Suleiman bin Abdullah Al Sheikh

Suleiman bin Abdullah Al Sheikh (1785 – October 1818) was a religious scholar in the Emirate of Diriyah and one of the grandsons of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabi movement. He was the author of al Dalail fi Hukm Muwalat Ahl al Ishrak (Arabic: Evidence Against Loyalty to the Polytheists).^[1]

Suleiman bin Abdullah Al Sheikh
Born	1785
Died	October 1818 (aged 32–33) Diriyah
Occupation	Religious scholar
Known for	Qadi of Diriyah
Notable work	al Dalail fi Hukm Muwalat Ahl al Ishrak (Arabic: Evidence Against Loyalty to the Polytheists)
Father	Abdullah bin Muhammad Al Sheikh

Biography

Suleiman was born in 1785 into the Al Sheikh family, and his father was Abdullah bin Muhammad, a son of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.^[1][2] Suleiman was a religious scholar like his father, uncles and grandfather and served as the qadi of Diriyah.^[3]

Following the capture of Hejaz region by the Emirate of Diriyah in 1802–1803 Suleiman requested the ulema in the region to adopt the Wahhabi approach which was not accepted by them.^[4] Then, they were declared by Suleiman as apostates.^[4] During the battles between the forces of the Emirate and the Egyptian-Ottoman troops Suleiman was one of the defenders of Diriyah.^[5] For him it was not an ordinary battle between two political forces with conflicting interests, but between believers and non-believers or infidels.^[6] Abdullah issued several fatwas to express how Wahhabis should behave against those who did not follow Wahhabi belief.^[5][7] In these fatwas Suleiman also outlined the conditions about visiting the lands of infidels.^[6] He argued that Wahhabi visitors should overtly practice their religion in such places and that they should not have close relations with infidels while visiting their land.^[6]

One month after the capture of Diriyah by the Egyptian forces led by Ibrahim Pasha, son of Muhammad Ali, in October 1818 Suleiman was killed by them,^[3][8] since he did not accept their supremacy which he regarded as the submission to kufr.^[2]

Views

Suleiman was the first Wahhabi cleric noteworthy for introducing a novel approach to Takfir, based on re-conceptualising the works of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Ibn Taymiyyah, in the context of Ottoman-Saudi wars. He laid the theological instructions for declaring Muslims who did not adhere to Wahhabi beliefs as apostates. These treatises would set the foundational principles for the Takfiri discourse of the 19th century ideologues of classical Wahhabism.^[2][4] Sulayman's works served as a manual for later Wahhabi scholars to make sense of the major tenets of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Based on Sulayman's approach, classical Wahhabi scholars would formulate a novel doctrine of Takfir that expanded beyond the traditional paradigm of early Wahhabis and excommunicated most of the political opponents of the Second Saudi state.^[2]

He suggested that true believers should not hesitate to show their hostility against the people having different religious beliefs.^[5] His view was just a reproduction of the approach that had existed in Islam, particularly among some Kharijite and Shiite groups, since the seventh century which emphasized the difference between true and false religion and banned all interaction with infidels.^[5] Here, infidels refer to Muslims from different religious traditions.^[5]

The views of Suleiman bin Abdullah were frequently adopted by his cousin, Abdul Rahman bin Hasan, and other religious scholars during the second Saudi State, or Emirate of Najd.^[5] His views were also used by the Ikhwan leaders in the late 1920s just before their revolt against King Abdulaziz as a justification for their resistance to him.^[5] King Abdulaziz argued that Suleiman's views should be taken into consideration in the related context and period of time.^[5]

References

1. Joas Wagemakers (February 2012). "The Enduring Legacy of the Second Saudi State: Quietist and Radical Wahhabi Contestations of Al Walaʾ Wa l Baraʾ". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 44 (1): 95. doi:10.1017/S0020743811001267. JSTOR 41474982. S2CID 162663590.
2. Tarik K. Firro (2013). "The Political Context of Early Wahhabi Discourse of Takfir". Middle Eastern Studies. 49 (5): 776–778, 781–786. doi:10.1080/00263206.2013.811648. S2CID 144357200. Unlike in the time of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, Sulayman witnessed strong Ottoman interference as well as the Egyptian military campaign which led to the gradual dissolution in 1818 of the Wahhabi-Saudi state in Najd.. Sulayman and other Wahhabi scholars, who had found shelter in some sedentary and nomadic localities, began to articulate a new version of takfir beyond that of the first generation. To a great extent, the new version of takfir involved Al al-Shaykh and other Wahhabi scholars in reinvigorating and giving new meaning to the traditional concept of takfir. They used takfir in order to reconsolidate the Second Saudi State established in 1824.
3. Elizabeth Sirriyeh (1989). "Wahhabis, Unbelievers and the Problems of Exclusivism". Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies). 16 (2): 124. doi:10.1080/13530198908705492. JSTOR 195146.
4. Naser Ghobadzdeh; Shahram Akbarzadeh (2015). "Sectarianism and the prevalence of 'othering' in Islamic thought". Third World Quarterly. 36 (4): 691–704. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1024433. S2CID 145364873.
5. Nabil Mouline (2014). The Clerics of Islam. Religious Authority and Political Power in Saudi Arabia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 77–79, 107. doi:10.12987/yale/9780300178906.001.0001. ISBN 9780300178906.
6. David Commins (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia (PDF). New York: I. B. Tauris. pp. 33, 36. ISBN 9781848850149. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2021.
7. Abdulaziz H. Al Fahad (May 2004). "Commentary. From Exclusivism to Accommodation: Doctrinal and Legal Evolution of Wahhabism" (PDF). New York University Law Review. 79 (2): 497.
8. R. Bayly Winder (1965). Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 20, 24. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-81723-8. ISBN 9780333055410.