Altan Khan

Altan Khan of the Tümed (1507–1582; Mongolian: ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ, Алтан хан; Chinese: 阿勒坦汗), whose given name was Anda (Mongolian: Алтан (Аньда);^[1] Chinese: 俺答), was the leader of the Tümed Mongols^[2][3][4] de facto ruler of the Right Wing, or western tribes, of the Mongols, and the first Ming Shunyi King (顺义王). He was the grandson of Dayan Khan (1464–1543), a descendant of Kublai Khan (1215–1294), who had managed to unite a tribal league between the Khalkha Mongols in the north and the Chahars (Tsakhars) to the south. His name means "Golden Khan" in the Mongolian language.

Altan Khan
Shunyi King (顺义王)
1st Ming Shunyi King (顺义王)
Reign	21 April 1571 – 26 February 1582
Predecessor	First
Successor	Sengge Düüreng
Born	1507 (1507)
Died	1582 (aged 74–75)
Spouse	Erketü Qatun
House	Borjigin
Father	Bars Bolud Jinong
Religion	Tibetan Buddhism

The region ruled by Altan Khan as of 1571 AD

Consolidation of power

Borjigin Barsboladiin Altan was the second son of Bars Bolud Jinong, and a grandson of Batumongke Dayan Khan who had re-unified the Mongolian nobility in an attempt to regain the glory of the Yuan dynasty. Altan Khan ruled the Tümed and belonged to the Right Wing of the Mongols along with his elder brother Gün Bilig, who ruled the Ordos. After Gün Bilig's death in 1542, Altan became the de facto leader of the whole of the Right Wing and was given the title, "Tösheetü Sechen Khan".

When Bodi Alagh Khan, the Khagan of the Mongols from the Chahar, died in 1547, Altan forced Bodi Alagh's successor Darayisung Küdeng Khan to flee eastward. In 1551 Darayisung made a compromise with Altan in exchange for giving the title "Gegeen Khan" to him.^[5] Altan Khan, who controlled the Ordos tumen of the Huang He or Yellow River was well placed to keep pressure on the Chinese and the Oirat Mongols in Tibet while developing both agriculture and trade.^[6]

Altan Khan also founded the city of Köke Khota (Hohhot, meaning "The Blue City"), now the capital of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.^[7] There is an impressive statue of him in one of the city's main squares.

Nominal submission to Ming China

Altan Khan led raids into the Ming dynasty in 1529, 1530 and 1542 returning with plunder and livestock. In 1550 he crossed the Great Wall and besieged Beijing, setting the suburbs on fire.^[8] In 1552 Altan Khan gained control of the remains of Karakorum, the old Mongol capital.^[9] Longqing Emperor, the reigning emperor of the Ming dynasty, was forced to grant special trading rights to the khanate, which allowed it to trade horses for silks, further strengthening it economically. In 1570 (隆慶四年), event Anda Feng Gong (Chinese:俺答封贡) occurred.^[relevant?] In 1571, Altan Khan agreed to pay tribute to the Ming, and the title Shunyi wang ("prince who conforms to righteousness") and seal of authority were granted to him by the Longqing Emperor (March 4, 1537 – July 5, 1572), the 12th emperor of China (Ming dynasty). The emperor also gave Altan Khan's new capital a new name, Guihua, meaning "return to civilization".^{[10][2][11][12]} More than 60 other people including Altan Khan's brother and nephew were also assigned with high official positions of the Ming.^[13] As requested by Altan Khan, his son Sengge Düüreng was also granted official position from Ming.^[14]However, this submission was largely nominal, as the Ming dynasty exerted little to no actual authority over Altan Khan and his kin.

Alliance with the Gelug

Altan Khan as icon of Buddhism.

Altan Khan is particularly remembered for establishing ties between Mongolia and the religious leaders of the Tibetan Gelug order. He became very interested in the Gelug, and Beijing was happy to provide him with Tibetan lamas (teachers), Tibetan scriptures, and translations.^[2] Altan Khan first invited Sonam Gyatso to Tümed in 1569, but apparently he refused to go and sent a disciple instead, who reported back to him about the great opportunity to spread Buddhist teachings throughout Mongolia.^{[15][verification needed]}

In 1573, Altan Khan took some Tibetan Buddhist monks prisoner.^{[16][relevant?]}

Sonam Gyatso accepted Altan Khan's invitation to Tümed in 1577.^[17] Altan Khan later had Thegchen Chonkhor, Mongolia's first monastery, built at the place of the meeting.^[18] Also, the ruler of the Khalkha Mongols, Abtai Sain Khan, rushed to Tümed to meet the Dalai Lama. The Erdene Zuu Monastery was built by him in 1586, at the site of the former Mongol capital of Karakorum following his adoption of Buddhism as the state religion.^[19] This monastery is also often (wrongly) referred to as the first monastery in Mongolia and it grew into a massive establishment. In 1792, it contained 68 temples and some 15,000 lamas.^[20]

Sonam Gyatso publicly announced that he was a reincarnation of the Tibetan Sakya monk Drogön Chögyal Phagpa (1235–1280) who had converted Kublai Khan. He also claimed Altan Khan was a reincarnation of Kublai Khan (1215–1294), the famous ruler of the Mongol Empire and Emperor of China, and that they had come together again to cooperate in propagating the Buddhist religion.^[21][22]

Altan Khan designated Sonam Gyatso as "Dalai" (a translation into Mongolian of the name Gyatso, meaning "ocean") in 1578,^[17] and in October 1587, as requested by the family of Altan Khan, Gyalwa Sonam Gyatso was promoted to Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng (Chinese:朵儿只唱) by the emperor of China, seal of authority and golden sheets were granted.^[23] As a result, Sonam Gyatso became known as the Dalai Lama which, since then, has been used as a title – frequently translated into English as "Ocean of Wisdom". The title was also posthumously given to Gendun Drup and Gendun Gyatso, who were considered Sonam Gyatso's previous incarnations.^[24] Thus, Sonam Gyatso was recognized as being already the 3rd Dalai Lama.^[24]

Sonam Gyatso never returned to Tibet but remained proselytizing among the Mongols.^[24] The Tümed Mongols and their allies were brought into the Gelug tradition, which was to become the main spiritual orientation of the Mongols in the ensuing centuries.^[24]

Sonam Gyatso's message was that the time had come for Mongolia to embrace Buddhism, that from that time on there should be no more animal sacrifices, there must be no taking of life, animal or human, military action must be pursued only with purpose and the immolation of women on the funeral pyres of their husbands must be abolished.^[25] He also secured an edict abolishing the Mongol custom of blood-sacrifices.^[26] "These and many other such laws were set forth by Gyalwa Sonam Gyatso and were instituted by Altan Khan."^[27]

A massive program of translating Tibetan (and Sanskrit)^[28] texts into Mongolian was commenced, with letters written in silver and gold and paid for by the Dalai Lama's Mongolian devotees. Within 50 years virtually all Mongols had become Buddhist, with tens of thousands of monks, who were members of the Gelug order, loyal to the Dalai Lama.^[18]

When Sonam Gyatso died in 1588, his incarnation – and thus, the new Dalai Lama – was Altan Khan's great-grandson.^[24]

Death

Altan Khan died in 1582, only eleven years after becoming Shunyi King of Ming China, and only four years after meeting with the Third Dalai Lama. He was 74 or 75 years old at the time.^[21]

Succession

Altan Khan's title Shunyi Wang (顺义王) was succeeded by his son Sengge Düüreng who was supported by the Ming court of China.^[29] Altan Khan's great-grandson, Yonten Gyatso, was selected as the 4th Dalai Lama.

See also

• Altan Khan of the Khalkha

References

1. Алтан хан Mongoltoli.mn
2. John W. Dardess (2012). Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4422-0491-1.
3. Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization, pp. 81-82. Stanford University Press, Stanford California. ISBN 978-0-8047-0806-7 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-8047-0901-9 (paper).
4. Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). Tibet & its History. Second Edition, Revised and Updated, p. 41. Shambhala, Boston & London. ISBN 978-0-87773-376-8 (pbk).
5. Sampildondov Chuluun; Uradyn E. Bulag (28 June 2013). The Thirteenth Dalai Lama on the Run (1904-1906): Archival Documents from Mongolia. BRILL. p. 16. ISBN 978-90-04-25455-8.
6. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (1977), Vol. 12, p. 373.
7. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (1977), Vol. I, p. 275.
8. Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, p. 141. Grove Press, N.Y. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.
9. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (1977), Vol. 9, p. 601.
10. History of Ming: 又雜采崇古及廷臣議，賜王印，給食用，加撫賞，惟貢使不聽入京。
11. Peter C Perdue (30 June 2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Harvard University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-674-04202-5.
12. Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, p. 143. Grove Press, N.Y. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.
13. https://m.sohu.com/a/704380634_121124386 1571 年，明廷封俺答汗为"顺义王"，其弟把都儿、侄子吉能（袄儿都思部济农）等人以下台吉60 多人被封为都督、指挥、千户、百户等明朝官职，按职给赏，俺答汗等人每年向明朝贡马，右翼蒙古终于与明朝建立了通贡互市关系。In 1571, the Ming Dynasty granted Anda Khan the title of "King of Shunyi". His younger brother Badu'er, nephew Ji Neng (Yao'erdu Sibu Ji Nong) and others, more than 60 people were assigned to governor, commander, Qianhu and Baifu official positions of the Ming Dynasty. Rewards were granted according to their posts. Anda Khan and others paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty every year. Right-wing Mongolia finally established a mutual tribute and trade relationship with the Ming Dynasty.
14. History of Ming: 昆都力、辛愛等皆授官
15. Norbu, Thubten Jigme and Turnbull, Colin M. (1968). Tibet: An account of the history, religion and the people of Tibet, p. 218. Touchstone Books, New York. ISBN 978-0-671-20099-2 (hbk); ISBN 978-0-671-20559-1 (pbk).
16. Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization, p. 81. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. ISBN 978-0-8047-0806-7 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-8047-0901-9 (paper).
17. McKay 2003, p. 18
18. Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, p. 144. Grove Press, N.Y. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.
19. "Erdene Zuu Monastery" "Erdene Zuu Monastery - mandal". Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007. accessed 7 December 2007.
20. Discover Mongolia Archived 13 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 7 December 2007.
21. Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, p. 146. Grove Press, N.Y. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.
22. Norbu, Thubten Jigme; Turnbull, Colin M. (1968). Tibet: An account of the history, religion and the people of Tibet. Simon & Schuster. p. 219. ISBN 9780671205591.
23. 《明实录》又载："万历十五年（1587）十月丁卯......番僧答赖（即达赖）准升'朵儿只唱名号，仍给敕命、图书......"
24. McKay 2003, p. 19
25. Norbu, Thubten Jigme and Turnbull, Colin M. (1968). Tibet: An account of the history, religion and the people of Tibet, p. 219. Touchstone Books, New York. ISBN 978-0-671-20099-2 (hbk); ISBN 978-0-671-20559-1 (pbk).
26. Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization, p. 82. Stanford University Press, Stanford California. ISBN 978-0-8047-0806-7 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-8047-0901-9 (paper).
27. Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, p. 146. Clear Light Publishers, Santa Fe, New Mexico. ISBN 978-1-57416-092-5.
28. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (1977), Vol. 12, p. 374.
29. Vesna A. Wallace (2015). Buddhism in Mongolian History, Culture, and Society. Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-19-995866-5.

Sources

• McKay, A. (editor) (2003): History of Tibet. Publisher: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1508-4