatively and sensibly combined the techniques and ingredients they had on hand to create new recipes. If people like that recipe, it becomes worthy of being imitated. In other words, it is spread and replicated so many times that it becomes a classic recipe. For this reason, the culinary tradition is made up of a vast variety of classic recipes, which are necessarily linked to a land of origin, specific products, and specific local habits. There are classic recipes that can fall into oblivion and disappear forever, but if they are consumed massively, they become part of the typical cuisine of a place. The Mexican culinary anthropologist Maru Toledo adds a third concept to this process, which is that of "typical commercial" cuisine,^[6] something that did not exist until the commercialization of cuisine (a process that has occurred very recently, if we observe the complete chronology of food history).

Commercialized cuisine

The commercialized cuisine appropriates the characteristics of the traditional (even the same adjective "traditional", on numerous occasions) but the aim is none other than economic profit. For this reason, it does not want to delve into the origin, nor in the context, much less the diversity around the dishes, it sells. Finally, the mainstream population, generally without much culinary knowledge, believe that the food they are buying is their own, thus happening a kind of food acculturation^[7] and simplifying the diversity of products, techniques, recipes and other culinary aspects of the tradition.

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Africa

Bambara groundnut – a traditional food crop in Africa

Europe

Traditional food products have been described as playing "an important part of European culture, identity, and heritage".^[8]

South America

Humita – a traditional food in Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru

Canada

Country food refers to the traditional diets of Aboriginal people (known in Canada as First Nations, Metis, and Inuit), especially in remote northern regions where Western food is an expensive import, and traditional foods are still relied upon.^[9]^[10]
Thanksgiving dinner

Québec

Poutine
A classic poutine is made with french fries, cheese curds and gravy.
Tourtière
Sucre à la crème
Pâté chinois
Pouding chômeur
St. Catherine's taffy
Spruce beer
Maple syrup
Cretons

Acadia

China

Ciba cake
Dim sum
Fuling jiabing – a traditional snack food of Beijing and an integral part of the city's culture. It is a pancake-like snack made from flour, sugar, and fuling (Poria), rolled around nuts, honey, and other ingredients.
Spring pancake – a traditional Chinese food unique to the northern regions. People eat spring pancakes on the day called lichun to celebrate the beginning of spring.
Zhongzi - sticky rice with savory or sweet ingredients wrapped in bamboo leaves and boiled. Made to commemorate the poet and minister Qu Yuan during the Dragon boat festival.

Costa Rica

Rice and beans^[12]

Croatia

Lecsó

Cyprus

Tsamarella – a traditional food and one of Cyprus' main lunch meats^[13]^[14]

Czech Republic

Estonia

Mulgipuder^{[citation needed]}
Sepik

Eswatini

Faroe Islands

Finland

France

Appellation d'origine contrôlée – the French certification granted to certain French geographical indications for wines, cheeses, butters, and other agricultural products
- Bresse chicken – a French chicken product with appellation d'origine contrôlée status
- List of Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée liqueurs and spirits
- List of Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée wines

Germany

Black Forest ham – produced in the Black Forest region of Germany, it is a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) food in the European Union.

Guatemala

Fiambre is a traditional Guatemalan dish that is prepared and eaten yearly to celebrate the Day of the Dead (Día de Los Muertos) and the All Saints Day (Día de Todos Los Santos).

Iceland

Hákarl – a traditional food^[15] and national dish of Iceland
Hangikjöt^[16]
Þorramatur – a selection of traditional Icelandic food,^[17] consisting mainly of meat and fish products cured in a traditional manner, cut into slices or pieces and served with rúgbrauð (dense and dark rye bread), butter and brennivín (an Icelandic akvavit)

India

Kheer
Roti and Sabzi^{[citation needed]}

South Indian Food

Indonesia

Brem – a fermented snack and beverage from Java and Bali
Docang – a traditional food from Cirebon
Gado-gado – a traditional salad in peanut sauce dressing
Gudeg – a young unripe jackfruit stew, a traditional food from Yogyakarta
Ketupat – a traditional rice dumpling commonly served during Lebaran, Indonesian idul fitri
Kuluban – an ancient Javanese traditional salad
Lawar – a traditional Balinese vegetable dish
Opor ayam – chicken in coconut milk stew, a traditional dish commonly consumed with ketupat during Lebaran
Pallubasa – a traditional food from Makassar, South Sulawesi made from offal of cattle or buffalo
Papeda – sago congee, a traditional staple of Eastern Indonesia (Maluku and Papua)
Rendang – traditional Minangkabau dish from West Sumatra
Satay – grilled meat on skewers, various traditional regional variants exist in Indonesia
Soto – a category of traditional soup of Indonesia, numerous regional variations exist
Tempeh – fermented soy cake, traditional food from Java
Tumpeng – a ceremonial rice cone surrounded by various side dishes, an Indonesian national dish

Iran

Ireland

Italy

By designation of origin

Denominazione di origine controllata – a quality assurance label for Italian food products, especially Italian wine and cheese
- List of Italian DOC wines
- List of Italian DOCG wines
Indicazione geografica tipica
Prodotto agroalimentare tradizionale is an official approval for traditional Italian regional food products similar to the Protected Geographical Status of the European Union.
- Mascarpone
- Piadina
Strada dell'Olio – a kind of gastronomical route in Italy that crosses a territory rich of traditional products, PDOs and PGIs, DOCs and DOCGs in Italy.

Piedmont

Panna cotta – The northern Italian Region of Piedmont includes panna cotta in its 2001 list of traditional food products of the region.^[19] Panna cotta is not mentioned in Italian cookbooks before the 1960s,^[20]^[21] yet it is often cited as a traditional dessert in Piedmont.

Japan

Mochi – eaten year-round in Japan, mochi is a traditional food for the Japanese New Year and is commonly sold and eaten during that time

Jordan

Traditional beverages in Jordan include sous (also referred to as 'irqsus), a drink prepared using the dried root of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice), tamr hindi, a drink prepared from an infusion of the dried pulp of Tamarindus indica (tamarind), and laban (labneh), a drink prepared with yogurt and water.^[3] A significant amount of labneh in Jordan and nearby countries continues to be prepared using the traditional method of "straining set yogurt in cloth bags".^[3]

Korea

Latvia

Lithuania

Cepelinai

Maldives

Garudiya ^[b]
Maldives fish – cured tuna fish traditionally produced in the Maldives. It is a staple food in Maldivian cuisine

Malta

Lent in Malta § Traditional food eaten throughout the period
- Kwareżimal – Lent cake

Mexico

Atole^[23]
Capirotada – usually eaten during the Lenten period (comida de cuaresma).^[24] It is one of the dishes served on Good Friday.
Chiles^[23]
Enchilada^[25]
Iguana meat
Legumes, beans and refried beans^[23]
Maize^[26]
- Tortilla^[27]
Mole sauce^[23]
Pork^[23]
- Chorizo^[23]
Rice – traditionally pan fried to a golden color before cooking ^[23]
Rice and beans^[28]
Sope^[29]
Tamale^[23]

Nepal

Dhindo

Portugal

Denominação de Origem Controlada is the system of protected designation of origin for wines, cheeses, butter, and other agricultural products from Portugal.

Saudi Arabia

Hininy
Kabsa

Singapore

Hainanese chicken rice – considered as a national dish of Singapore
Teochew porridge

Slovakia

Bryndzové halušky – a national dish of Slovakia consisting of halušky and bryndza.
Lecsó

South Africa

Spain

Boroña – a cornbread that is a traditional food in the regions of Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, the Basque Country and northern Castilla-Leon (areas of León, Palencia and Burgos)
Denominación de Origen – part of a regulatory classification system primarily for Spanish wines (similar to the French appellations) but also for other foodstuffs like cheeses, condiments, honey and meats, among others

Sweden

Switzerland

Appellation d'origine protégée – A Swiss geographical indication protecting the origin and the quality of traditional food products other than wines
Capuns – a traditional food from the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland

Tanzania

Pare people § Traditional food

Thailand

Turkey

İmam bayıldı^[33]

Uganda

Malewa – smoked bamboo shoot which is dried for preservation. The food originated from Eastern Uganda in the Bugisu sub-region

United Kingdom

England

Wales

Scotland

United States

Cardamom bread – considered as a traditional food among Swedish Americans
Thanksgiving dinner

Southern United States

Vanuatu

Laplap – a national dish

Yemen

Kabsa

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Arab states of the Persian Gulf

Khabees – traditional sweet dish in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf

Commonwealth Caribbean

Rice and peas – a traditional dish in the Anglo-Caribbean

Levant (Eastern Mediterranean)

Traditional foods of the Levant include falafel, fuul, halawa, hummus, kanafeh, labaneh, medammis and tahini.^[3] among others. The most popular traditional foods in the region are those prepared from legumes, specifically, falafel, fuul, hummus and medammis.^[3]

Popular traditional foods in the Eastern Mediterranean region
Falafel
Halawa prepared with tahini and pistachio nuts
Hummus
Kanafeh in Palestine
Labaneh

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Christmas dinner
Appellation
Shrove Tuesday – known in some countries as Pancake Tuesday or Pancake day
Whole food

"... the sizzle of the traditional Sunday roast."^[18]
"Food in the Maldives may be thought of in three categories: the traditional fare, Sri Lanka cuisine, and the newer imported foods. The traditional fare is mostly fish boiled in a broth called Gaudiya, and coconut pieces ..."^[22]
"England's best-known traditional dish is fish and chips ..."^[34]
"... the Sunday roast; the tradition is continued every Sunday lunchtime in pubs and restaurants across England."^[35]

[1]
Kristbergsson, K.; Oliveira, J. (2016). Traditional Foods: General and Consumer Aspects. Integrating Food Science and Engineering Knowledge Into the Food Chain. Springer US. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-1-4899-7648-2.
[2]
Saunders, Raine (28 October 2010). "What Are Traditional Foods?". Agriculture Society. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
[3]
Who Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (2010). Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Generic Models for Some Traditional Foods: A Manual for the Eastern Mediterranean Region. World Health Organization. pp. 41–50. ISBN 978-92-9021-590-5.
[4]
"Geographical indications and traditional specialties". europa.eu.
[5]
Midori Hernández, A. (2016). "El fogón de las "Mujeres del Maíz"" (PDF). Cultura Jalisco (in Spanish). 7: 6. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
[6]
Gómez, A. (22 June 2015). "Entrevista a Maru Toledo" (video). YouTube. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
[7]
Guelmami, Z. "L'acculturation à distance Dans Une société de consommation globalisée: le cas de la sous-culture lipophile française" (PDF). Place du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny (Paris Dauphine University).
[8]
Guerrero, L.; et al. (1 November 2010). "Consumer-driven definition of traditional food products and innovation in traditional foods. A qualitative cross-cultural study". Appetite. 52 (2): 345–354. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.11.008. PMID 19084040. S2CID 17169454.
[9]
Usher, Peter J. Evaluating Country Food in the Northern Native Economy (PDF). pp. 105–120.
[10]
Wein, Eleanor E.; et al. (1990). "Food Consumption Patterns and Use of Country Foods by Native Canadians near Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada". Arctic. 44 (3): 196–206. doi:10.14430/arctic1539.
[11]
Publishing, DK (2014). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Canada. Eyewitness Travel Guides. DK Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4654-2221-7.
[12]
Long, L.M. (2015). Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-4422-2731-6.
[13]
"Products and Recipes". visitcyprus.com. Cyprus Tourism Organisation. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
[14]
"Σφαγή χοίρου & Παρασκευή παραδοσιακών αλλαντικών". foodmuseum.cs.ucy.ac.cy. Cyprus Food Virtual Museum. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
[15]
Helfman, G.; Burgess, G.H. (2014). Sharks. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4214-1310-5.
[16]
Albala, K. (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia [4 volumes]: [Four Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-313-37627-6.
[17]
Kalland, A. (2009). Unveiling the Whale: Discourses on Whales and Whaling. Environmental Anthropology and Ethnobiology. Berghahn Books. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-84545-955-0.
[18]
Davenport, F. (2010). Dublin. City Travel Guide Series. Lonely Planet. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-74179-220-1.
[19]
Riccardo Brocardo, "I prodotti agroalimentari tradizionali del Piemonte a quota 370", full text Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
[20]
Camilla V. Saulsbury, Panna Cotta: Italy's Elegant Custard Made Easy, p. 14
[21]
Luigi Carnacina, Luigi Veronelli, "Panna Cotta", La Cucina Rustica Regionale 1:156, 1977, based on La Buona Vera Cucina Italiana (not seen), 1966
[22]
Maloney, Clarence (1980). "Garudiya",+traditional+food People of the Maldive Islands. Orient Longman. ISBN 9780861311583. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
[23]
Edelstein, S. (2009). Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 66–73. ISBN 978-0-7637-5965-0.
[24]
Capirotada The Zenchilada page 102 Winter 2011]
[25]
Tatum, C.M. (2013). Encyclopedia of Latino Culture: From Calaveras to Quinceaneras [3 Volumes]: From Calaveras to Quinceañeras. Cultures of the American Mosaic. ABC-CLIO. p. 466. ISBN 978-1-4408-0099-3. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
[26]
Schanbacher, W.D. (2010). The Politics of Food: The Global Conflict Between Food Security and Food Sovereignty. Praeger Security International Series. Praeger Security International. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-313-36328-3.
[27]
Sparks, P.; Swanson, B. (1993). Tortillas!: 75 Quick and Easy Ways to Turn Simple Tortillas Into Healthy Snacks and Mealtime Feasts. St. Martin's Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-312-08912-2.
[28]
Adapon, J. (2008). Culinary Art and Anthropology. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-84788-455-8.
[29]
Herbst, R.; Herbst, S.T. (2015). The Deluxe Food Lover's Companion, 2nd edition. Barron's Educational Series. p. pt901. ISBN 978-1-4380-7621-8.
[30]
"Throwback Thursday: Pap and chakalaka". 22 September 2022.
[31]
Dieterle, H.; Friedman, A. (2014). Harold Dieterle's Kitchen Notebook. Grand Central Publishing. p. pt45. ISBN 978-1-4555-2864-6.
[32]
Greenberg, P. (2012). The Best Places for Everything: The Ultimate Insider's Guide to the Greatest Experiences Around the World. Rodale Books. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-60961-829-2.
[33]
Speake, Jennifer; LaFlaur, Mark, eds. (2002). "Imam bayildi". The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199891573. Retrieved 3 July 2019 – via Oxford Reference.
[34]
Andrews, R. (2011). The Rough Guide to England. Rough Guides. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-4053-8845-0.
[35]
Holland, E. (2012). Pocket Guide to Edwardian England. Createspace Independent Pub. p. pt12. ISBN 978-1-4781-1344-7.
[36]
Gabriel, J. (2014). How to Cook Like a Southerner: Classic Recipes from the South's Best Down-Home Cooks. Thomas Nelson. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-4016-0506-3.
[37]
"Try traditional Southern foods for New Year's". Bradenton Herald. 31 December 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2016.

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Ferrando, R. (1981). Traditional and Non-traditional Foods. FAO food and nutrition series. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 1–156. ISBN 978-92-5-100167-7. PMID 7343324.
Yanagida, F.; Kenkyūjo, Tōkyō Nōgyō Daigaku. Sōgō (1987). Traditional foods and their processing in Asia. NODAI Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture.
Zaigui, L.; Hongzhuo, T. (2009). Traditional Chinese Foods: Production and Research Progress. Food science and technology series. Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60692-902-5.
Ray, R.C.; Didier, M. (2014). Microorganisms and Fermentation of Traditional Foods. Food Biology Series. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-4822-2308-8.

[19] "... the sizzle of the traditional Sunday roast."^[18]

[24] "Food in the Maldives may be thought of in three categories: the traditional fare, Sri Lanka cuisine, and the newer imported foods. The traditional fare is mostly fish boiled in a broth called Gaudiya, and coconut pieces ..."^[22]

[37] "England's best-known traditional dish is fish and chips ..."^[34]

[39] "... the Sunday roast; the tradition is continued every Sunday lunchtime in pubs and restaurants across England."^[35]

[Kristbergsson_Oliveira_2016-1] [1]
Kristbergsson, K.; Oliveira, J. (2016). Traditional Foods: General and Consumer Aspects. Integrating Food Science and Engineering Knowledge Into the Food Chain. Springer US. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-1-4899-7648-2.

[Saunders-2] [2]
Saunders, Raine (28 October 2010). "What Are Traditional Foods?". Agriculture Society. Retrieved 8 April 2015.

[WHO-3] [3]
Who Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (2010). Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Generic Models for Some Traditional Foods: A Manual for the Eastern Mediterranean Region. World Health Organization. pp. 41–50. ISBN 978-92-9021-590-5.

[4] [4]
"Geographical indications and traditional specialties". europa.eu.

[5] [5]
Midori Hernández, A. (2016). "El fogón de las "Mujeres del Maíz"" (PDF). Cultura Jalisco (in Spanish). 7: 6. Retrieved 29 April 2021.

[6] [6]
Gómez, A. (22 June 2015). "Entrevista a Maru Toledo" (video). YouTube. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.

[7] [7]
Guelmami, Z. "L'acculturation à distance Dans Une société de consommation globalisée: le cas de la sous-culture lipophile française" (PDF). Place du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny (Paris Dauphine University).

[ScienceDirect.com_2010-8] [8]
Guerrero, L.; et al. (1 November 2010). "Consumer-driven definition of traditional food products and innovation in traditional foods. A qualitative cross-cultural study". Appetite. 52 (2): 345–354. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.11.008. PMID 19084040. S2CID 17169454.

[9] [9]
Usher, Peter J. Evaluating Country Food in the Northern Native Economy (PDF). pp. 105–120.

[10] [10]
Wein, Eleanor E.; et al. (1990). "Food Consumption Patterns and Use of Country Foods by Native Canadians near Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada". Arctic. 44 (3): 196–206. doi:10.14430/arctic1539.

[11] [11]
Publishing, DK (2014). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Canada. Eyewitness Travel Guides. DK Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4654-2221-7.

[12] [12]
Long, L.M. (2015). Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-4422-2731-6.

[a-13] [13]
"Products and Recipes". visitcyprus.com. Cyprus Tourism Organisation. Retrieved 26 November 2015.

[b-14] [14]
"Σφαγή χοίρου & Παρασκευή παραδοσιακών αλλαντικών". foodmuseum.cs.ucy.ac.cy. Cyprus Food Virtual Museum. Retrieved 26 November 2015.

[15] [15]
Helfman, G.; Burgess, G.H. (2014). Sharks. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4214-1310-5.

[16] [16]
Albala, K. (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia [4 volumes]: [Four Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-313-37627-6.

[17] [17]
Kalland, A. (2009). Unveiling the Whale: Discourses on Whales and Whaling. Environmental Anthropology and Ethnobiology. Berghahn Books. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-84545-955-0.

[18] [18]
Davenport, F. (2010). Dublin. City Travel Guide Series. Lonely Planet. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-74179-220-1.

[20] [19]
Riccardo Brocardo, "I prodotti agroalimentari tradizionali del Piemonte a quota 370", full text Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine

[saulsbury-21] [20]
Camilla V. Saulsbury, Panna Cotta: Italy's Elegant Custard Made Easy, p. 14

[carnacina-22] [21]
Luigi Carnacina, Luigi Veronelli, "Panna Cotta", La Cucina Rustica Regionale 1:156, 1977, based on La Buona Vera Cucina Italiana (not seen), 1966

[23] [22]
Maloney, Clarence (1980). "Garudiya",+traditional+food People of the Maldive Islands. Orient Longman. ISBN 9780861311583. Retrieved 27 March 2016.

[Edelstein_2009-25] [23]
Edelstein, S. (2009). Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 66–73. ISBN 978-0-7637-5965-0.

[26] [24]
Capirotada The Zenchilada page 102 Winter 2011]

[27] [25]
Tatum, C.M. (2013). Encyclopedia of Latino Culture: From Calaveras to Quinceaneras [3 Volumes]: From Calaveras to Quinceañeras. Cultures of the American Mosaic. ABC-CLIO. p. 466. ISBN 978-1-4408-0099-3. Retrieved 27 March 2016.

[28] [26]
Schanbacher, W.D. (2010). The Politics of Food: The Global Conflict Between Food Security and Food Sovereignty. Praeger Security International Series. Praeger Security International. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-313-36328-3.

[29] [27]
Sparks, P.; Swanson, B. (1993). Tortillas!: 75 Quick and Easy Ways to Turn Simple Tortillas Into Healthy Snacks and Mealtime Feasts. St. Martin's Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-312-08912-2.

[30] [28]
Adapon, J. (2008). Culinary Art and Anthropology. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-84788-455-8.

[31] [29]
Herbst, R.; Herbst, S.T. (2015). The Deluxe Food Lover's Companion, 2nd edition. Barron's Educational Series. p. pt901. ISBN 978-1-4380-7621-8.

[32] [30]
"Throwback Thursday: Pap and chakalaka". 22 September 2022.

[Dieterle_Friedman_2014-33] [31]
Dieterle, H.; Friedman, A. (2014). Harold Dieterle's Kitchen Notebook. Grand Central Publishing. p. pt45. ISBN 978-1-4555-2864-6.

[Greenberg_2012-34] [32]
Greenberg, P. (2012). The Best Places for Everything: The Ultimate Insider's Guide to the Greatest Experiences Around the World. Rodale Books. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-60961-829-2.

[35] [33]
Speake, Jennifer; LaFlaur, Mark, eds. (2002). "Imam bayildi". The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199891573. Retrieved 3 July 2019 – via Oxford Reference.

[36] [34]
Andrews, R. (2011). The Rough Guide to England. Rough Guides. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-4053-8845-0.

[38] [35]
Holland, E. (2012). Pocket Guide to Edwardian England. Createspace Independent Pub. p. pt12. ISBN 978-1-4781-1344-7.

[40] [36]
Gabriel, J. (2014). How to Cook Like a Southerner: Classic Recipes from the South's Best Down-Home Cooks. Thomas Nelson. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-4016-0506-3.

[bradenton_2008-41] [37]
"Try traditional Southern foods for New Year's". Bradenton Herald. 31 December 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2016.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[a]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[b]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[c]

[d]

[36]

[37]

[18]

[22]

[34]

[35]

Commercialized cuisine

Africa

Europe

South America

Canada

Québec

Acadia

China

Costa Rica

Croatia

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Estonia

Eswatini

Faroe Islands

Finland

France

Germany

Guatemala

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran

Ireland

Italy

By designation of origin

Piedmont

Japan

Jordan

Korea

Latvia

Lithuania

Maldives

Malta

Mexico

Nepal

Portugal

Saudi Arabia

Singapore

Slovakia

South Africa

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Tanzania

Thailand

Turkey

Uganda

United Kingdom

England

Wales

Scotland

United States

Southern United States

Vanuatu

Yemen

Arab states of the Persian Gulf

Commonwealth Caribbean

Levant (Eastern Mediterranean)

European Union

Scandinavia

Southern Africa

Commercialized cuisine

Africa

Europe

South America

Canada

Québec

Acadia

China

Costa Rica

Croatia

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Estonia

Eswatini

Faroe Islands

Finland

France

Germany