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Saskatchewan Highway 16
Provincial highway in Saskatchewan, Canada From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Highway 16 is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The highway represents Saskatchewan's section of the Trans-Canada Yellowhead Highway. It runs from the Alberta border in Lloydminster at the intersection with Highway 17 south-eastward to the Manitoba border east of Marchwell, Saskatchewan, near Yorkton.[2] Major cities along the route include Saskatoon and North Battleford in the central part of the province, Yorkton in the east, and Lloydminster to the west.[3]
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Highway 16 is a divided, four-lane limited-access road from the Alberta–Saskatchewan border to just east of the village of Clavet. From Clavet east to the Manitoba border, it is an undivided, two-lane highway with multiple passing lanes.[4] Through the city of Saskatoon, the highway officially has a 2.5-kilometre (1.6 mi) concurrency along Idylwyld Drive;[2] however, Highway 11 and Highway 16 are cosigned along the entirety of Circle Drive.
The Yellowhead Route began as the Yellowhead Red River cart trail. When the province of Saskatchewan was surveyed, the road evolved from a dirt to gravel to all-weather road known as Provincial Highway 5 from the Alberta–Saskatchewan border to Saskatoon, and as Provincial Highway 14 from Saskatoon to the Manitoba–Saskatchewan border. In the late 1950s and 1960s, the highway was straightened and widened. On August 15, 1970 the Yellowhead was opened for the northern Trans-Canada Highway. The highway was completely designated for the entire route as Saskatchewan Highway 16 in 1976.
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Route description
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Highway 16 West
Saskatchewan's Highway 16 is a segment of the Yellowhead Highway that traverses the width of the province. The western section is twinned and runs from Lloydminster east to Saskatoon. Major highways that intersect 16 West include 17, 21, 4, 40, and 11. Cities include Lloydminster, North Battleford, and Saskatoon.
Highway 16 begins as a continuation of Alberta's Highway 16 at the intersection of the north–south Highway 17 in the city of Lloydminster. Lloydminster straddles the border of Saskatchewan and Alberta with Highway 17 running right down the provincial boundary. Over-sized border markers run down either side of Highway 17 through Lloydminster.[5] From its western terminus at Highway 17, Highway 16 travels east through the Saskatchewan side of Lloydminster and, as the highway exits the city, it passes by the Lloydminster Upgrader where it turns south-east towards a weigh scale,[6] Marshall,[7] and Lashburn.[8] South-east of Lashburn, the highway turns east towards Waseca.[9]
From Waseca, Highway 16 continues east to Maidstone where it has a 2-mile concurrency with Highway 21. Maidstone was bypassed in 2005 when the highway was twinned.[10] After Maidstone, it resumes its south-easterly travel to Battleford. En route to Battleford, the highway provides access to Paynton,[11] Bresaylor, and Delmas.[12] Attractions along this section include Silver Lake Regional Park and a 5.5-metre (18 ft) high Canola Plant Sculpture[13] at Maidstone and Bresaylor Museum at Bresaylor.[14] From about Paynton onward to Battleford, the highway parallels the North Saskatchewan River. At the north end of Battleford, Highway 16 approaches a partial cloverleaf interchange, where it becomes concurrent with Highways 4 and 40 as the freeway heads north-east across the North Saskatchewan River via the dual-spanned Battlefords Bridge. Prior to the building of the Battlefords Bridge, Highway 16 had continued south into Battleford where it crossed the river via the Battleford Bridge. After the completion of the first span of the Battlefords Bridge, that leg of Highway 16 was renamed Highway 16A. Soon after the completion of the second span in 2002, Battleford Bridge was closed to vehicle traffic and 16A was decommissioned.[15]
Immediately after crossing the Battlefords Bridge, Highway 4 continues north into the city of North Battleford, while 40 and 16 veer south-east, skirting the southern edge of the city. Highway 40 then turns east, while 16 continues south-east.[16] Highway 16B, an earlier routing of Highway 16, runs through North Battleford. Attractions accessible from the highway in North Battleford include the RCMP Statue,[17] Gold Eagle Casino,[18] and the Western Development Museum.[19] From the intersection with Highway 40, Highway 16 continues south-east for a further 90 kilometres (56 mi), paralleling the North Saskatchewan River. Communities along this stretch include Brada, Denholm, Ruddell,[20] Maymont,[21] Fielding, Radisson, and Borden.[22] After Borden, the highway once again crosses the North Saskatchewan River via a highway bridge. The highway bridge parallels the old Borden Bridge, which was closed to vehicle traffic in 1985. At the foot of the southern end of the bridge is the Borden Bridge Campground.[23]
After crossing the river, Highway 16 continues south-east, passes by Langham,[24] a weigh station, and heads towards the city of Saskatoon (Saskatchewan's largest city). At the northern end of the city, it is met by the north–south Highway 11. The two highways share a short 2.5-kilometre (1.6 mi) concurrency along Idylwyld Drive before reaching a diamond interchange at Circle Drive. Highways 11 and 16 are cosigned in both directions around Circle Drive in Saskatoon; however the official Highway 16 designation follows Circle Drive East while Highway 11 designation continues south along Idylwyld Drive (unsigned) towards Downtown Saskatoon.[2][25] The two highways meet up again at a cloverleaf interchange at the south-eastern end of Saskatoon, where Highway 11 heads south to Regina while Highway 16 continues east towards Yorkton.
Highway 16 East
The eastern portion of Highway 16 runs from Saskatoon south-east to the border with Manitoba. Only the 29-kilometre (18 mi) section east of the junction with Highway 11 is twinned. Major highways that intersect 16 East include 11, 2, 6, 35, 47, 9, 15, and 8. Cities include Saskatoon and Yorkton.
The first community east of Saskatoon is Clavet.[27] When this section of Highway 16 was twinned in 2016, Clavet was bypassed.[28] The original section of Highway 16 runs through the town as "Old Highway 16". Highway 316 runs north–south connecting the Old Highway 16 and Clavet with Highway 16. About 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) east of the intersection with Highway 316, the divided highway portion of Highway 16 ends. It continues east as an undivided highway, providing access to the communities of Elstow and Colonsay[29] before intersecting with the north–south Highway 2, Saskatchewan's longest highway. Highway 2 runs from the Canada–United States border crossing of Opheim–West Poplar River north to La Ronge. From that intersection with Highway 2, 16 heads south-east towards the Quill Lakes, providing access to Viscount,[30] Sclanders, Plunkett,[31] Wolverine, Guernsey,[32] Lanigan Potash Mine,[33] Lanigan,[34] Esk, and Jansen.[35] Along this section, Highway 16 has a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) long concurrency with Highway 20 that runs from Guernsey east to Lanigan.[36] Langenburg is home to the world's largest swing, named Goliath, and is the last incorporated Saskatchewan community before the Manitoba provincial boundary.[37][38]
At the Big Qill Lake, Highway 16 intersects with Highway 6, where it begins a 5.2-kilometre (3.2 mi) southbound concurrency with 6. At the community of Dafoe,[39] Highway 16 leaves the concurrency with 6 and heads east, skirting the southern end of Big Quill Lake en route Highway 35. Big Quill Lake is the largest salt lake in Canada,[40] and the Quill Lakes complex (consisting of Big, Middle, and Small Quill Lakes) is part of the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network. Communities along this section of 16 include Kandahar, Wynyard,[41] and Elfros. Wynyard Regional Park is 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) south of Highway 16 and Wynyard along Highway 640.[42]
From the intersection with Highway 35, 16 continues south-east en route to the town of Foam Lake.[43] It provides access to the village of Leslie and passes by the southern shore of Foam Lake. At Foam Lake, Highway 16 intersects Highway 310 and then heads east for 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) before resuming its south-easterly routing to the city of Yorkton. Communities along this stretch include Sheho, Insinger, Theodore, and Springside. From about Sheho to Springside, the highway parallels the Whitesand River. At Springside, Highway 16 intersects another north–south highway, Highway 47,[44] which runs from the Canada–US border north to Preeceville. A statue of a sharp-tailed grouse, Saskatchewan's provincial bird, was erected in 1985 at Sheho to commemorate both the 80th anniversary of the province of Saskatchewan and the incorporation of Sheho as a village.[45][46]
As the highway approaches Yorkton, it turns east to Highway 9.[47] At that bend, Highway 16A splits off and continues south-east into Yorkton. At the north–south Highway 9, the two highways begin a 3.3-kilometre (2.1 mi) long, southbound concurrency. Highway 10 also joins this concurrency for 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi). When Highway 16 leaves the concurrency, it resumes its south-easterly routing to Saskatchewan's border with Manitoba. Attractions at Yorkton include the Western Development Museum[48] and York Lake Regional Park. Communities along the final section of Highway 16 from Yorkton to the Manitoba border include Rokeby, Saltcoats,[49] Bredenbury, Churchbridge, Langenburg, and Marchwell. A large Canadian Dollar Coin was erected in 1993 at Churchbridge south of the Yellowhead[50] to commemorate Rita Swanson, the artist resident of Churchbridge whose design was chosen to mark Canada's 125th birthday in 1992.[51] About 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) east of Marchwell is the Manitoba border where the Yellowhead Highway continues as Manitoba Highway 16 to Portage la Prairie and Winnipeg.
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History
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Travel across Canada originated in the early 19th century when the Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company wanted to transport furs from the east to Fort St. James in the New Caledonia district (in present day British Columbia). Sir George Simpson, governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, employed a surveyor, James Macmillan, to find a route west. James Macmillan used the Iroquois guide Pierre Bostonais to help find the most feasible path. Pierre Bostonais was nicknamed Tête Jaune, which is French for 'yellow head', due to his blonde hair. Leather was needed at Fort St. James for moccasins and mukluks. The path from Saskatchewan to British Columbia through the Rocky Mountains became known as the 'Leather Pass' or 'Leather Track' and then more commonly the 'Yellowhead'.[52] Pierre Bostonais "has been credited with blazing the Old North-West Trail — the forerunner of the Yellowhead Highway".[53] The beginnings of this overland route can be found in the 19th century travel along the Carlton Trail, a Red River cart dirt trail which connected Fort Garry, Fort Ellice, Fort Carlton, Fort Battleford, and Fort Pitt through a northerly route.[54][55]
In Saskatchewan, cars appeared in the early 20th century. By the late 1920s, the roads were gravelled near the larger centres such as Yorkton, Saskatoon, the Battlefords, and Lloydminster. All-weather roads were developed in the 1930s, which began to depart from the surveyed township roads connecting centres directly. Roads also were constructed to allow for rain run-off, with a rounded top surface.
A larger improvement came about as a part of the industrial revolution in the 1940s following the return of the men from World War II. Following World War II, improved economic and farming factors saw an increase of taxation, and mechanized road building programs resulting in better roads.[56] Improved highways and travel by automobile soon saw the demise of a great majority of settlements along the prairie which were lively communities in the first half of the 20th century.
November 1947 saw communities along the Yellowhead organize together with caravans and meetings to encourage the Trans-Canada Trail to build on the northern route connecting Eastern and Western Canada. The southern route, Saskatchewan's Highway 1, the Trans-Canada Highway, was officially opened in 1957. The northern route — the Yellowhead Highway — was officially opened on August 15, 1970.[57][58][59]
Provincial Highway 14
Provincial Highway 14, the precursor to Highway 16 East, followed the surveyed grade of the Manitoba and North West Railway, later the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), between the Manitoba border and Saskatoon. Travel along the current Highway 16 East before the 1940s would have been travelling on the 'square' following the township road allowances, barbed wire fencing, and railway lines. As the surveyed township roads were the easiest to travel, the first highway was designed on 90-degree, right-angle corners as the distance traversed the prairie along range roads and township roads.[60] Two-horse, then eight-horse scrapers, maintained these early dirt roads. The gravelling of Provincial Highway 14 was begun in 1930, starting from Wynyard to Manitoba was gravel. By the 1940s, the entire eastern route gravelled.
The construction of Number 14 Highway between Lanigan and Saskatoon was started in 1929. It was to have an earth-built road bed, with a right of way of 66 feet (20 m) and a road surface of 24 feet (7.3 m).[61]
Some of the communities serviced by Provincial Highway 14 included Elstow, Churchbridge,[56] Fountain,[62] Sheho, and Lanigan.[63] In 1955, the highway near Sheho was re-routed and completely rebuilt.[64] In 1957, the route was straightened bypassing Plunkett and Viscount.
The 1957 road specifications were a right of way of 150′ and a road surface of 38′. The centre 22′ of this road was oiled, leaving 8′ gravel shoulders on each side.[61]
Provincial Highway 5
Provincial Highway 5, known as the 'Evergreen Route', the precursor to Highway 16 West, followed the surveyed grade of the Canadian Northern Railway, later the Canadian National Railway (CNR), between Saskatoon and the Alberta border at Lloydminster.
One benefit from the grading of the two railways was that good construction roads paralleled the lines. Thus, the modern Yellowhead Highway between Saskatoon and Lanigan owes its origins to the grading crews.[65]
The one event that had the greatest impact on the western segment of the Yellowhead was the decision of Donald Mann and William Mackenzie, owners of the Canadian Northern, to build from Manitoba to the Pacific.[66]
In 1927 the Department of Highways suggested that the Jasper Highway follow the C.N.R. tracks between Radisson and Borden, but the Town did not agree with this and asked that the old highway on the square be continued—6 miles (9.7 km) or 7 miles (11 km) east of Radisson, thence south 4 miles (6.4 km) to a point near Borden. This plan was followed at that time. In 1930 a delegation from council addressed the Minister of Highways and the Cabinet at Regina requesting that #5 Highway be an all-weather highway across the Province. In other words gravel all the way. In 1947 several lots on the north of the town were sold to the Provincial Department of Highways for the construction of Highway #5 to by-pass the town on the north end.[67]
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Up until 1936, a ferry was used to cross the North Saskatchewan River along Highway 5's route. The Borden Bridge was completed in 1936 replacing the ferry service.[68] The north-western route from Saskatoon was gravelled by 1955. By then, it was "an excellent all-weather hard-top road running into Saskatoon and connecting with good roads to other centres".[69] The Borden Bridge–Saskatoon cut off was officially opened on October 20, 1969, shortening the trip between North Battleford and Saskatoon by 6 miles (9.7 km). As the highway was developed and the course straightened out, some towns disappeared as they were disconnected from the highway. Dalmeny survived the Borden Bridge–Saskatoon straightening project.[70]
Situated on the North Saskatchewan River near the confluence of the Battle River, The Battlefords were at a major junction. Highways 4, 5, and 40, as well as the CNR and CPR, all went through town.[71][60][72]
Archaeology site
The original Kirilovka Doukhobor village was discovered by the Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation when undertaking construction of new lanes for Provincial Highway 5 north-west of Saskatoon, and west of Langham. Excavations commenced August 23, 1996. A 1944 aerial photograph was superimposed upon the Highway 5 construction area showing house foundations.[73]
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Highway 16 twinning
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About 310 kilometres (190 mi) of Highway 16 is twinned from Lloydminster to east of Saskatoon near the Bradwell Road Access, east of Clavet. It was twinned in stages from the late 1990s to the late 2010s. By 2012, twinning was complete from Saskatoon west to the Alberta border. While there are no immediate plans to twin the rest of Highway 16 East, 26 passing lanes were constructed in 2023 between Clavet and the Manitoba border.[74][75] "Passing lanes are typically a minimum of two kilometres (km) and allow drivers to pass slower moving vehicles safely".[76] In 2023, a petition was begun to advocate for twinning the remainder of the highway east to the Manitoba border.[77]
Originally, Highway 16's route through Saskatoon was via Idylwyld Drive. In 1983, the north-east quadrant of Circle Drive — a divided perimeter highway around Saskatoon — was completed. A few years later, it was designated as the Highway 16 / Yellowhead Route through Saskatoon. This route includes the twin-span Circle Drive Bridge over the South Saskatchewan River.[78]
One result of the twinning is that the highway now bypasses the village of Clavet, rather than passing through the community.
- Notable twinning stages include
- 1997 — Hwy 16 West, a 92 km (57 mi) long section between Saskatoon and North Battleford[79]
- 2000 — Hwy 16 West, a 10.7 km (6.6 mi) long section between Lashburn and Marshall
- 2001 — Hwy 16 West, a 16.2 km (10.1 mi) long section from east of Lashburn to just west of Maidstone[80]
- 2002 — the opening of the twin-span Battlefords Bridge over the North Saskatchewan River
- 2002 — a 3.2 km (2.0 mi) long section from west of the Highway 16 / 4 junction to the Battlefords Bridge[81]
- 2005 — Hwy 16 West, a 13.6 km (8.5 mi) long section from 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Delmas east towards the already four-laned section west of North Battleford
- 2005 — Hwy 16 West, a 19 km (12 mi) long section from "7.1 km (4.4 mi) east of the east junction of Highway 21 at Maidstone to 3.8 km (2.4 mi) west of the west junction of Highway 21"[82][83]
- 2016 — Hwy 16 East, a 19.5 km (12.1 mi) long section from Saskatoon east to just west of Highway 763[84]
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From west to east:
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