Timeline of the Northern Yuan

This is a timeline of the Northern Yuan dynasty.

Northern Yuan

See also: Timeline of the Yuan dynasty and Timeline of the Ming dynasty

14th century

Year	Date	Event
1368		The Yuan dynasty retreats to Karakorum[1]
1380		Ming dynasty sacks Karakorum[1]
1381	December	Ming conquest of Yunnan: Ming forces take Qujing[2]
1382	April	Ming conquest of Yunnan: Ming forces conquer Yunnan[3]
1387	October	Ming campaign against the Uriankhai: Naghachu surrenders to Ming forces[4]
1388	May	Battle of Buir Lake: Ming forces defeat Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür[5]
	November	Jorightu Khan Yesüder defeats Uskhal Khan and became the Khagan of Forty-four tumun Mongols[6]
1399		The Four Oirats break away from Mongol Khagan[7]

15th century

Year	Date	Event
1408		Öljei Temür Khan defeats Örüg Temür Khan and becomes ruler of Mongols[7]
1409	23 September	Battle of Kherlen: Ming forces are defeated by Öljei Temür Khan[8]
1410	15 June	First Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor defeats Öljei Temür Khan on the banks of the Onon River[8]
	July	First Mongol Campaign: Ming forces defeat Arughtai east of the Greater Khingan and withdraw to Nanjing[8]
1414	April	Second Mongol Campaign: Ming forces engage Oirats at the Tuul River, suffering heavy casualties, but ultimately prevail through the use of heavy cannon bombardments[9]
1422	April	Third Mongol Campaign: Ming forces are dispatched against Arughtai but fail to engage him in combat and return to Beijing[9]
1423	August	Fourth Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor launches an offensive against Arughtai only to find out he had already been defeated by the Oirats[10]
1424	April	Fifth Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor leads an expedition against the remnants of Arughtai's horde but fails to find them[10]
1428	October	Uriankhai raid Ming borders and the Xuande Emperor personally leads troops to repel them[11]
1433		The Oirats install Taisun Khan as leader of the Eastern Mongols[7]
1449	July	Tumu Crisis: Esen Taishi of the Oirats and de facto ruler of the Northern Yuan launches an invasion of the Ming dynasty[12]
	4 August	Tumu Crisis: The Zhengtong Emperor departs from Beijing to personally confront Esen Taishi[13]
	30 August	Tumu Crisis: The Ming rearguard is defeated[14]
	1 September	Tumu Crisis: The Ming army is annihilated and the Zhengtong Emperor is captured by Esen Taishi[15]
	27 October	Esen Taishi lays siege to Beijing but fails to take it and withdraws after 5 days[16]
1451		Esen Taishi declares himself Yuan Emperor, which causes widespread dissent among his followers[7]
1454		Esen Taishi is killed and the Northern Yuan is once more split into two portions between the Oirats and Eastern Mongols[17]
1479		Dayan Khan becomes ruler of Northern Yuan[17]
1483		Dayan Khan defeats Ismayil Taishi[17]

16th century

Year	Date	Event
1504		Datong is raided by Mongols[18]
1510		Dayan Khan conquers the Ordos Loop[19]
1517	16 October	Dayan Khan raids the Ming dynasty[20]
	20 October	The Zhengde Emperor repels Dayan Khan's raiding party[21]
1531		Datong comes under raid by Mongols[22]
1536		Mongols raid Shanxi but are repelled[23]
1537		Mongols raid Datong[23]
1541	October	Altan Khan raids Shaanxi[24]
1542	July	Altan Khan raids Shaanxi[24]
	4 August	Ming forces are defeated by Altan Khan at Guangwu[24]
	8 August	Altan Khan pillages the suburbs of Taiyuan[24]
1548	June	Mongols defeat Ming forces at Xuanfu[25]
	October	Mongols raid Huailai[25]
1549	March	Altan Khan defeats Ming forces at Xuanfu but suffers heavy casualties[25]
1550	1 October	Altan Khan pillages the suburbs of Beijing[25]
	6 October	Ming forces are defeated by Mongols[26]
1552	April	Ming forces are defeated by Mongols north of Datong[27]
1557		Daraisung Guden Khan is succeeded by his son, Tümen Zasagt Khan[28]
	winter	Sengge, son of Altan Khan, lays siege to a garrison near Datong[29]
1566		Altan Khan captures some lamas in a raid[30]
1576		Buddhism becomes the state religion of Northern Yuan[31]
1577		Altan Khan names Sonam Gyatso the Dalai Lama, the first living person to take the title[31]
1590		The Uriankhai and Yunshebu Tümen disperse, breaking into smaller units called ulus (nations)[32]
1598		Mongols kill Li Rusong, the Ming commander-in-chief[33]

17th century

Year	Date	Event
1619		Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan attacks Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci, but is defeated[34]
1625		Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan's attack is turned back by a combined Khorchin Jurchen force[35]
1634		Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji[36]
1636		Mongols south of the Gobi Desert submit to the Qing dynasty[37]
1691		The Khalkha Mongols submit to the Qing dynasty after being invaded by the Dzungar Khanate[38]
1696		Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Qing dynasty takes all of Mongolia from the Dzungar Khanate[38]