Tariffs in the second Trump administration
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During his second presidency, United States President Donald Trump enacted a series of steep protective tariffs affecting nearly all goods imported into the United States. Between January and April 2025, the average effective US tariff rate rose from 2.5% to an estimated 27%—the highest level in over a century.[2]
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Trump escalated an ongoing trade war with China, raising baseline tariffs on Chinese imports to 145%. In retaliation, China imposed a minimum 125% tariff on US goods and restricted exports of rare earths critical to high-tech industries. Trump also initiated a trade war with Canada and Mexico by imposing a 25% tariff on most goods from both countries, but later granted indefinite exemptions for goods compliant with the USMCA. He framed these actions as efforts to hold the countries accountable for contraband drug trafficking and illegal immigration, while also supporting domestic manufacturing.[3][4] Trump subsequently added a 25% tariff on imported steel, aluminum, and automobiles from all countries, with tariffs on auto parts expected to follow.
On April 2—a day he called "Liberation Day"—Trump announced a minimum 10% tariff on all US imports, effective April 5, and higher tariffs on imports from 57 countries. The announcement of these controversially[5][6][7][8] named "reciprocal tariffs" prompted retaliation from trade partners and triggered a stock market crash.[9] According to the Trump administration's reciprocal tariff formula, trade deficits are seen as inherently harmful and in need of removal,[10] a view many economists rejected as a flawed understanding of trade.[11][12][13][14] Trump also announced he would close the de minimis exemption for China beginning May 2, and for all countries at a future date.[15]
Higher tariffs on imports from 57 countries, ranging from 11% to 50%, were scheduled to take effect on April 9 but were almost immediately suspended for 90 days for all countries except China. The 10% minimum tariff and the 25% sector-specific tariffs remain in effect.[2] The tariffs have contributed to downgraded GDP growth projections by the Federal Reserve and OECD and rising expectations of a recession.
Background
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Perspective
Since the 1980s, Trump has advocated for import tariffs as a tool to regulate trade and retaliate against foreign nations that he believes have been disadvantageous to Americans.[16] In his campaigns for the US presidency, Trump promised to use tariffs to achieve a wide range of goals, including preventing war, reducing trade deficits, improving border security, and subsidizing childcare.[17] Although Trump has said foreign countries pay his tariffs, US tariffs are fees paid by US consumers and businesses either directly or in the form of increased prices.[18][17][19][20] Shortly after being reelected, Trump acknowledged that tariffs might cause "some pain" for Americans but insisted "it will all be worth the price that must be paid".[21]
In 2018, Trump imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports, resulting in price increases for Americans.[22] In December 2021, the price of one metric ton of hot-rolled band steel was $1,855 in the US compared to $646 in China and $1,031 in Europe.[23] The World Trade Organization (WTO), a regulator of international trade, later ruled that the implementation violated global trade rules.[24] While he and his first successor, Joe Biden, rolled back some of these tariffs, most remained in place by the start of Trump's second term.[25] Trump also launched a trade war with China which subjected 60% of US-China trade to 20% tariffs[26] and was widely characterized as a failure for the United States.[27]
In May 2019, Trump used tariff threats of up to 25% on Mexico to negotiate an expansion of his "Remain in Mexico" policy and the deployment of Mexican soldiers to help control illegal immigration.[28] Mexico deployed nearly 15,000 troops to its border with the US and 6,500 troops to its border with Guatemala.[29] In 2020, the US, Mexico and Canada renegotiated NAFTA as the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) and recommitted to 0% tariffs on most products traded between them. Five weeks after the USMCA went into effect, Trump used an exemption for national security concerns to implement a 10% tariff on Canadian aluminum after claiming it was flooding the US market.[30][31] He withdrew the tariff a month later, three hours before Canada planned to retaliate.[32]
Planning
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Perspective
While campaigning for his second term as US president, Trump pledged even larger tariffs than his first term, including 60% on China, 100% on Mexico, and 20% on all other countries. He also proposed tariffs to penalize US companies that outsourced manufacturing, such as a 200% tariff on John Deere. Trump also suggested replacing income taxes with tariff revenue—an idea economists from the Tax Foundation deemed "mathematically impossible".[33] 23 Nobel Prize-winning economists signed a letter warning that Trump's policies, including high tariffs, would "lead to higher prices, larger deficits, and greater inequality".[34][35]
Trump appointed close economic advisor Peter Navarro as his Senior Counselor for Trade and Manufacturing. Navarro had been recently imprisoned for defying congressional subpoenas related to his role in attempts to overturn the 2020 election, including his "Green Bay Sweep" strategy.[36] Navarro advocates for a permanent regime of trade barriers to balance the trade deficit and wrote books criticizing corporations for prioritizing profits over American jobs. He had served in high-ranking trade roles during Trump's first term but was often rebuffed by free market-minded Trump administration officials such as Gary Cohn, who resigned in protest of Trump's 2018 steel and aluminum tariffs.[37] The Financial Times reported Navarro would receive more influence and less opposition in Trump's second administration. Navarro began working closely with cabinet nominees Howard Lutnick and Jamieson Greer.[38] ING Group noted that plans for Trump's "reciprocal tariff" policy appeared to align with Navarro's section of Project 2025, titled "The Case for Fair Trade".[39]
Shortly after the 2024 election, Stephen Miran, now chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under Trump, released a white paper titled "A User's Guide to Restructuring the Global Trading System,"[40] which proposed using tariffs as a tool to drive down the value of the dollar through a negotiated 'Mar-a-Lago Accord'.[41] Miran and other key figures in the administration have suggested that the dollar is significantly overvalued because of its status as a global reserve currency,[42] and that tariffs can be used to weaken the dollar and revitalize American manufacturing,[43] although this view has been criticized by some economists.[44] While the administration's ultimate tariff formula[45] did not closely resemble any of Miran's suggestions, the underlying ideas in Miran's white paper remain important in the Trump administration's conduct of trade policy.[41][46]
During his inaugural address on January 20, 2025, Trump pledged to "immediately begin the overhaul of our trade system to protect American workers and families. Instead of taxing our citizens to enrich other countries, we will tariff and tax foreign countries to enrich our citizens."[47]
On March 4, 2025, the US notified the WTO that it would suspend planned contributions indefinitely. The US was set to provide about 11% of the WTO's $232 million 2024 budget, a fee based on the country's share of global trade.[48] On March 26 UPS launched a tool allowing online shoppers to view the added cost of tariffs at checkout instead of being surprised by additional costs when their parcel arrived.[49]
Legality
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Although the US Constitution grants Congress the sole authority to levy taxes, including tariffs, Congress has passed laws allowing the President to impose tariffs for national security reasons unilaterally.[50] In his second term, Trump added tariffs to steel, aluminum, and auto imports under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act (TEA), which allows the President to modify imports if the Secretary of Commerce conducts an investigation, holds public hearings, and determines that the imports threaten national security.[51][52] Trump directed the USTR to initiate similar investigations to impose tariffs under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974.[53]
Trump also invoked unprecedented powers under the National Emergencies Act (NEA) and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) by declaring multiple "national emergencies" related to border security, energy, and trade deficits.[54][55] Declaring these emergencies allowed Trump to quickly enact tariffs without following the complex procedures required by TEA or other trade statutes.[56] While the IEEPA had been used for sanctions, it had never before been used for tariffs. As he signed the orders, Trump stated that declaring an emergency "means you can do whatever you have to do to get out of that problem."[54] The New York Times reported that "many economists and legal experts believe that the idea of an emergency has been concocted to justify Mr. Trump's desire to impose sweeping import duties without regard to congressional approval or international trade rules."[57]
To terminate a national emergency under the NEA, a member of Congress can file a privileged resolution requiring their chamber to vote on the topic within 15 days. In February 2025, Democratic Senators Tim Kaine and Mark Warner introduced a resolution to end Trump's national emergency on energy, but it was defeated by the Senate's Republican majority.[58] The Senate passed a resolution to terminate the national emergency justifying tariffs on Canada, but the bill is unlikely to pass the House.[59] A provision was added to the March 2025 budget bill to block the process by declaring that the remainder of the year "shall not constitute a calendar day for purposes of section 202 of the National Emergencies Act."[60][61][62]
Multinational tariffs
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Steel and aluminum tariffs
On March 12, 2025, the US imposed 25% tariffs on all steel and aluminum imports, aiming to strengthen domestic production.[63] On April 2, 2025, aluminum tariffs expanded to include empty aluminum cans and canned beer.[64] The measures expanded Trump's first-term steel and aluminum tariffs by eliminating all exemptions and raising the aluminum tariff from 10% to 25%.[51] The administration argued previous exemptions "inadvertently created loopholes that were exploited by China and others with excess steel and aluminum capacity".[65] Trump also mandated that steel be "melted and poured" and aluminum "smelted and cast" in the US to qualify for duty-free status to prevent tariff circumvention.[66] Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick said Trump would soon add a copper tariff as well.[67]
In 2023, the US imported 44% of its aluminum and 26% of its steel.[68] Canada was its largest supplier of both, accounting for more than half of aluminum[69] and two-thirds of primary aluminum imports.[68] While the US was the world's largest producer of aluminum through 2000, it accounted for less than 2% of the global supply by 2021, largely due to high electricity costs that made it less competitive in the global market.[70] In 2021, primary aluminum smelters operated at 55% capacity in the US compared to 95% in Canada and 88% globally. The US remained a major producer of less energy-intensive secondary aluminum, but secondary aluminum is less desirable for defense or electronics.[70]
Automobile and auto part tariffs
In January 2025, President Trump announced broad tariffs on Canada and Mexico, threatening the highly integrated North American auto supply chain.[71] Due to decades of free trade agreements including USMCA, factories in the US, Canada, and Mexico grew accustomed to shipping auto parts back and forth multiple times during the manufacturing process.[71] The three largest US automakers—Ford, General Motors, and Stellantis—lobbied for exemptions, warning the tariffs would hurt American companies more than foreign competitors.[72] Ford CEO Jim Farley warned investors, "Long term, a 25% tariff across the Mexico and Canadian border will blow a hole in the US industry that we have never seen."[71] Trump agreed to delayed tariffs on USMCA-compliant vehicles.[73] Still, non-USMCA compliant brands manufacturing in Canada or Mexico, such as BMW, were affected starting March 4, 2025.[72] BMW chose to cover these tariffs until May 1, 2025.[74]
The USMCA exemption closed on April 3, when Trump imposed a 25% tariff on all imported cars, including those from Mexico and Canada.[75] The tariff will extend to non-US content in domestically assembled vehicles "no later than May 3".[76] The White House argued the move would boost domestic manufacturing and generate $100 billion in tax revenue,[77] noting that about 50% of the 16 million cars bought by Americans in 2024 were imported.[78] The same day, Stellantis announced it would temporarily close factories in Canada and Mexico and lay off 900 American employees as it assessed the impact of tariffs.[79]
Additional proposals
Digital Sales Tax investigation
On February 21, 2025, Trump issued a presidential memorandum ordering the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) as well as other officials, including Peter Navarro, to investigate digital service taxes (DSTs) and determine whether to take retaliatory action. A fact sheet accompanying the memo emphasized that the European Union's Digital Markets Act (DMA) and Digital Services Act (DSA) would face scrutiny.[80]
DSTs are taxes on revenue from digital services, such as online advertising and selling user data. These taxes allow countries to collect revenue from multinational companies that provide digital services in their jurisdiction.[80] USTR investigations initiated during Trump's first term led to tariff threats on several countries under authority granted by section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974.[53] On October 8, 2021, over 135 countries participating in the OECD negotiations agreed on a two-pillar approach to reform and withdraw DSTs called the "Global tax deal". The Pillar One deadline was December 31, 2023, but it was subsequently extended to December 31, 2024.[80] As of January 2025, Trump withdrew from Pillar Two of the agreement, and many countries' DSTs remain in effect.[81][80]
Secondary tariffs
"Secondary tariffs" are a new trade policy introduced by the second Trump administration that resembles secondary sanctions.[82] Unlike primary tariffs, which directly target a specific country, secondary tariffs penalize the third-party countries or entities that trade with the targeted nation.[83] On March 24, following actions such as the March 2025 Venezuelan deportations, Trump signed an executive order imposing a 25% tariff on nations that purchase oil from Venezuela at the Secretary of State's discretion.[84] He subsequently threatened secondary tariffs on countries buying Russian oil, unless Russia agreed to a peace treaty with Ukraine,[85] and on countries that trade with Iran.[86]
Closing the de minimis exemption
Trump's February 2025 executive orders announcing tariffs on imports from China, Mexico, and Canada initially suspended the US de minimis exemption.[87] The de minimis exemption waives standard customs procedures on low-value packages to reduce administrative burdens. US Congress quadrupled the de minimis threshold from $200 to $800 in 2016, resulting in an over 1000% increase in shipments claiming the exemption by 2023.[88][89] The US exemption was among the highest globally, over five times the size of the European Union's, and used by many companies to send goods to the US without close inspection or taxes.[89] The largest beneficiaries were Chinese e-commerce companies such as Shein and AliExpress. Some shipments were linked to drug trafficking.[88] However, by February 7, 2025, Trump indefinitely restored the de minimis exemption for all three target countries to avoid overwhelming US customs officials.[90][91][92]
On April 2, 2025, Trump closed the exemption for China and Hong Kong again, beginning May 2.[15] Imports shipped via the Universal Postal Union (UPU), of which USPS is a member, would be subject to a duty of 120% of the shipment's value or $100 per package—rising to $200 after June 1. Shipments by all other carriers, such as UPS and FedEx, would be subject to all applicable standard duties—a minimum of 145% for China.[93] Trump directed that the de minimis exemption be phased out for all countries once "adequate systems are in place" to collect duties.[15]
Solar panels
During his administration, President Joe Biden announced preliminary tariffs of 21.31% to 271.2% on Chinese solar panel makers with factories in Malaysia, Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand to support American manufacturers complaining of dumping. The Biden administration raised alarm over China's high investments into factory capacity for clean energy goods.[94] The Commerce department was expected to set final determinations by April 18, 2025.[94] In April, under the Trump administration, the Commerce department finalized plans with the lowest tariff at 41%. Products from Cambodia faced duties of 3,521% because its producers did not cooperate with the US investigation. The International Trade Commission will vote on the plans in June.[95]
"Reciprocal" tariff policy
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| Country or territory | Rate |
|---|---|
 Algeria | 30% |
 Angola | 32% |
 Bangladesh | 37% |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina | 35% |
 Botswana | 37% |
 Brunei | 24% |
 Cambodia | 49% |
 Cameroon | 11% |
 Chad | 13% |
 China | 34% |
 Democratic Republic of the Congo | 11% |
 Equatorial Guinea | 13% |
 European Union | 20% |
 Falkland Islands (United Kingdom) | 41% |
 Fiji | 32% |
 Guyana | 38% |
 India | 26% |
 Indonesia | 32% |
 Iraq | 39% |
 Israel | 17% |
 Ivory Coast | 21% |
 Japan | 24% |
 Jordan | 20% |
 Kazakhstan | 27% |
 Laos | 48% |
 Lesotho | 50% |
 Libya | 31% |
 Liechtenstein | 37% |
 Madagascar | 47% |
 Malawi | 17% |
 Malaysia | 24% |
 Mauritius | 40% |
 Moldova | 31% |
 Mozambique | 16% |
 Myanmar | 44% |
 Namibia | 21% |
 Nauru | 30% |
 Nicaragua | 18% |
 Nigeria | 14% |
 North Macedonia | 33% |
 Norway | 15% |
 Pakistan | 29% |
 Philippines | 17% |
 Serbia | 37% |
 South Africa | 30% |
 South Korea | 25% |
 Sri Lanka | 44% |
 Switzerland | 31% |
 Syria | 41% |
 Taiwan | 32% |
 Thailand | 36% |
 Tunisia | 28% |
 Vanuatu | 22% |
 Venezuela | 15% |
 Vietnam | 46% |
 Zambia | 17% |
 Zimbabwe | 18% |
| All other non-exempt countries | 10% |
Announcement
On February 13, 2025, Trump directed his staff to research both monetary and non-monetary trade barriers imposed by other countries and to develop custom "reciprocal tariffs" for each one to counter and penalize them.[57] He instructed them to consider factors such as existing tariffs, exchange rates, and trade balances in their analysis. Lutnick said his team would have a plan ready by April 1, 2025.[98] Trump announced that he would unveil the reciprocal tariffs on April 2, 2025, a date he referred to as "Liberation Day".[99][100]
On April 2, 2025, Trump declared a national emergency to address what he described as a "large and persistent US trade deficit", enabling him to invoke the IEEPA to impose a 10% tariff on all imports to the US, effective April 5, 2025.[55] He also announced higher tariffs for 57 countries and territories set to begin April 9.[101] The White House said these tariff would be applied in addition to existing measures on Chinese imports, resulting in an effective tariff rate of 54% on Chinese goods after April 9, 2025.[102] Politico described the measures as "the most significant US protectionist trade action since the 1930s", when Congress passed the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act.[55] Federal Reserve chairman Jerome Powell described the tariffs, and their likely economic impact, as "significantly larger than expected."[103]
Excluded goods
The following goods were not impacted by additional tariffs, including the 10% baseline tariff:[104]
- All articles subject to 50 USC 1702(b), such as books and other informational materials
- Steel and aluminum products, which were separately impacted by a 25% universal Section 232 tariff
- Automobiles and automobile parts, which were separately impacted by a 25% universal Section 232 tariff
- Copper, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, lumber articles, certain critical minerals, and energy and energy products, some of which were under investigation for Section 232 tariffs
- Any products that become subject to future Section 232 tariffs
- Products from Mexico and Canada compliant with USMCA, except for goods targeted by Section 232 tariffs
- Imports from countries subject to Column 2 of the HTSUS, which at the time were Cuba, North Korea, Russia, and Belarus.[105]
- Smartphones, computers and various electronic parts[106]
Development
Reuters reported the Trump administration struggled to design reciprocal tariffs because each of the 186 members of the World Customs Organization applied different duties.[107] The administration initially considered dividing all countries into tiers of high, medium, and low trade barriers.[108] Later, Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent and National Economic Council director Kevin Hassett told Fox Business that the administration would focus on the United States' largest trading partners and assign individualized tariff rates.[108][99] Hassett stated that "more than 100 countries don't really have any tariffs on us and don't have any non-tariff barriers" and that only "10 to 15 countries" were a concern.[99]
However, on March 30 Trump told reporters, "I don't know who told you 10 or 15", dismissing the idea as a "rumor" and saying he would impose tariffs on "all countries".[109][110] Although many countries attempted to negotiate deals in the weeks leading up to April 2, no exemptions were granted.[111][112] The lack of clarity contributed to economic volatility and the beginning of the 2025 stock market crash.[113][114][115]
Bloomberg News reported Navarro urged Trump to adopt a 25% minimum import tariff or a "reciprocal" tariff formula based on trade deficits, while Bessent and Hassett proposed more nuanced and targeted tariffs. Bessent encouraged the use of tariffs primarily as a negotiating tool, while Navarro saw them as means to transform trade relationships. Ultimately, Trump adopted Navarro's idea of "reciprocal" tariffs.[116][117]
Formula calculation
Soon after the unveiling, financial journalist James Surowiecki reported that the final "reciprocal tariff" policy appeared to calculate the value of a country's trade barriers by dividing the US trade deficit with the country by the value of US imports from the country, where both the trade deficit and the imports focus only on goods, rather than both goods and services.[45][118] The "reciprocal" tariff rate Trump imposed was then calculated by dividing that value in half.[119] For example, dividing the US's 2024 trade deficit in goods with China, $295 billion, by the amount that the US imported from China, $439 billion, results in the 67% trade barrier value the US assigned to China: $295bn ÷ $439bn = 0.67 which, as a percentage, is 67%.[120]
The Trump administration later published their trade barrier formula online, which simplified to the same formula.[45][121] With variable i representing a country, mi representing imports of goods from that country, and xi representing exports of goods to that country, the formula given by the White House is as follows:
The Trump administration formula included measures of elasticity set at ε = −4 and φ = 0.25, then multiplied them for ε × φ = −1, which resulted in no change except to make the result positive when ε × φ was multiplied to other parts of the calculation as defined in the formula.[45] Thus, with xi − mi being the trade deficit for goods, the formula simplifies to Surowiecki's:
The "discounted" tariff rate is then calculated by dividing the result by 2, making the final formula:
The Trump administration's Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) explained that the tariffs "are calculated as the tariff rate necessary to balance bilateral trade deficits between the U.S. and each of our trading partners", aiming to "drive bilateral trade deficits to zero".[122] However, even countries with which the US runs a trade surplus, such as Australia, received a tariff of 10%.[123]
Reactions
USTR cited research papers by several economists, many of whom publicly criticized the formula and stated the White House had misinterpreted and incorrectly applied their research.[13] Anson Soderbery, whose work was cited, said his research was meant to discourage exactly the types of policies the White House was implementing.[13] Brent Neiman said the administration used the wrong variable from his research—leading to results four times too high—and that trade deficits reflect economic fundamentals, not unfair trade.[14]
Some economists likened fears over trade deficits to worrying about having a "deficit" with a grocery store, emphasizing that buying more than you sell in a mutually beneficial exchange is not inherently problematic.[12][11] Economic experts criticized the formula for being overly simplistic with little relation to trade barriers,[13][124][125][126] with The Economist describing it as "almost as random as taxing you on the number of vowels in your name."[127] Some media outlets noted that this was the same formula that was obtained by asking ChatGPT and other large language models for a global tariff formula that compensates for trade deficit.[128][129][130]
Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent told "every country" on April 3: "do not retaliate, sit back, take it in, let's see how it goes, because, if you retaliate, there will be escalation."[131] After the stock market lost significant value the next day, President Trump said events were "going very well" and "markets are going to boom, the stock is going to boom, the country is going to boom."[132] On April 6, while the stock markets continued to fall, Trump said that his tariffs "are already in effect, and a beautiful thing to behold."[133]
In April 2025, a Reuters/Ipsos poll found that 73% of Americans expect a price surge under the Trump tariffs while 57% oppose the tariffs.[134] Trump also saw a drop in his overall approval rating following the announcement.[135][136]
Impacted regions
The White House's initial list of impacted areas included the Heard Island and McDonald Islands, a remote uninhabited Antarctic territory of Australia.[137] A tariff of 29% was proposed for Norfolk Island, which has a population around 2,000 and also belongs to Australia; the rest of Australia received a tariff of 10%.[138] The initial list also proposed tariffs of 10% on the British Indian Ocean Territory, whose population is solely composed of the inhabitants of the joint American-British military base of Diego Garcia, numbering some 3,000 American and British military contractors.[139] The decision to impose tariffs on some of these regions appears to have been based on inaccurate trade data. An analysis of United States import records by The Guardian revealed that some shipments were erroneously recorded as originating from remote territories instead of their actual countries of origin. These misclassified imports included items such as wine, aquarium systems, and Timberland boots.[140]
The highest tariffs of 50% were placed on Lesotho, described by Trump as a country that "nobody had ever heard of"; a 50% tariff was also initially proposed for France's Saint Pierre and Miquelon islands, with a population of around 5,000.[137] Other countries facing some of the highest tariffs are Cambodia (49%), Laos (48%), Madagascar (47%), Vietnam (46%), and Myanmar (44%).[141]
Exempt countries
Six countries were exempted from the reciprocal tariffs: Belarus, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, North Korea, and Russia.[142]
The White House said that Canada and Mexico were exempted because Trump previously imposed tariffs of 25% on the two countries for non-USMCA goods.[143][144]
Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt said that Russia had been spared the tariffs because American sanctions on Russia already "preclude meaningful trade" between the two countries, and Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said it was because the USA has no trade with Russia.[145] This was despite the value of US-Russian trade being $3.5 billion in 2024, greater than US trade with countries such as Mauritius or Brunei,[146][147] who were tariffed by 40% and 24% respectively.[148]
Similarly, Leavitt cited that Belarus, Cuba, and North Korea had been exempted because American sanctions on them were already high.[145] However, Syria, which has been under American sanctions for 20 years, did receive a heightened tariff of 41%.[149][150]
Walk back
The implementation of the tariffs led to a market crash. On the morning of April 9, the head of FX at Deutsche Bank told investors, "We are witnessing a simultaneous collapse in the price of all US assets including equities, the dollar ... and the bond market."[151]
That afternoon, Trump announced on Truth Social that reciprocal tariffs above 10%, which had gone into effect that morning, would be paused for 90 days for all countries except China. China's minimum tariff rate was increased to 145%,[152] while imports from all other countries were sustained at the 10% baseline tariff.[153] Other global tariffs on products like cars, steel and aluminum remained in effect.[154] The administration exempted goods that were already in transit and that arrive before May 27, 2025, from the new tariffs.[155]
Politico reported that Bessent had flown to Florida a few days earlier to lobby Trump against the tariffs, warning him that the stock market would continue to decline unless he changed course.[156] The Wall Street Journal reported that Bessent and Lutnick took advantage of Navarro's absence, who was meeting with Kevin Hassett, to meet with Trump in the Oval Office and convince him to announce a pause on tariffs on Truth Social.[157] After the walk back, Bessent said the pause was meant to provide time for bespoke negotiations with each trading partner.[158] Trump told reporters, "I thought that people were jumping a little bit out of line ... You know, they were getting a little bit yippy, a little bit afraid".[159] He said he had been watching the bond market, which had shown signs of crashing the night before.[160]
Stocks surged within minutes of the announcement, with the S&P 500 rising 9.52% for its largest one-day gain since 2008.[161][162] Citi analysts warned, "We do not see the scenario as being as encouraging as markets do," noting that the remaining tariffs still represented a substantial new burden.[163] Analysts at Bloomberg Economics estimated the US's average tariff rate would still rise to 24% from 2% the year prior. Pacific Investment Management, one of the world's biggest bond investors, kept estimates of a US recession at 50/50 "even if the 90-day reprieve turns into a longer stint".[164] On April 11, the administration announced it would further exempt electronics such as smartphones and computers from the reciprocal tariffs, but warned they may be subject to future Section 232 tariffs. Chinese technology imports would continue to face a 20% tariff.[165]
Trade conflicts by country
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Perspective
Canada and Mexico
Three weeks after Trump won reelection, he announced a 25% tariff on all imports from Canada and Mexico unless they took action against illegal immigration and drug trafficking, particularly fentanyl. Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum and then-Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau sought to de-escalate tensions.[166][167] While Trudeau noted that less than 1% of illegal border crossings and less than 1% of fentanyl into the US come from Canada,[168] he unveiled a $1.3 billion security plan for the Canada–US border on December 16, 2024.[169][170] Despite these efforts, on February 1, Trump ordered the tariffs to begin February 4, with a reduced 10% rate for Canadian energy products.[168][171] Bloomberg News reported that Trump advisors Peter Navarro and Stephen Miller led the economic discussions on the tariffs.[172]
Trudeau and Sheinbaum condemned Trump's actions and threatened immediate economic retaliation, but on February 3, the three leaders negotiated a one-month delay on the tariffs. As part of the agreement, Mexico committed to deploying 10,000 troops to its border with the United States, while Canada pledged to appoint a "fentanyl czar" and continue implementing the border security plan announced in 2024.[173][174] In return, Trump pledged to take measures to curb weapons trafficking to Mexico and to collaborate with Canada on a joint anti-crime "strike force".[175][176]
However, on February 27 Trump claimed that "drugs are still pouring into our Country from Mexico and Canada" and reaffirmed his planned tariffs,[177] leading to their implementation on March 4, 2025.[178] Canada retaliated with 25% tariffs on $20 billion (CA$30 billion) in US goods, with plans to expand to $85 billion (CA$125 billion),[179] while Mexico prepared its response for March 9.[180] The Wall Street Journal warned the tariffs had "the potential to profoundly reshape relations between the US and two of its biggest trading partners, abruptly reversing America's decades-long project of expanding free trade with its allies."[181]
The onset of the trade war triggered stock market declines and economic concerns, particularly for retailers and car manufacturers.[182] Lutnick quickly signaled tariff reductions. "The president is listening to the offers from Mexico and Canada. He's thinking about trying to do something in the middle," he said on March 5.[183] The same day, Trump delayed tariffs on USMCA-compliant automakers.[72] The next day, he extended the delay to all USMCA-compliant goods until April 2.[184] While only 50% of Mexican and 38% of Canadian imports were officially compliant in 2024,[184] many companies skipped the paperwork since their goods already qualified for low tariffs under most favored nation rules. Officials from both countries expected most exports to be compliant within weeks.[185][186] Canada kept its initial tariffs but suspended the planned increase.[187] Tens of thousands of Mexicans celebrated with Sheinbaum in Mexico City's central plaza.[188]
Although the USMCA exemption was expected to expire on April 2, that day the White House announced it would continue indefinitely. However, Trump signed new orders imposing 25% tariffs on imports of steel, aluminum, automobiles, and auto parts from any country, including Canada and Mexico.[73] Canada, the US's largest supplier of steel and aluminum, was significantly impacted by US tariffs on these products, and retaliated on March 13 with 25% tariffs on an additional $20.6 billion (CA$29.8 billion) of US goods.[189] On April 9, Canada implemented a 25% tariff on US-made vehicles that are not compliant with the USMCA.[190]
On April 10, 2025, Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum and Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva met in a regional summit in Honduras, as a counterweight to U.S. President Donald Trump's shifting positions on global tariffs, decided to intensify the relations between their governments and the business sectors of Brazil and Mexico, in a joint economic front that hopes to recognize that Latin America and the Caribbean require unity and solidarity, as later stated by Sheinbaum.[191]
On April 11, 2025, Donald J. Trump, despite the "walk back" on April 9, threatened Mexico with new tariffs, stating that Mexico was required to send 1.75 million acre-feet of water from the Rio Grande, via numerous dams and reservoirs, according to a 1944 agreement, with Trump stating that Mexico only fulfilled 30% of the agreed quota.[192][193] He also added that "Mexico has been stealing the water from Texas Farmers".[194] President Claudia Sheinbaum stated that the reason the quota was not fulfilled was due to a "three-year drought", suggesting that an alternative agreement can be reached.[193]
Asia
China
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On February 1, 2025, Trump signed Executive Order 14195 to establish a new 10% baseline tariff on all Chinese imports, accusing China of exporting fentanyl into the US.[195][196] This measure applied in addition to tariffs remaining from Trump's first term, which averaged 20%.[197] The order, which went into effect on February 4, was encouraged by the National Security Council.[172] China retaliated on February 10 with tariffs of 15% on coals and liquefied natural gas and 10% on oil and agricultural machines. China also added PVH Corp. and Illumina to the Unreliable Entity List, launched an antitrust investigation into Google, and added export controls to some metals including tungsten.[198][199] Capital Economics, a UK-based macroeconomic research consultancy, estimated that while the US levied new tariffs on about $450 billion worth of Chinese goods, China's additional tariffs only targeted about $20 billion of US goods. Julian Evans-Pritchard, the firm's head of China Economics, stated "The measures are fairly modest, at least relative to US moves".[199] American retailers including Walmart, Costco, and Target attempted to pressure their Chinese suppliers into absorbing some of the increased costs.[200][201]
On March 4, 2025, Trump raised baseline tariffs on Chinese imports again from 10% to 20%.[177][202] China retaliated by imposing a 15% tariff on US chicken, wheat, corn, and cotton, as well as a 10% tariff on US sorghum, soybeans, pork, beef, aquatic products, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, effective March 10, 2025.[203][204] China also launched an anti-circumvention investigation into optical fiber products imported from the United States.[205] The General Administration of Customs of China suspended US lumber imports and revoked soybean import licenses for three US firms.[206] On March 30, 2025, China, South Korea, and Japan's trade ministers met for the first time in five years. The officials discussed goals for a trilateral free trade agreement and enhanced supply-chain cooperation in response to Trump tariffs.[207][208]
On April 2, the US added a 34% "reciprocal tariff" on top of pre-existing orders, resulting in an effective minimum tariff of 54% on all imports from China. Products subject to Section 301 tariffs from Trump's first term faced total rates as high as 76%.[209] The Chinese government retaliated with tariffs of 34% on all imports from the United States, effective April 10, 2025[210] and suspended negotiations regarding the sale of TikTok.[211] China also began requiring special licenses to export six heavy rare-earths, 100% of which were refined in China, and rare-earth magnets, 90% of which are produced in China.[212] The rare earths, difficult to substitute, are critical to a range of high-tech goods, including batteries, weapons, and medical devices.[213] China was slow to develop the export licenses and halted all exports in the meantime.[212]
In response, Trump added an additional 50% tariff on Chinese goods beginning April 9, raising the baseline tariff to 104%.[214][215] China responded with an extra 50% retaliatory tariff as well, bringing their tariff on American goods to 84%.[216] The US then raised to 145%,[152] and on April 11, China raised to 125%. The statement added that China would ignore any further US tariff rises.[217] The Commerce ministry stated, "Even if the U.S. continues to impose higher tariffs, it will no longer make economic sense and will become a joke in the history of world economy."[218] China has targeted American red states using its non-tariff barriers.[219] US' threats to further rise tariffs up to 245% were dismissed by China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, claiming that "it would not pay attention to Trump’s ‘tariff numbers game".[220]
Following the tariffs, China decreased its oil imports from the United States by 90% and increased its oil imports from Canada.[221]
On April 22, Trump stated that the tariffs on Chinese imports would "come down substantially, but it won't be zero". Chinese Foreign Affairs Ministry spokesman Guo Jiakun said China and the US had "not conducted consultations or negotiations on tariffs, let alone reached an agreement", and he added that reports were fake news.[222]
India
In February 2025, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited the White House to negotiate tariffs and advance a deal aimed at doubling bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030.[223] India's trade-weighted average tariff was 12%, compared to the United States' 2.2%, leading to Trump repeatedly calling the country "tariff king" and a "big abuser" of trade ties.[224][225] The US was India's largest export market.[226] Analyses projected reciprocal tariff measures would have significant economic impacts to India. Citi Research estimated that India could lose $7 billion annually.[223] An internal Indian analysis estimated that reciprocal tariffs would affect 87% of its total exports to the US, valued at $66 billion. India estimated increases of 6% to 10% in tariffs on items such as pearls, mineral fuels, and machinery and believed its $11 billion worth of pharmaceutical and automotive exports would see the highest impact.[224]
India took several steps to address trade concerns. In February, it reduced tariffs on motorcycles and whiskey, pledged to review additional tariffs, and offered to increase US energy and defense equipment imports.[223] The following month, Reuters reported that India was negotiating with the US and was open to lowering or eliminating tariffs on 55% of its imports from the US, valued at $23 billion, which were currently subject to tariffs ranging from 5% to 30%. India warned the offer was contingent on relief from reciprocal tariffs and said decisions were not final.[224] On April 2, the US applied a 27% "reciprocal tariff" to India.[226]
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By April 6, 2025, India signaled that it would negotiate with the United States and would not seek retaliatory tariffs.[227] There on, India continued with its diplomatic approach, securing a meeting with J.D Vance,[228] and on April 17, 2025, announcing that they were "considering removing import tax on US ethane".[229]
Israel
On April 2, 2025, Donald Trump imposed a 17% import duty on Israeli goods.[230] On April 3, 2025, Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich would meet with other minister to decide a course of action.[231] By April 7, 2025, Israel had offered to remove tariffs on all US goods.[232]
On April 8, 2025, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu visited Donald Trump to discuss multiple topics including tariffs. The US president declined to remove the 17% on Israel.[233]
Japan
After receiving a 25% tariff on cars and car parts and a 24% tariff on other goods exported to the United States, Japan's Nikkei 225 stock market index fell by 7.8% on April 7, which was the third-largest single-day loss in its history.[234] Since Japan is an export-heavy economy and Japan's large automotive sector depends on the United States for 20% of its total exports, Trump's new tariffs had a sizeable effect on the Japanese economy. Analysts estimate that the tariffs could decrease Japan's GDP by 0.8%.[235][236]
Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba said tariffs were "extremely disappointing and regrettable."[236] On April 7, Ishiba talked with Donald Trump by phone, asking the president to reconsider, but was unable to negotiate any concessions.[237] Trump later wrote "He is sending a top team to negotiate!" on Truth Social.[237]
Singapore
On April 2, 2025, Trump imposed a 10% tariff on all goods coming from Singapore.[238] At an address to the Singapore Parliament on April 8, Prime Minister of Singapore Lawrence Wong stated "what the U.S. is doing now is not reform" and "it is rejecting the very system it created." He also stated that "these measures will accelerate the fracturing of the global economy."[239] He also announced the creation of a national task force to support businesses and workers affected by the tariffs.[240]
On April 8, 2025, the Singaporean prime minister's office stated that it would not retaliate on U.S. tariffs.[241] On the same day, a new task force on US tariffs, composed by Singapore’s economic agencies, as well as the Singapore Business Federation, Singapore National Employers Federation and the National Trades Union Congress, was announced.[242] The task force held its first meeting on April 16, 2025 and was chaired by Gan Kim Yong alongside other political figures such as Desmond Lee, Josephine Teo, Tan See Leng, Chee Hong Tat, Lim Ming Yan, Ng Chee Meng and Tan Hee Teck.[243]
South Korea
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On April 2, 2025, Trump imposed reciprocal tariffs of 25% on South Korea. With this, the South Korean government announced emergency support for its auto industry.[244] On April 8, 2025, South Korea's acting president, Han Duck-soo, called for negotiation rather than retaliation.[245] Trump said that he discussed the tariffs with Han in a phone call and South Korea's finance minister will be meeting with US Trade Representative Jamieson Greer for negotiations.[246]
On April 3, Minister of Foreign Affairs Cho Tae-yul met with Marco Rubio and expressed deep concern over the reciprocal tariff measures and asked him to take into account South Korea’s investment performance in the United States.[247]
On April 16, 2025, Vietnam's foreign ministry said that South Korea and Vietnam are seeking to raise bilateral trade to $150 billion by 2030, in a "more balanced and sustainable manner", as they swear co-operation following Trump's tariffs, regardless of "Trump's walk back".[248]
Taiwan
On April 2, 2025, Donald Trump announced a "reciprocal tariff" of 32% on Taiwanese goods,[249] but excluded semiconductor products, the island's primary exports.[250] Trump had previously criticized Taiwan for gaining an unfair dominance in the semiconductor industry and not spending enough on its own defense.[250] Taiwan's government called the tariffs "unreasonable" but chose not to retaliate, instead offering to increase imports from the US and remove all tariffs on American goods.[251][252]
The new tariffs exacerbated public concerns over the level of support from the United States.[253] The Kuomintang said that the tariffs were a heavy blow to president Lai Ching-te's policy of depending on the US to counter China and castigated the government's unpreparedness and ineffective response.[254] On April 7, Premier Cho Jung-tai convened a meeting at the Executive Yuan with legislative caucus leaders across party lines to discuss the potential impacts of the US tariff hike on Taiwan. During the meeting, Premier Cho expressed appreciation for their participation and emphasized that the government had completed assessments on both macroeconomic and sector-specific levels. He presented a NT$88 billion plan and urged collaboration between the executive and legislative branches to expedite budget review and implementation, to stabilize the economy and support industries through the challenges ahead.[255]
Even after Trump's "walk back", Kao Shien-quey, deputy head of the National Development Council, stated that if the tariffs were ever to be fully re-implemented, Taiwan's manufacturing sector would be likely to see a 5 percent drop in production value.[256]
Vietnam
On February 10, 2025, Trump renewed a 25% tariff on all steel imports originally imposed during his first term and increased aluminum tariffs from 10% to 25%. While other countries had previously received exemptions, Vietnam had not, meaning its steel and aluminum exports were already subject to U.S. tariffs. The hike in aluminum tariffs further strained Vietnamese industries and exporters.[257]
Vietnam's large trade surplus in goods with the US made it a target for reciprocal tariffs.[257] On March 13, 2025, trade minister Nguyễn Hồng Diên arranged a meeting with Lutnick and Greer to try to secure a bilateral trade agreement.[258][259] He ended up receiving Marc Knapper, a US Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador, on March 14.[260] Knapper reassured him that the US tariff measures were not aimed at Vietnam and were meant to promote fair trade and American workers.[261]
On April 2, 2025, Trump presented with a 46% reciprocal tariff on Vietnam, shocking Vietnamese exporters.[262] Vietnamese leaders tried to approach Trump diplomatically to find an agreement to remove the tariffs or to delay them.[263] Vietnam's top leader, General Secretary To Lam, asked President Trump to delay the imposition of tariffs for at least 45 days on April 5, with little result.[264] Vietnam then offered to eradicate all US import tariffs, but Peter Navarro shot down the deal, saying "it's the non-tariff cheating that matters".[265] The VN Index fell by 7% after the announcement of the tariffs, practically the biggest crash ever since the establishment of the Vietnamese stock market.[266]
On April 15, 2025, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping on a visit to Hanoi, claimed that “China’s mega market is always open to Vietnam" and urged Vietnam to resist “U.S unilateral bullying” and uphold free and open trade.[267] Donald J. Trump commented the meeting and the proposal, claiming: “That’s a lovely meeting. Meeting like, trying to figure out, ‘How do we screw the United States of America?’” Trump told reporters at the White House."[268]
On April 16, 2025, Vietnam's foreign ministry said that South Korea and Vietnam are seeking to raise bilateral trade to $150 billion by 2030, in a "more balanced and sustainable manner", as they swear co-operation following Trump's tariffs, regardless of "Trump's walk back".[248] Groundbreaking began on a $1.5 billion previously-announced Trump Organization golf resort near Hanoi.[269]
Africa
Nigeria
During Trump's first term, Nigeria continued to benefit from the African Growth and Opportunity Act, a US trade initiative established in 2000 to improve economic relations with Sub-Saharan African countries by providing duty-free access to the US market for eligible nations.[270] However, analysts were quick to notice that Nigeria was one of 48 nations with whom the United States maintained a trade imbalance. In 2024, Nigeria exported $5.29 billion in commodities to the United States while receiving $3.88 billion, resulting in a $1.4 billion trade surplus for Nigeria, making it a likely target of Trump's renewed foreign tariff policies.[270][271]
On April 2, Trump announced a 14% tariff on Nigerian goods.[272] The Nigerian government avoided retaliation. Instead, Trade Minister Jumoke Oduwole said Nigeria would contact the WTO to find a mutually beneficial solution.[273] Despite pledging to not retaliate, the minister did highlight the risks for AGOA and the Nigerian oil industry, whilst also stating this development had the chance to boost Nigeria's non-oil exports as well as meeting global standards and improving market acceptance into more economies across the globe. She also emphasized the urgent need to enhance intra-African trade through the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).[274] Since Nigeria relies on crude exports for 90% of its foreign exchange, immediate consequences were apparent with Nigeria's central bank selling nearly $200 million to support the naira currency.[275]
On April 12, 2025, the Federal Government has set up a subcommittee to assess the direct and indirect impact of the recent trade tariffs announced by the United States on Nigeria’s economy.[276] On this regard, on April 16, Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) said the 14 per cent tariff imposed on Nigerian exports to the United States of America.[277]
South Africa
After Trump announced a 25% tariff on all imported steel and aluminum, major exporters in South Africa were palpable by the onset tariffs,[278] leading the Steel and Engineering Industries Federation of Southern Africa (SEIFSA) condemning the U.S. tariff hike and warning of negative impacts on local manufacturing, as well as calling on the South African government to take immediate action.[279]
Trump imposed reciprocal tariffs of 31% on South Africa on April 2, 2025.[280] This move, according to the government of South Africa, effectively nullified the benefits African countries enjoy under U.S. trade initiative the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA).[281] On April 4, 2025, South Africa's government announced that it would not retaliate and would instead negotiate exemptions.[282]
After the reciprocal tariffs were announced, Trade and Industry Minister Parks Tau stated that South Africa would start to plan to diversify its export markets, targeting regions in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and within Africa.[283] Another immediate consequence was the postponing of the sale of gems from Petra Diamonds' Cullinan Mine, due to uncertainty caused by the tariffs.[284]
Zimbabwe
On April 2, 2025, Trump imposed 18% tariffs on Zimbabwe as part of its "reciprocal tariffs" policy.[285] On April 6, 2025, Zimbabwe became the first country to scrap tariffs on all US goods. The president of Zimbabwe, Emmerson Mnangagwa, has stated that the move was made to foster a positive relationship with Donald Trump's government.[286]
Europe
European Union
Before his second inauguration, Trump threatened to impose tariffs on the European Union (EU) unless it reduced its trade surplus with the US by increasing imports of American cars, agricultural products, and oil and gas.[287] The European Commission pointed out that while the US ran a trade deficit with the EU in goods, it was offset by a trade surplus in services.[288]
On February 2, 2025, Trump told reporters he planned to impose tariffs on the European Union "pretty soon". Some EU leaders threatened immediate retaliation while others expressed concerns about reigniting global inflation.[289][290][291] "We have to do everything to avoid this totally unnecessary and stupid tariff war," said Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk.[289] On February 4, 2025, EU trade ministers met in Warsaw to discuss Trump's threats.[292] On February 7, the EU proposed lowering tariffs on car imports from 10% to closer to the US' 2.5% rate and to increase purchases of American liquefied natural gas and military equipment.[293] French President Emmanuel Macron met with Trump on February 25 and encouraged him to concentrate on China instead of initiating a trade war with the EU.[294][295][296]
On March 12th, Donald Trump claimed during his meeting with Taoiseach Micheál Martin at the White House that Ireland was taking advantage of America. He also referred to the "tremendous" trade surplus that Ireland had with the United States.[297]
After Trump’s global steel and aluminum tariffs took effect on the same day, the EU announced a two-phase retaliatory plan targeting €26 billion in US imports, set to begin April 1.[298] Phase one reinstated tariffs on iconic American products, such as bourbon whiskey, originally imposed during Trump’s first term tariffs and suspended in 2023 after negotiations with President Joe Biden.[299] Phase two would impose tariffs on an additional €18 billion in U.S. industrial and agricultural goods.[298][300] Trump condemned the EU’s planned 50% whiskey tariff and threatened 200% tariffs on EU alcohol in response.[301] The EU postponed retaliation to mid-April, and ultimately dropped all alcohol tariffs after lobbying from Ireland, Italy, and France, major exporters of wine and spirits.[302][303]
On March 27, 2025, the United States imposed a 25% tariff on all car imports, significantly affecting Germany, the world's largest automobile exporter.[77] On April 2, former President Donald Trump announced a 20% tariff on all European Union imports, effective April 9, as part of his "reciprocal tariff" policy.[304] In response, EU leaders offered the United States a "zero-for-zero" tariff agreement on industrial goods, such as automobiles, pharmaceuticals, and machinery, on April 7. A similar deal had nearly been reached during negotiations over the proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, which Trump halted during his first term. At the time, the EU’s average tariff on non-agricultural goods stood at 1.6%.[305]
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On April 9, the EU approved a reduced package of 25% retaliatory tariffs on €21 billion worth of US imports, set to take effect on April 15.[306] The targeted goods were selected to be easily sourced from alternative suppliers, with some measures strategically aimed at US red states. The only dissenting EU member was Hungary, whose prime minister, Viktor Orbán, is one of Trump’s strongest supporters.[306] However, Trump delayed implementation of certain tariffs for 90 days, reducing the baseline rate on EU imports from 20% to 10%. In response, the EU suspended its retaliatory measures for the same period.[307]
European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen warned that if negotiations failed by the end of the 90-day window, the EU would initiate what she described as "EU trade bazooka measures."[308] She indicated that further countermeasures would target the United States' substantial services surplus with the EU. Von der Leyen also stated that the EU would not tolerate the redirection of Chinese exports hit by US tariffs into the European market, and suggested plans to implement regulatory measures to limit such imports.[309] Italian PM Giorgia Meloni visited Trump at the White House on April 17, aiming to convince him to accept the EU's "zero-for-zero" tariff offer for industrial goods.[310]
Russia
Trump did not announce tariffs on Russia in April 2025, due to existing sanctions related to the Ukraine war.[311][312] The White House said that the imposed sanctions "already rendered trade between the two countries as zero."[313] U.S. trade with Russia in 2024 has been estimated at $3.5 billion, a tenth of the $35 billion from 2021 before it invaded Ukraine.[311]
Under section 201(a) of the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (P.L. 112–208), the U.S. Trade Representative will annually submit a report to the Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate and the Committee on Ways and Means of the U.S. House of Representatives assessing the extent to which Russia is implementing the WTO Agreement. According to the Report "USTR plans to take to press Russia to comply with its WTO obligations."[314][315] On August 22, 2012, Russia joined the WTO. The MFN rule requires that a WTO member must apply the same conditions on all trade with other WTO members, i.e., a WTO member has to grant the most favorable conditions under which it allows trade in a certain product type to all other WTO members.[316] "Grant someone a special favor and you have to do the same for all other WTO members."[317] On March 16, 2022, the WTO published a letter from Russia where it stated that the implementation of import tariffs (by the U.S. and G7) above MFN rates is inconsistent with the relevant provisions of the GATT and GATS: "The Russian Federation would like to draw the attention of WTO Members to dangers looming over the multilateral trading system because of the recent aggressive and politically motivated trade restrictive actions of certain Members. Direct violations of the basic WTO rules by these Members have put severe pressure on global supply chains".[318]
In 2022, it was explained what revocation of MFN status means: "In practice, should Congress pass such a law, buyers of Russian goods would no longer pay the current U.S. tariff rate. Instead they would pay the rates created in the 1930 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act during the Hoover presidency. These rates are now listed in Column 2 of the U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule. More broadly, standard estimates of Smoot-Hawley average tariffs are about 20% overall, based on dividing tariff revenue by import value, as opposed to 2.8% in 2021 (or 1.4% excluding the Trump-era tariffs on Chinese goods and metals) or an even higher average of 59% excluding duty-free goods. As the averages and the umbrella example both suggest, non-MFN tariffs are generally seen as quite punitive, and often are so in reality."[319] U.S. Congress in 2022 voted to revoke Russia's "most favored nation" trade status: "There are two categories you can be characterized under U.S. law: One gets lower tariffs, and one gets higher ... For non-MFN, the average is around 20%".[320] On April 8, 2022, the President signed H.R. 7108, the Suspending Normal Trade Relations with Russia and Belarus Act. With this legislation, imports from the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus are subject to the rates of duty outlined in Column 2 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS). This legislation also granted authorization to the President to proclaim increases in the Column 2 rates of duty applicable to the products of Russia or Belarus. The page on cbp.gov was last modified on January 31, 2025.[321] By Proclamation 10420 of June 27, 2022, Biden increased duties on certain articles from the Russian Federation.[322]
Since 2019, the WTO's dispute settlement mechanism has been de facto paralyzed due to the United States vetoing the appointment of judges to the WTO's Supreme Appellate Body, and without a functioning Appellate Body, no final rulings can be made.
On March 7, 2022, the Government of Russia in the first time approved a list of foreign states and territories that commit unfriendly acts against Russia, its legal entities and individuals. It includes the USA.[323][324] The Russian Federation believes that the countries that have restricted trade with Russia have directly violated the rules of the World Trade Organization. Russia distributed a statement to members of the organization, and the World Trade Organization published it on its website.[325] Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin has imposed increased tariffs of 35% on goods from unfriendly countries, including the USA.[326][327] As of December 31, 2024, the full list of goods subject to import duties of 20–50% from unfriendly countries including the U.S., is established by the government decree No. 2240 of December 7, 2022, which has been amended several times.[328] Under President Trump's second term, all previous measures remain in place.
As of April 3, 2025, according to Kommersant's source in the Eurasian Economic Commission, which regulates the import duties of the Eurasian Economic Union countries, the tariffs are unlikely to change, stating that, "The Union as a whole is not significantly affected by the tariff increase, most countries will be subject to a duty of 10%, which in the new realities can be considered the most favourable treatment". At the same time, Russia itself has sufficient freedom to impose unilateral restrictive measures, which often happened after 2022. If Russia finds itself hit by other countries raising duties in response to a US import tariff hike, it will still have the option to respond accordingly.[329] On April 6, 2025, the Russian Ministry of Economic Development responded to Trump's tariffs and the situation in the world that "Most WTO members have mechanisms to respond to imports that damage the domestic economy. Both Russia and the EAEU have such mechanisms. There are public procedures, requirements and criteria that allow both the government and Russian companies to initiate appropriate decisions on market protection."[330] On April 9, Deputy Prime Minister Alexei Overchuk said that Russia has no significant trade with the United States: "As for our country, on the one hand, a record number of sanctions have been imposed on it, aimed at curbing our development, and on the other hand, Russia still has no significant trade with this country".[331][332]
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom chose not to retaliate against President Trump's metal tariffs.[63] Chancellor Rachel Reeves of the Labour Party stated that discussions were "ongoing" regarding a potential reduction of the UK's Digital Services Tax (DST) to prevent further trade disputes with the United States. Introduced in 2020, the UK's DST imposes a 2% levy on large digital companies, generating approximately £800 million annually. The proposal to reduce the tax faced criticism from the Liberal Democrats, who condemned it as a "tax handout to Elon Musk, Zuckerberg, and other US tech barons" and instead advocated for an increase to 6%.[333]
On April 3, 2025, the UK government published a 417-page list, which asked British businesses to point to products where tariffs would hurt British companies the least.[334]
On April 15, 2025, Vice President J.D Vance stated that there was a "'Good chance" of an US-UK trade deal to be signed.[335]
Norway
On April 24, 2025, Norwegian Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre and Finance Minister Jens Stoltenberg convened with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House to engage in discussions concerning trade tariffs and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.[336]
North America
El Salvador
On April 2, 2025, Trump imposed reciprocal tariffs of 10% on El Salvador.[337] Two days later, El Salvadoran president, Nayib Bukele, hailed the move as a great idea, stating that long-term thinking was better than short term thinking.[338]
Oceania
Australia
On February 4, 2025, Treasurer Jim Chalmers addressed concerns regarding potential U.S. tariffs on Australian imports, mentioning that whilst he did not rule out the possibility of imposing counter-tariffs in case Trump targeted Australia, he preferred to avoid retaliatory measures.[339]
After the announcement of a 25% tariff of steel and aluminum, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese engaged in discussions with U.S. President Donald Trump to achieve some kind of exemption, which ended up with a statement from the White House which expressed concerns about Australia allegedly disregarding past commitments to restrain aluminum exports.[340] Despite Albanese's efforts, the U.S. officially imposed a 25% tariff on Australian steel and aluminum, leading to him calling it an "unjustified" action, however confirming that Australia would not retaliate.[341] Despite this, Trade Minister Don Farrell continuously attempted to achieve some kind of exemption through negotiations, but to no avail.[342]
Donald Trump imposed a 10% tariff on Australia as part of the "reciprocal tariffs" on April 2, 2025.[343] On April 3, 2025, Prime Minister of Australia Anthony Albanese stated that he would negotiate with the United States to remove tariffs and would not impose reciprocal tariffs as he believed that trade wars are a race to the bottom.[231]
In reaction to the tariffs, Prime Minister Albanese released a five-point strategy to mitigate the damage inflicted upon impacted industries. The strategy includes a $50 million assistance package to help industries like beef exports find new customers.[344]
On April 9, 2025, Australia declined China's ambassador to Australia Xiao Qian offer to 'join hands' on Trump's tariffs.[345]
Fiji
On February 4, 2025, Fiji's Minister for Trade, Manoa Kamikamica, stated that, while it was premature to determine the effects on Fiji as a result of the 25% tariffs imposed on Canada, Mexico, and China, there were concerns that this was the first step toward a global trade war that would also engulf Fiji, fearing that Fiji could become one of Trump's future targets.[346]
However, on February 19, 2025, Acting Prime Minister and Minister for Finance Professor Biman Prasad, countered Manoa's earlier preoccupations and instead suggested that the tariffs on Canada, Mexico and China won't affect Fiji, and instead they might have brought benefits to Fiji, stating that "countries like Fiji could see cheaper goods flowing through the Pacific as these nations look to offload excess capacity".[347] Professor Biman Prasad later added 3 days later that Fiji's economic fundamentals had improved during the last two years and affirmed that the administration did not see any immediate risks that may disrupt its economic prospects.[348] Even so, Fijian analysts continued to speculate that the increased price of imported alluminium and steel could impact the Fijian economy.[349]
On April 2, Donald Trump announced "reciprocal tariffs" on Fiji, amounting to 32%, despite the Fijian government only imposing less than 2% import duties on average on all U.S. imports.[350] Fijian Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka admitted that his government was not ready for Donald Trump's 'reciprocal tariffs' and was caught by surprise.[351] Regarding his possible plans going forward, he then stated that, "The world is bigger than the United States" and that Fiji would have to look at new sources of imports and new markets for their exports.[351] The immediate effects of such tariffs hit products such as Fiji Water, kava, dalo and turmeric, which are amongst the biggest exported products from Fiji towards the USA.[352] Fiji's Finance Minister said that the 32 percent tariff by the Trump Administration – the highest in the Pacific – is unfair, while a government spokesperson said he did not understand how the region threatens the American economy.[353]
On April 10, 2025, following Trump's "walk back", Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade Manoa Kamikamica announced that a meeting with United States Trade Representatives was set to happen the following week.[354]
South America
Brazil
On January 6, 2025, Brazil's Secretary of Foreign Trade, Tatiana Prazeres, stated that "Brazil should not be a primary concern for the U.S. government" based on the fact that while Brazil maintained a surplus in its overall trade balance, it continued to face a deficit with the United States, helping the nation to avoid tariffs.[355] However, after Trump's remarks, calling Brazil and some other nations "tremendous tariff makers",[356] Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva vowed to reciprocate if Trump imposed tariffs on Brazil.[357][358] However, following Trump's 25% tariffs on steel and aluminum, Brazilian Institutional Affairs Minister Alexandre Padilha said that Brazil would not engage in retaliation.[359]
On April 2, 2025, Donald Trump imposed the base 10% tariff on Brazil.[360] On April 3, 2025, Brazil's government stated that it would explore options include resorting to the World Trade Organization. Further, the parliament passed a law to respond to trade measures such as tariffs.[231]
The reaction from Brazilian exporters were mixed, with coffee exporters seeing the opportunity to send more robusta beans to the United States due to Brazil's international rivals being hit with even heavier charges,[361] and at the same time other companies, such as Embraer,[362] worried for the rising costs.
On April 10, 2025, Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum and Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva met in a regional summit in Honduras, as a counterweight to U.S. President Donald Trump's shifting positions on global tariffs, decided to intensify the relations between their governments and the business sectors of Brazil and Mexico, in a joint economic front that hopes to recognize that Latin America and the Caribbean require unity and solidarity, as later stated by Sheinbaum.[191]
In response to the tariffs, on April 14, 2025, Brazil signed a Trade Reciprocity Law into effect. The legislation allows the government to adopt commercial measures against countries and blocs imposing unilateral barriers to Brazilian products.[363]
Colombia
On January 26, 2025, a dispute arose between Colombia and the US after Colombian president Gustavo Petro refused to allow the landing of two US military aircraft carrying deported Colombian nationals.[364] Petro called the treatment of deportees on military flights undignified and said he would accept deportation flights on civilian planes.[365] In response, Trump ordered retaliation against Colombia and its officials,[365] including 25 percent tariffs that would increase to 50 percent in one week if Petro did not reverse his position.[366] Petro responded by ordering a 25 percent tariff on the US that would also increase to 50 percent.[365] Hours later, the US said Colombia had agreed to "unrestricted acceptance" of deportees, including on military aircraft.[367] Colombia said it would "continue to receive" deported Colombians and would guarantee them "dignified conditions".[364]
Other countries
BRICS
In November 2024 and again in January 2025, Trump attempted to threaten BRICS countries saying they would face 100% tariffs if they attempted to replace the US dollar as a reserve currency.[368]
Eurasian Economic Union
As of April 3, 2025, according to Kommersant's source in the Eurasian Economic Commission, which regulates the import duties of the Eurasian Economic Union countries, they are unlikely to change – this is a well-established opinion. "The Union as a whole is not significantly affected by the tariff increase, most countries will be subject to a duty of 10%, which in the new realities can be considered the most favourable treatment". At the same time, Russia itself has sufficient freedom to impose unilateral restrictive measures, which often happened after 2022. If Russia finds itself hit by other countries raising duties in response to a US import tariff hike, it will still have the option to respond accordingly.[329]
Impacts
Summarize
Perspective
Markets
Immediately after Trump's announcement on April 2, markets sunk sharply lower. In Japanese markets, the Nikkei 225 dropped 2.8% while the TOPIX dropped 3.1%.[369] In Europe, the FTSE 100 was down 1.6%, while the CAC 40 in Paris fell 3.3%. The German DAX also fell 3.1%.[370] In the United States, stock futures tied to the S&P 500 fell 3.9%. Dow Jones Industrial Average futures fell 2.7%, and Nasdaq 100 futures fell 4.7%.[371]
On April 3, the S&P 500 Index fell over 274 points or 4.88%, the second largest daily point loss ever; this was largely attributed to the tariff announcement on April 2.[372] Also on that day, the Nasdaq Composite fell over 1,050 points or 5.97%, the largest point loss in its history.[372] The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 1,679.39 points, or 3.98%, then the fifth-largest point loss in its history.[372]
On April 4, markets continued losses. The S&P 500 fell 5.97%.[373] The Nasdaq Composite fell by 962.82 points or 5.82%, also entering into bear market territory.[373] The DJIA fell 2231.07 points, or 5.50%,[373] its third-largest point loss in history. The CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), widely known as "Wall Street's fear index", gained 15.29 points, closing at 45.31 points, the highest close since 2020.[374]
On April 3, the Russell 2000 entered bear market territory, falling over 20% from a recent high, after falling 134.82 points or 6.59%.[372] The Nasdaq Composite did the same on April 4.[373]
Across April 3 and 4, U.S. stocks lost $6.6 trillion in value, their largest two-day loss in history by a margin of $2.2 trillion.[375]
On April 7, early trading in Japan triggered the circuit breaker on futures trading after an 8.03% fall.[376]
United States
Economic impacts
Although Trump's first term economic policy featured lower and more targeted tariffs with many exceptions, such as an exception for Apple products, Trump promised higher rates, broader impacts, and few exceptions in his second term.[377][378] According to the Tax Foundation, the first Trump administration imposed new tariffs on approximately $380 billion worth of imports. Comparatively, the second Trump administration was expected to impact more than $1.4 trillion of imports by April 2025.[379]
At the start of his second term, confusion over rapidly fluctuating tariff levels and other economic policies created significant uncertainty for businesses and economists.[380][381] US GDP grew by 2.8% in 2024, the year before Trump's inauguration.[382] In March 2025, the Federal Reserve lowered its 2025 growth forecast from 2.1% to 1.7%,[383] while the OECD projected a decline to 2.2% in 2025 and 1.6% in 2026.[382] The Federal Reserve also increased average inflation expectations from 2.5% to 2.7%.[383] The US dollar value also decreased massively following the announcement compared to other currencies.[384][385][386][387] By April 4, JPMorgan Chase forecasted a recession within the year.[388]
The expected impact of the threatened 25% tariffs on Mexican and Canadian goods is high. Grocery prices were expected to rise as two-thirds of US vegetable imports came from Mexico.[377] The Peterson Institute for International Economics estimated that such a tariff retained through 2029 would reduce the gross domestic product of the United States by US$200 billion.[389] According to the Budget Lab at Yale University, American households would lose approximately US$1,200 in purchasing power.[390]
Following his global tariff announcements and worldwide trade war on April 3,[391][392] the Yale Budget Lab calculated the average effective US tariff to be 22%, up from 11% before the announcement and at the highest level since 1909.[57] Inflation Insights stated the weighted average tariff rate was set to rise to around 25% to 30%, up from 2% in the prior year.[393] The Cato Institute and other economists stated that the tariffs would "approach levels not seen since the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930",[394] which The Wall Street Journal put at roughly 20% and lasted until the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1947.[395] After adjusting for inflation, the tariffs amounted to the largest tax hike in U.S. history and triple the tax increase to fight World War II.[396]
Economist Michael Hudson has argued that the tariffs have the potential to disrupt the global economy by disrupting the balance of payments between the United States and its foreign debtors. By reducing the export trade between the United States and countries targeted by the tariffs and raising the cost of dollar-denominated goods, the US makes it more difficult for those countries to pay their dollar debts. Hudson believes this could cause a debt crisis, and compares it to the historical examples of the Latin American debt crisis and the inter-allied repayment of loans during the World Wars.[397]
Political and legal challenges
Senators Chuck Grassley and Maria Cantwell introduced the bipartisan Trade Review Act of 2025, proposing amendments to the law aimed at separation of powers and closing legal loopholes.[398] However, the law has not yet reached a consensus. Senate Majority Leader John Thune referred dismissively, "I don't think that has a future."[399] Senator Elizabeth Warren, calling it "a moment of truth for Republicans" to overturn the emergency declaration that President Trump used to justify tariffs impacting the families, businesses, and farmers they represent.[400] A similar bill was introduced in the House of Representatives by Rep. Don Bacon, who stated, "The Constitution clearly gives the authority for taxes and tariffs to Congress. Our Founders created checks and balances for a reason," urging Congress to reclaim its responsibility.[401]
Lawmakers were also frustrated with how the world learned of Trump's decisions—through a social media platform operated by Trump's company, instead of through federal administration officials.[402] Democratic Senator Adam Schiff called on Congress to investigate whether Trump had engaged in suspicious insider trading or market manipulation when he abruptly announced and paused the tariffs.[158] The media described the US economy, the government's handling of the jobs and retirement savings of millions of Americans, and the US's standing in global security, as having encountered an unprecedent crisis of trust because of the Trump administration's unrestrained behavior.[403][404]
Companies, business groups, trade associations, lawyers at home and abroad, and foreign governments filed formal complaints challenging the legality of the White House tariff measures.[405][406][407][408][409] On April 16, 2025, California Governor Gavin Newsom sued Trump over tariffs in an aggressive move to end the president’s stranglehold on global commerce.[410][411] Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Oregon and Vermont also sued Trump Administration over tariffs on April 23.[412]
On April 14, 2025, a public interest law firm, Liberty Justice Center, filed suit against the Trump administration over Executive Order 14257 on behalf of a group of five small businesses in the case V.O.S. Selections, Inc. v. Trump.[413] The firm requested a Temporary Restraining Order (TRO),[414] which was denied by the United States Court of International Trade.[415]
China
Nomura Holdings estimated that eliminating the US de minimis exemption for Chinese goods "would slow Chinese export growth by 1.3 percentage points and GDP growth by 0.2 point".[88] When the US Congress raised the de minimis limit from $200 to $800 in 2016, they sparked a surge in US imports of cheap Chinese goods.[88] A 2023 US House Select Committee report estimated that "nearly half" of all de minimis shipments originated from China. Chinese e-commerce companies Temu and Shein, estimated to comprise more than 30% of daily de minimis exemptions to the US, onboarded more sellers with a physical presence in the US and expanded their distribution facilities beyond China, to mitigate the impact of losing the exemption.[90][87]
On February 7, 2025, Trump suspended closing the exemption for China until the Secretary of Commerce notified him that adequate systems to process and collect tariff revenue were in place.[90] The exemption is expected to be closed again on May 3, 2025.[416]
Other countries
Ontario Premier Doug Ford stated that the tariffs would likely affect around half a million jobs in the province's automotive industry.[389] Marcus Noland, Director of Studies at the Peterson Institute, believed the tariffs would lead to deindustrialization in Mexico.[389]
In Singapore, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade and Industry Gan Kim Yong, along with Senior Minister Lee Hsien Loong, expressed concerns that the tariffs could affect economic growth and the cost of living. Gan stated in a press briefing that authorities were monitoring the situation and would implement measures if necessary.[417][418] Analysts in Singapore noted that while the tariffs posed a risk of trade slowdown, they could also make Singapore a more attractive source of imports for American buyers seeking alternatives to higher-taxed suppliers.[419]
In response of Trump's vehicle tariffs, some automobile companies suspended exports to the U.S., including Audi, Jaguar, and Land Rover.[420]
On April 5, 2025, Japanese video game manufacturer Nintendo announced it would delay pre-orders for its upcoming Switch 2 console from their initial date of April 9 in the United States, citing economic uncertainty due to the tariffs. However, the console's planned U.S. release date of June 5 remained unchanged.[421]
One of the worst affected countries is Bangladesh, the second largest textile exporter of the world, which holds roughly 8% of the US textile market.[422] The New York Times described it a "massive blow" for the textile industry of Bangladesh, which contributes 80% of the country's GDP.[422] France24 reported that many US buyers started to halt orders in the country following imposition of reciprocal tariffs, saying that it was too costly for them to bear a 37% tariff.[423]
Summary table
| Enacted US tariffs | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tariff | Announced | Effective | Status | Notes | Ref |
| 25% tariff on steel[424] and aluminum[425] products | February 10, 2025 | March 12, 2025 | In effect | On April 4, the aluminum tariff expanded to include canned beer and empty aluminum cans.[64][426] | [69][63] |
| 25% tariff on automobiles | March 26, 2025 | April 3, 2025 | In effect | Trump used Section 232 to impose these tariffs following a 2019 investigation. | [77] |
| 25% on auto parts | March 26, 2025 | May 3, 2025 | Announced | USMCA-compliant auto parts will remain tariff-free until the Commerce Secretary and CBP establish a process to apply tariffs to their non-U.S. content, expected by May 3.[427] | [77] |
| 10% universal duty on all imported goods | April 2, 2025 | April 5, 2025 | In effect[428] | Not applicable to § Excluded goods. | [101] |
| Elevated "reciprocal" tariffs of 11%-50% | April 2, 2025 | April 9, 2025 | Delayed for 90 days[428] | See § "Reciprocal" tariff policy | [98] |
| 25% tariff on most Canadian goods | February 1, 2025 | March 4, 2025 | Partially in effect | Tariffs on USMCA-compliant goods are delayed indefinitely.[73] 38% of Canadian goods were compliant in 2024,[184] but Canada expected the "vast majority" of goods to be quickly made compliant.[429] | [202] |
| 10% tariff on Canadian oil and gas | February 1, 2025 | March 4, 2025 | Delayed | Delayed indefinitely.[73] | [202] |
| 145% tariff on all Chinese goods | February 1, 2025 | February 4, 2025; Increased March 4, 2025; Increased April 9 | In effect | Total tariff of 145% includes:
|
[431][102][428] |
| 25% tariff on all Mexican goods | February 1, 2025 | March 4, 2025 | Partially in effect | Tariffs on USMCA-compliant goods are delayed indefinitely.[73] 50% of Mexican goods were compliant in 2024, but Mexico planned to increase to 85–90%.[185] | [202] |
| Foreign retaliation | |||||
| Country/Region | Announced | Effective | Status | Notes | Ref |
| Canada | February 1, 2025 | March 4, 2025 | In effect[187] | 25% on $20.8 bn (CA$30 bn) of US goods in effect. A planned expansion to an additional $86 bn (CA$125 bn) worth of US goods was suspended on March 6.[187] | [432][433] |
| Canada | March 12, 2025 | March 13, 2025 | In effect[434] | 25% tariffs on $20.6 bn (CA$29.8 bn) of US goods: $8.7 bn (CA$12.6 bn) steel products, $2 bn (CA$3 bn) aluminum products, and $9.9 bn (CA$14.2 bn) misc. goods. | [189] |
| Canada | April 4, 2025 | April 9, 2025 | In effect[435] | 25% tariff on non-USMCA compliant vehicles imported into Canada from the US. Auto parts will not be impacted.[190] | [436][190] |
| China | February 1, 2025 | February 4, 2025 | In effect | 15% tariff on coals and liquefied natural gas, 10% on oil and agricultural machines, and investigations on U.S. companies. | [198] |
| China | March 4, 2025 | March 10, 2025 | In effect | 10–15% tariffs on U.S. meat and agricultural products, suspension of U.S. lumber imports, revocation of soybean import licenses for 3 U.S. firms.[206] | [204] |
| China | April 4, 2025 | April 10, 2025 | In effect | Originally 34% on all US goods effective April 10, China raised the baseline to 84% on April 9 and 125% on April 12. | [437][438] |
| China | April 11, 2025 | April 11, 2025 | In effect | China suspends exports of a range of minerals and magnets critical to auto, defense, aerospace, and semiconductor industries; Chinese government plans to introduce a new regulatory system to prevent access to American companies. | [212] |
| European Union | March 12, 2025 | April 15, 2025 | Delayed for 90 days | 25% tariffs on $23.8 bn (€21 bn) of US goods, targeting farm produce and $13.5 bn products from Republican states (reduced from an initial threat of €26bn to begin April 1). | [306] |
| Proposed US tariffs | |||||
| 25% on countries importing Venezuelan oil | March 24, 2025 | April 2, 2025 | Announced | Secretary of State may impose a 25% tariff on goods from any country that imports Venezuelan oil, directly or indirectly, after April 2, 2025. In 2024, China imported 68% of Venezuelan oil. | [84] |
| Digital Service Taxes (DSTs) | February 21, 2025 | Trump directed USTR to initiate a Section 301 investigation into DSTs, particularly against France, Austria, Italy, Spain, Turkey, and the UK | [80] | ||
| Copper | February 25, 2025 | Trump directed the Commerce Secretary to initiate a Section 232 investigation into copper imports. | [439] | ||
| Timber and lumber | March 1, 2025 | Trump directed the Commerce Secretary to initiate a Section 232 investigation into timber and lumber imports. | [440] | ||
| Pharmaceuticals | April 1, 2025 | Trump directed the Commerce Secretary to initiate a Section 232 investigation into “pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical ingredients, including finished drug products”. | [441] | ||
| Semiconductors | April 1, 2025 | Trump directed the Commerce Secretary to initiate a Section 232 investigation into “imports of semiconductors and semiconductor manufacturing equipment”. | [441] | ||
See also
- Timeline of the 2025 stock market crash
- 2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico
- Chicken tax
- China–United States trade war
- Hands Off protests
- List of the largest trading partners of the United States
- Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States § Proposals to annex Canada by President Donald Trump
- Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act
- Tariffs in the first Trump administration
- U.S. economic performance by presidential party
- Donald Trump administration's Mar-a-Lago Accord
- Foreign policy of the second Donald Trump administration
- 2025 United States boycott
Notes
External links
- "Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump imposes tariffs on imports from Canada, Mexico and China". The White House. February 1, 2025.
- "Executive Order: Imposing duties to address the flow of illicit drugs across our northern border". The White House. February 1, 2025.
- "Reciprocal Tariff Calculations". Office of the United States Trade Representative. April 2025. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
References
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