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People's Armed Police

Chinese paramilitary organization From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

People's Armed Police
This article is about the Chinese paramilitary police force. For other agencies, see Armed Police (disambiguation).

The People's Armed Police Force[5][c] is a paramilitary organization of the People's Republic of China[6]: 121  primarily responsible for internal security, riot control, counter-terrorism, disaster response, law enforcement and maritime rights protection[7] as well as providing support to the People's Liberation Army (PLA) during wartime.[8]: 87 

Quick Facts Common name, Abbreviation ...
People's Armed Police Force
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Flag of the Force
(since 10 January 2018)
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Roundel of People's Armed Police helicopters
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Badge of the Force
(since 1 August 2021)[b]
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Sleeve badge of the Force
Common name武警部队 (Wǔjǐng Bùduì; 'Armed Police Force')
AbbreviationPAP ("People's Armed Police")
CAPF ("Chinese Armed Police Force"), formerly abbreviated
Wujing (武警; Wǔjǐng; 'Armed Police'), or WJ as on vehicle license plates
Motto为人民服务
(Serve the People)
Agency overview
Formed
  • 19 June 1982; 42 years ago (1982-06-19) (de facto)
  • 5 April 1983; 42 years ago (1983-04-05)
Employees1.5 million
Jurisdictional structure
National agency
(Operations jurisdiction)		China
Operations jurisdictionChina
Legal jurisdictionPeople's Republic of China
Governing bodyCentral Military Commission
Constituting instrument
  • 《中华人民共和国人民武装警察法》 (People's Armed Police Law of the People's Republic of China)
Specialist jurisdictions
  • Paramilitary law enforcement, counter insurgency, and riot control.
  • Coastal patrol, marine border protection, marine search and rescue.
Operational structure
Overseen byCentral Military Commission
HeadquartersHaidian District, Beijing
Agency executives
Parent agencyCentral Military Commission
Child agencies
Notables
Anniversaries
Website
chinamil.com.cn
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Quick Facts Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Simplified Chinese ...
Chinese People's Armed Police Force
Simplified Chinese中国人民武装警察部队
Traditional Chinese中國人民武裝警察部隊
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Rénmín Wǔzhuāng Jǐngchá Bùduì
People's Armed Police
Simplified Chinese人民武装警察
Traditional Chinese人民武裝警察
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinRénmín Wǔzhuāng Jǐngchá
China Armed Police
Simplified Chinese中国武警
Traditional Chinese中國武警
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Wǔjǐng
Armed Police [Force]
Simplified Chinese武警［部队］
Traditional Chinese武警［部隊］
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinWǔjǐng [Bùduì]
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Unlike the civilian People's Police,[d] the PAP[e] is a specialized paramilitary force reporting directly to the Central Military Commission (CMC). PAP officers and soldiers wear dark olive green uniforms, different from pine green uniforms of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) or the light blue and black uniforms of the People's Police.

The PAP is estimated to have a total strength of 1.5 million. It was established in its current form in 1982, but similar security forces have operated since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. During the Maoist era, the PAP's predecessors were the Chinese People's Public Security Force, initially under the MPS, and later the Public Security Corps which was under the command of the PLA.[9] The PAP has been compared by both Chinese and foreign scholars with the gendarmerie forces found in many countries, most famously the French Gendarmerie,[10] but the main inspiration for the PAP's establishment and operation came from the Internal Troops of the Soviet Union and related paramilitary forces of the Eastern Bloc such as the East German Alert Units, adapted to the specific military-political culture and thinking of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leadership.[11] It has also sometimes been compared by Chinese media to the US National Guard.[12]

History

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Perspective

The history of the People's Armed Police is as long as that of the People's Republic, and its origin can be traced back to the People's Liberation Army, which was responsible for both defending the nation from foreign invasions and maintaining internal security. Although the force was officially established in 1982, its constituent units stretch back to 1949.[13]

People's Public Security Force

In July 1949, the CMC decided to establish the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) with Luo Ruiqing as its minister to organize the public security forces in the nation.[9] In August 1949, several security and public order units of the Fourth Field Army were consolidated into the Central Column of the Chinese People's Public Security Force (PSF) to guard the Party and State leaders and to keep the public order in the capital.[9] The Central Column provided security for the inauguration ceremony of the People's Republic.[9] From December 1949 to May 1950, regional security forces, along with the now dissolved Central Column, had been consolidated into divisions under the PSF.[9]

The PSF was assigned to the PLA and became the PLA Public Security Force in September 1950, and the PLA Public Security Corps in July 1955, reporting under the Central Military Commission of the CCP and the National Defense Council of the People's Republic.[9][6] Luo Ruiqing was appointed as the commander and political commissar of the PSF in September 1950 and remained on the posts until 1959, retaining the command of the PSF.[9][14]

As of 1960, the Public Security Corps was organised in 8,200-strong Public Security Divisions, which were deemed not capable of independent, sustained, full-scale combat operations.[15]

People's Armed Police Force

After numerous reorganizations and transfers of control between the PLA and the MPS, the People's Armed Police was created on 19 June 1982, combining the previous armed police, border guards and fire brigades.[9] The headquarter was set up in the MPS as a subordinate department.[16] The establishment of the PAP highlighted the efforts to increase the professionalization of the security apparatus, as well as the absorption of numerous PLA demobilized personnel,[17]: 228–229  in the wake of growing unrest.[17]: 229  The PAP was officially founded on April 5, 1983.[18]

The PAP was led by both the local government and superior PAP forces, which is called "Dual-Leadership" (双重领导). In practice, the local government (including the local party committee, local people's government and the local public security bureau) carries more weight. However, there were many confusions and loopholes caused by this ambiguous organization structure.

In the mid and late 1990s, CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin significantly expanded and strengthened the PAP, with more than 100,000 new troops.[19] Jiang praised the PAP, describing it as "a major force for maintaining state security and social stability, the People's Armed Police shoulders a massive and formidable burden" and deployed it extensively in Xinjiang and Tibet.[19]

Up until 2013, the Border Defense Coast Guard was a part of the PAP. In 2013, it was separated and transferred to the direct control of the Ministry of Public Security and the State Oceanic Administration. However, in March 2018, it was announced that the Coast Guard would be placed under the People's Armed Police Force once again since the State Oceanic Administration was disbanded, but now as an independent branch reporting directly to PAP headquarters.[20]

2017–2018 Reform

Until 31 December 2017, the People's Armed Police had a dual command structure including the Central Military Commission (CMC) and the State Council through the Ministry of Public Security (MPS).[8]: 18 

Prior to the 2018 reform, the People's Armed Police was further divided into eight corps: Internal Guard, Gold, Forestry, Hydropower, Transportation, Border Defense, Firefighting, and Safeguard Corps.[17]: 232  The Internal Guard Corps, which makes up for the bulk of PAP, is under the PAP Headquarters and reports thus to the party central committee and the CMC (Central Military Commission). The Gold, Forestry, Hydropower, and Transportation Corps, collectively known as the Specialist Corps, were by then under the joint leadership of PAP Headquarters and their respective ministries in the State Council.[17]: 232  The Border Defense, Firefighting, and Guard Corps, collectively known as the Public Security Corps, were then under the direct supervision of the Ministry of Public Security (MPS).[17]: 232 

By law however, the PAP operates separately from the PLA.[8]: 18  and, in terms of conducting public security operations and relevant capability building, the PAP Headquarters is under the leadership and command of the Ministry of Public Security (MPS).

From 1 January 2018, command of the People's Armed Police is jointly held by the CCP central committee and the Central Military Commission (CMC), with the PAP no longer subordinate to the State Council.[21]

The reform was reportedly carried out in order to deprive the local Chinese Communist Party authorities of the power to use the PAP units to commit abuses or against the leadership in Beijing, especially after the Wang Lijun incident in which the PAP was allegedly abused by provincial party secretary Bo Xilai to surround the US Consulate in Chongqing after a falling out with Wang, the police chief of Chongqing at the time. Under the 2018 reforms, local authorities now need central approval in order to deploy the PAP.[22]

On 10 January 2018, the PAP received a new flag following the design of the branch flags of the PLA with three olive stripes at the bottom. The three olive stripes represents the People's Armed Police responsible for the three main tasks and force composition of maintaining national political security and social stability, maritime rights protection and law enforcement, and defense operations.[23]

On 21 March 2018, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party unveiled a reform plan for the People's Armed Police Force as part of the deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions.[24] Under this plan, the non-combatant elements of the PAP, the Gold, Forestry, Hydropower, Border Defense, Firefighting, and Guard Corps, are to be removed and the CCG is to be consolidated with PAP.[25] As of March 2018, the PAP is working with the Central Committee and the relevant organs for the transfer of non-combatant elements into civil service.[25] The Transportation Corps is the only remaining component of the Specialist Corps.

Until 2018, the Specialist Corps were responsible in constructing and maintaining highways and roads, surveying mineral deposits, fighting forest fires, and constructing large scale [26] waterworks like dams and levees as well as for water works maintenance.[27] The PAP is also called upon in emergency rescue and disaster relief operations within the PRC via the specialist and public security forces which can be forward deployed during such operations.[27]

Organizational changes

With the 2018 reforms, Specialist Corps other than the Transportation Corps have been placed under other ministries. China Coast Guard (CCG) was transferred from State Council to PAP command, and the Transportation Corps has some units under the Mobile Contingents.[26]: 15 

The Border Defense Corps and Guards Corps have been absorbed by the Ministry of Public Security (MPS). The Forestry Corps were merged with the China Fire Services [zh] (also known as the firefighting corps) of the MPS and reorganized as China Fire and Rescue (CF&R), it was placed under the Ministry of Emergency Management. The Gold Corps and Hydropower Corps have been transformed into state-owned enterprises under the supervision of the relevant State Council ministries (Ministry of Natural Resources and China National Gold Group Corporation and China Aneng Construction Corporation, respectively).[26]: 15 [28]

Chronology

From the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the paramilitary public security force has been reorganized numerous times. The current designation since 1982, the People's Armed Police, was first used between 1959 and 1963.[6][29]

  • 1949–1950: Chinese People's Public Security Force, under the Ministry of Public Security (MPS)
  • 1950–1955: Public Security Force, under the People's Liberation Army (PLA)
  • 1955–1959: Public Security Corps, under the PLA
  • 1959–1963: People's Armed Police, under the joint leadership of the MPS and the PLA
  • 1963–1966: Chinese People's Public Security Force, under the joint leadership of the MPS and the PLA
  • 1966–1982: PLA Internal Guard, absorbed into the PLA in an integrated structure. In 1971 and 1973, some units were transferred to the MPS
  • 1982–present: People's Armed Police (PAP)

Mission and operations

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People's Armed Police Guards in front of Tiananmen

The People's Armed Police is formally regulated by the People's Armed Police Law of the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国人民武装警察法), adopted and effective since 27 August 2009.[30]

The People's Armed Police's primary mission is internal security. The first law on the People's Armed Police, the Law on the People's Armed Police Force (PAPF), was passed in August 2009, giving it statutory authority to respond to riots, terrorist attacks or other emergencies.[7][31] Such units guard government buildings at all levels (including party and state organizations, foreign embassies and consulates), provide security to public corporations and major public events, as well as counter-terrorism and handling of public emergencies.[32] Some units perform guard duty in civilian prisons and provide executioners for the state. The PAP also maintains tactical counter-terrorism (CT) units such as the Snow Wolf Commando Unit (SWCU) and various Special Police Units (SPUs).[33]

In the Chinese policing system, the People's Armed Police concentrates on managing protests otherwise referred to as "mass incidents" and protecting important facilities and events, while the public security officers focus on handling crime and issues related to the maintenance of public order.[6]: 119  The People's Armed Police assists the regular police in operations where violent opposition is expected, in roadblocks and the protection of crime scenes. The People's Armed Police is also involved in anti-crime campaigns. In order maintenance activities, the People's Armed Police uses the preventive patrol, under the leadership of the public security organs, and sometimes in conjunction with them. When dealing with mass incidents, with gang activities and other risk situations, responsibility shifts to the People's Armed Police. However, the People's Armed Police also conducts exclusive patrols.[6]: 123–125 

The PAP maintains both a division-sized mechanized infantry unit and a rapid deployment light motorized infantry unit, these units are tasked with responding to any possible armed mutinies by PLA soldiers. In wartime deployments the PAP can act as light infantry supporting the PLAGF in local defense missions and in support of the PLAN in naval operations.[8]: 87 

International operations

While the People's Armed Police is principally charged with internal security and guarding key facilities and installations, it also operates as part of the international security efforts of the People's Republic of China, against both terrorism and organized crime. Mathieu Duchâtel for The National Bureau of Asian Research identifies the legal basis of the PAP missions abroad in Article 71 of the 2015 Counter-terrorism Law. According Armed Police Force University professor Zhou Jian, counterterrorism is a task provided by law for the People's Armed Police and operating missions abroad is an “irreplaceable means”.[34]: 14–15 

The People's Armed Police sent personnel abroad to receive training or provide training and participates in counter-terrorism exercises, especially across Central Asia in bilateral and multilateral agreements.[34]: 65  [35]: 26  [36] PAP special operations forces are also deployed in the Chinese embassies of Baghdad and Kabul for the purposes of protection of diplomatic staff and property.[34]: 15 

Since 2011, the People's Armed Police has also conducted operations along the Mekong river with the security forces of Thailand, Myanmar and Cambodia. These operations are aimed against organized crime.[34]: 13 

Since 2014, the People's Republic of China established a security cooperation with Tajikistan and Afghanistan on Afghan border, near the Wakhan Corridor and in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region. The People's Armed Police is the main force for both bilateral and trilateral counterterrorism operations (mainly reconnaissance patrols in remote areas), being deployed south of Shaymak; the PAP has also conducted training for Tajik security forces.[34]: 13, 84–87 

The Border Defense Corps has also been deployed in UN Peacekeeping operations. Between 2006 and 2018, the Border Defense Corps was deployed in peacekeeping 10 times, with a total of 1325 officers being deployed for peacekeeping.[37] This includes MINUSTAH, where out of eight Chinese peacekeeping deaths in the 2010 Haiti Earthquake three were Border Defense Corps officers. The Border Defense Corps was also deployed in UNMIL, where on October 28, 2017, where the 5th PAP Deployment to Liberia (part of the Guangxi Border Defense Contingent) was awarded the "Liberia National Outstanding Contribution Award" by the Liberian Government.[37][38]

Headquarters and organization

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The People's Armed Police Headquarters is the leading and commanding organ that directs and administers all the units and provides guidance to it. The PAP has a commander, a political commissar and several deputy commanders and deputy political commissars.[27] The PAP also has departments responsible for logistical and political matters and several speciality departments.

Following adjustment and reorganization, the People's Armed Police is mainly composed of the territorial forces, the mobile forces, and the Coast Guard.[39]

The People's Armed Police Headquarters, placed at Theater Command Grade, include five Departments directly under the Headquarters:[26]: 10, 32 

  • Staff Department (Deputy Theater Command Grade);
    • Training Bureau (Division Leader Grade);
    • Intelligence Bureau (Division Leader Grade), led by Zhang Xiaoqi;
  • Political Work Department (Deputy Theater Command Grade): led by Director Lieutenant general Gao Wei;[40]
    • Propaganda Bureau (Division Leader Grade);
    • Soldier and Civilian Personnel Bureau (Division Leader Grade);
  • Discipline Inspection Commission (Deputy Theater Command Grade);
  • Logistics Department (Corps Leader Grade);
  • Equipment Department (Corps Leader Grade).

Being of Theatre Command Grade, the People's Armed Police is led by a full General.[41]

Training

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The People's Armed Police has a number of training institutions, likely overseen by the Training Bureau of the Staff Department.[26]: 32 [41]

New constables of the People's Armed Police are drawn from the general military conscription pool, but they are trained in the People's Armed Police basic training units.[42]: 28 

According to Zi Yang, the state of the education and training system as of 2016 suffered of issues which negatively affected the quality of education.[43]

People's Armed Police Academy

The People's Armed Police Academy tasked with officer education and training for duties related to the missions entrusted to the People's Armed Police, including, since 2001, UN peacekeeping.[44] The People's Armed Police Academy is headquartered in Langfang, of Hebei. The People's Armed Police Academy started to recruit cadets in 1984; since 1997, it has begun to issue bachelor's degrees; in 2003 it was allowed to issue master's degrees. According to a 2019 source, it is subordinate to the Ministry of Public Security.[44] The PAP Academy is a Corps Leader Grade command, and thus it is led by a major general who serves as Superintendent.[26]: 32 [41] All graduates to the academy are commissioned into the PAP as Second Lieutenants (equivalent of Ensigns for those commissioned into the Coast Guard).

People's Armed Police Logistics Academy

The People's Armed Police Logistics Academy is a training body aimed to train People's Armed Police personnel in handling logistics. According to Unit Tracker, the university include subjects as applied economics, military and paramilitary logistics, as well as engineering.[45] The Logistics Academy is a Corps Leader Grade command, and thus it is led by a major general.[26]: 32 [41]

Mobile contingents

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Mobile contingents (Chinese: 机动总队; pinyin: jīdòng zǒngduì) are large formations without fixed areas of responsibility. Two were created after the 2018 reforms; most of the subordinate units came from the 14 disbanded mobile divisions. Mobile contingents are corps leader grade formations[26]: 12–13  commanded by major generals.[41]

The mobile contingents are mainly responsible for dealing with terrorism, violent crime, riots, and public security threats.[17]: 233 

1st Mobile Contingent

Main article: 1st Mobile Contingent

The 1st Mobile Contingent is based in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, south of Beijing. The Contingent covers northern and central China, including Beijing.[46] The 1st Mobile Contingent consists of:[26]: 14 

2nd Mobile Contingent

Main article: People's Armed Police 2nd Mobile Contingent

The 2nd Mobile Contingent is headquartered in Fuzhou, with units concentrated in Fujian and surrounding provinces along the coast (covering eastern and southern China).[26]: 13  The 2nd Mobile Contingent consists of:[26]: 14 

The incumbent Commander is Major General Chen Hongwu, while the Political Commissar is Major General Yang Zhenguo.

Internal security forces

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The major part of the PAP is the nèiwèi bùduì (Chinese: 内卫部队); translations include "internal security forces",[26]: 2  "internal security troops",[43] and "internal guards corps".[17]: 232  Internal security forces are divided into provincial-level formations[26]: 11–12  with geographical areas of responsibility.[26]: 2  They are subordinated to PAP headquarters;[26]: 10  the 2017-2018 reforms removed control of PAP units from local government.[26]: 11–12  Internal security forces are focused on domestic security missions, maintaining stability in western China, guarding government compounds, disaster relief, and responding to major anti-government unrest.[26]: 2 

The zǒngduì (Chinese: 总队) is the provincial formation. They are called "corps" by the PAP;[47][48][49] Western analysts have used "contingent",[26]: 32  "general corps", and "detachment".[17]: 234  Most are corps deputy leader grade formations. The exceptions are the Beijing and Xinjiang contingents which are corps leader grade; their subordinate entities, except for the logistics and equipment bureaus, are one grade higher than in the other contingents.[26]: 32  Hong Kong and Macau do not have contingents.[43] Contingents have mobile detachments and duty detachments (Chinese: 执勤支队; pinyin: zhíqín zhīduì).[26]: 22 

Duty detachments protect government compounds and perform routine duties; they may exist because the CCP lacks confidence in the ability of local public security forces to handle "mass incidents".[26]: 22 

Mobile detachments (Chinese: 机动支队; pinyin: jīdòng zhīduì) are rapid reaction units roughly corresponding to PLAGF regiments.[26]: 12  Some were existing contingent mobile units before the reforms.[26]: 36  Most were transferred from the disbanded mobile divisions.[26]: 12  Most contingents have one.[26]: 12  In general, western provinces with large non-Han population have more than those in China's interior.[50]: 16 

Contingents are further subdivided at lower administrative levels. Regimental-level detachments (Chinese: 支队; pinyin: zhīduì) are found in provinces, prefectures, and specifically designated cities. Battalions (Chinese: 大队; pinyin: dadui) are located in districts of the important cities and counties. Companies (Chinese: 中队; pinyin: zhōngduì) are found in counties, townships, and villages.[17]: 234 [26]: 7  All contingents have subordinate elementary command colleges.[27]

List of provincial corps

  • Anhui Corps [zh]
  • Beijing Corps [zh]
    • 4 mobile detachments[26]: 13 
  • Chongqing Corps [zh]
  • Fujian Corps [zh]
  • Gansu Corps [zh]
  • Guangdong Corps [zh]
  • Guangxi Corps [zh]
  • Guizhou Corps [zh]
  • Hainan Corps [zh]
  • Hebei Corps [zh]
  • Heilongjiang Corps [zh]
  • Henan Corps [zh]
  • Hubei Corps [zh]
  • Hunan Corps [zh]
  • Inner Mongolia Corps [zh]
  • Jiangsu Corps [zh]
  • Jiangxi Corps [zh]
  • Jilin Corps [zh]
  • Liaoning Corps [zh]
  • Ningxia Corps [zh]
  • Qinghai Corps [zh]
    • Two mobile detachments[26]: 13 
  • Shaanxi Corps [zh]
  • Shanxi Corps [zh]
  • Shandong Corps [zh]
  • Shanghai Corps [zh]
    • Two mobile detachments[26]: 13 
  • Sichuan Corps [zh]
    • Four mobile detachments[26]: 13 
  • Tibet Corps
    • Three mobile detachments[26]: 13 
  • Tianjin Corps [zh]
  • Yunnan Corps [zh]
    • Three mobile detachments[26]: 13 
  • Xinjiang Corps [zh]
    • Seven mobile detachments[26]: 13 
  • Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (Not to be confused with the XPCC itself)[26]: 12 
  • Zhejiang Corps [zh]

Border Defense Corps

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Badge of the Border Defense Corps
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Prior to the 2018 reform, the People's Armed Police Border Defense Corps [zh] (Chinese: 武警边防部队; pinyin: Wǔjǐng Biānfáng Bùdùi), more commonly known as the Ministry of Public Security Border Defense Corps (Chinese: 公安边防部队), guarded China's land and sea borders, as well as its ports and airports. Its main responsibilities were the administration of border and coastal public security, ports and border inspection and surveillance, performing patrols and surveillance activities in areas adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, as well as patrols and surveillance activities along the demarcation line of the Beibu Gulf and the prevention of and crack-down on illegal and criminal acts in border and coastal areas, such as illegal border crossing, smuggling and drug trafficking.[32]

When it was active, The Border Defense Corps was under the command of the defunct Ministry of Public Security Border Control Department [zh], however the personnel were part of the PAP.[51] Along with the Guard Corps and China Fire Services, these were known as the Ministry of Public Security Active Service Forces [zh], due to PAP personnel being treated as active duty military service members.[28]

After the 2018 reform, Port and Seaport detachments of Border Defense Corps have been transferred into the Ministry of Public Security, whereas responsibility of guarding land borders was completely handed over to PLAGF.[25][26]: 15 [28] This was finalized on December 25, 2018.[37] From 1980 to the transferal of the Border Defense Corps, a total of 86 units and 519 personnel were awarded 1st class meritorious service medals, 411 units and 4614 personnel were awarded 2nd class meritorious service medals and 179 personnel were awarded martyr status.[37]

The Border Defense Corps has also been deployed in UN Peacekeeping operations. Between 2006 and 2018, the Border Defense Corps was deployed in peacekeeping 10 times, with a total of 1325 officers being deployed for peacekeeping.[37]

History

The Border Defense Armed Police was established in November 1949 as part of the Ministry of Public Security.[37][52]

In January 1980, the Border Defense Armed Police was renamed to the People's Armed Police Border Defense Corps.[52]

In June 1982, the Border Defense Corps was handed to the newly established People's Armed Police. In August 1985, the Border Defense Corps was moved under the control of the Ministry of Public Security, however it was continued to be manned by PAP personnel.[52]

Out of six PAP personnel killed during the Barin riots, four were Border Defense Corps personnel, including Lt. Col. Xu Xinjian.[53]

Sixteen personnel of the Border Defense Corps were killed in the 2008 Kashgar attack.[54]

Between September 18 and September 19, 2011, the Yadong Battalion and Yadong Border Checkpoint of the Border Defense Corps deployed 90 personnel, 11 vehicles and 30 tents to assist with disaster relief after the 2011 Sikkim Earthquake.[55]

The Border Defense Corps has a history of intercepting armed incursions by drug traffickers on the China-Myanmar border, especially due to smuggling routes across the Shweli River. On August 2, 1997, Border Defense officer Corporal Yin Mingzhi was stabbed by a drug trafficker during an undercover sting operation in Longchuan County near the China-Myanmar Border, dying of his wounds a day later.[56] On March 25, 2007, officers of the Border Defense Corps were ambushed by ten armed drug traffickers with sub-machine guns and grenades, killing officers 2nd Lieutenant Gan Zurong, Major Bai Jiangang and Captain Xu Shengqian.[57]

On August 22, 2011, and October 22, 2011, Border Defense Corps K9 Handler Private Yao Yuanjun and Political Commissar Major Chen Shihua drowned while engaging in melee fighting with drug traffickers in separate incidents, respectively.[57] Private Yao Yuanjun's K9 "Big Wolf" became a center of a lot of attention on Chinese Social Media after he was filmed on national TV wandering around training grounds, unaware his handler had died.[58]

In the aftermath of the April 2015 Nepal earthquake 21 officers of the Gyirong Border Checkpoint had all access routes cut off for 12 days, where they remained to provide disaster relief and assisted in helicopter evacuations of civilians on the 28th of April.[37][59] During the same earthquake, Private Zhang Gaoyong of the Nyalam Border Checkpoint Patrol company was heavily injured while attempting to use his body as a human shield against incoming rocks to protect a child. He later recovered from his injuries.[37][60]

On January 16, 2017, the 1st Mobile Company, Honghe Border Defense Contingent was deployed to fight bandits engaging in extortion along the highway between Mengzi and Hekou, resulting in a shootout where Border Defense Pfc Zhang Hao was shot multiple times. All bandits were apprehended, along with two improvised firearms and three nail guns confiscated.[61][62]

Organization (Pre-2018)

Each coastal/border province-level subdivision or direct-administered municipality would have had a border defense contingent, every border/coastal prefecture-level divisions would have a border defense detachment, every border/coastal county level subdivision would have a border defense battalion; Township level subdivisions would each have a border defense police station. Prior to the establishment of the CCG in 2013, there would also be Border Defense Corps Coast Guard [zh] flotillas and squadrons. The Border Defense Corps additionally operated checkpoints on roads heading towards border crossings along with border checkpoints.[51]

Organization (Post-2018)

After the 2018 reforms, the Border Defense Corps Guangdong Contingent was renamed to the Guangzhou General Station of Immigration Inspection under the National Immigration Administration. When it was handed over to the People's Police, 20 units and 31 personnel of the Guangdong Border Defense Contingent received honorary titles, along with 21 units and 82 personnel receiving 1st Class Meritorious Service Medals and 18 personnel achieving martyr status.[63]

The Border Defense Corps Gansu Contingent was renamed to the Gansu General Station of Immigration Inspection.[64]

Guard Corps

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Prior to the 2018 reform, the Ministry of Public Security Guard Corps [zh] (Chinese: 公安警卫部队), officially known as the People's Armed Police Guard Corps (Chinese: 武警警卫部队) was a branch of the People's Armed Police.[28] After the 2018 reform, the Guard Corps were disbanded and re-organized into the Ministry of Public Security Special Service Bureau [zh] on January 1st, 2019.[65][66] Provincial Guard contingents were also renamed to Guard Bureaus of provincial Public Security Departments.[67] Similar to the Border Defense Corps and the China Fire Services [zh], the Guard Corps were under the command of the Ministry of Public Security Guards Bureau [zh] (now the Special Service Bureau) however its personnel were part of the PAP.[66][68] Along with the Guard Corps and China Fire Services, these were known as the Ministry of Public Security Active Service Forces [zh], due to PAP personnel being treated as active duty military service members.[28]

The Guard Corps were responsible for roles such as VIP protection, protecting important conferences along with provincial government leaders.[68][69]

History

Guard Corps personnel became part of the PAP in March 23, 1984.[52]

The Guard Corps were responsible for protecting the World Conference on Women 1995, the handover of Hong Kong, the 50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, the Handover of Macau, the 2006 FOCAC summit, the 2008 Beijing Olympics, 60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, APEC China 2014, the 2015 China Victory Day Parade, the 2016 G20 Hangzhou summit and the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.[68][70]

Organization

Before 2018, each province had its own Guard Corps contingent, which was under the Guards Bureau of the provincial Public Security Department.[66][68]

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Badge of the Guard Corps
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China Fire Services

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Insignia of the China Fire Services Sichuan Fire Department
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The Patch of the China Fire Services

The China Fire Services [zh] (CFS), known as the Ministry of Public Security Firefighting Corps (公安消防部队) or the People's Armed Police Firefighting Corps (武警消防部队) in Chinese was China's primary firefighting agency prior to the 2018 reforms. After 2018, the China Fire Services was merged with the People's Armed Police Forestry Corps [zh] to form the National Fire and Rescue Administration.[28] It was part of the Ministry of Public Security Active Service Forces [zh] along with the Guard Corps and Border Defense Corps, because China Fire Services personnel were part of PAP however the China Fire Services were part of the now defunct Ministry of Public Security Firefighting Bureau [zh].[28] In October 10, 2018, the CFS was disbanded.[71]

History

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China Fire Services Ningbo Fire Department firefighters conducting disaster relief after the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake

The China Fire Services were the first responders to the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake. By May 18, 2008, the China Fire Services rescued 5796 people stuck under rubble, provided aid to 259 injured people, recovered the bodies of 639 bodies, provided relief to 3759 people who were stuck and evacuated 47152 more people and transported 705.3 tonnes of aid.[72]

In January 2, 2015, 5 firefighters of the China Fire Services Harbin Fire Department died during the 2015 Harbin Warehouse Fire [zh].[73]

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Remains of a fire truck of the China Fire Services damaged in the 2015 Tianjin Explosion in the China Fire Museum [zh]

During the 2015 Tianjin explosions in August 12, 2015, the China Fire Services Tianjin Fire Department lost a total of 24 firefighters(dead or presumed dead) and had 69 more injured.[74]

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Organization

  • China Fire Services Beijing Fire Department [zh] (Now Beijing Fire and Rescue)
  • China Fire Services Shanghai Fire Department [zh] (Now Shanghai Fire and Rescue)
  • China Fire Services Tianjin Fire Department [zh] (Now Tianjin Fire and Rescue)
  • China Fire Services Chongqing Fire Department [zh] (Now Chongqing Fire and Rescue)
  • China Fire Services Hebei Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Hebei Province)
  • China Fire Services Shanxi Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Shanxi Province)
  • China Fire Services Jilin Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Jilin Province)
  • China Fire Services Liaoning Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Liaoning Province)
  • China Fire Services Heilongjiang Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Heilongjiang Province)
  • China Fire Services Shaanxi Fire Department [zh] (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Shaanxi Province)
  • China Fire Services Gansu Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Gansu Province)
  • China Fire Services Qinghai Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Qinghai Province)
  • China Fire Services Shandong Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Shandong Province)
  • China Fire Services Fujian Fire Department [zh] (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Fujian Province)
  • China Fire Services Zhejiang Fire Department [zh] (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Zhejiang Province)
  • China Fire Services Henan Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Henan Province)
  • China Fire Services Hubei Fire Department [zh] (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Hubei Province)
  • China Fire Services Hunan Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Hunan Province)
  • China Fire Services Jiangxi Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Jiangxi Province)
  • China Fire Services Jiangsu Fire Department [zh] (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Jiangsu Province)
  • China Fire Services Anhui Fire Department [zh] (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Anhui Province)
  • China Fire Services Guangdong Fire Department [zh] (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Guangdong Province)
  • China Fire Services Hainan Fire Department [zh] (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Hainan Province)
  • China Fire Services Sichuan Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Sichuan Province)
  • China Fire Services Guizhou Fire Department [zh] (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Guizhou Province)
  • China Fire Services Yunnan Fire Department [zh] (Now Fire and Rescue Department of Yunnan Province)
  • China Fire Services Inner Mongolia Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region)
  • China Fire Services Xinjiang Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region)
  • China Fire Services Ningxia Fire Department [zh] (Now Fire and Rescue Department of the Ningxia Autonomous Region)
  • China Fire Services Guangxi Fire Department [zh] (Now Fire and Rescue Department of the Guangxi Autonomous Region)
  • China Fire Services Tibet Fire Department (Now Fire and Rescue Department of the Tibet Autonomous Region)
  • China Fire Services Officer training base [zh] (Now China Fire and Rescue Tianjin Training Corps)
  • China Fire Services Kunming Command Academy [zh] (Now China Fire and Rescue Kunming Training Corps)
  • China Fire Services Nanjing Command Academy [zh] (Now China Fire and Rescue Nanjing Training Corps)

Transportation units

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Prior to the 2018 reforms, the People's Armed Police Transportation Corps [zh] (Chinese: 武警交通部队) was its own independent corps.[75] During the 2018 reforms, the Transportation Corps was reorganized into part of the 1st and 2nd mobile contingents.[75][26] The mission of Transport units of the People's Armed Police is to conduct disaster relief and emergency repair on highways, bridges, tunnels, seaports railways and airports, security to construction products related to national security along with law enforcement duties on highways in border regions.[76]

History

The lineage of the 1st Transportation Detachment, 2nd Mobile Contingent dates back to the 2nd World War, when it was known as the Laiyuan guerilla detachment of the Jin-Cha-Ji Military district. It participated in the Chinese civil war, WW2 and the Korean war. After becoming part of the PLA Basic Engineering Corps [zh] it was deployed to build the Duku Highway in 1974 in which 47 personnel lost their lives.[75]

Prior to 1984, the transportation corps was part of the People's Liberation Army Basic Engineering Corps [zh].[75]

The 6th Detachment of the transportation corps deployed 105 officers and 48 vehicles for urban search and rescue duties during the 2015 Shenzhen landslide.[77]

Organization (Pre-2018)

  • 1st Transportation Contingent[78]
  • 2nd Transportation Contingent - Headquartered in Kashgar[78]
  • 6th Transportation Detachment[77]

Organization (Post-2018)

After the 2018 reforms, the transportation corps was reorganized into 5 detachments in the 1st and 2nd Mobile Contingents:[26][75]

Forestry Corps

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Roundel of the People's Armed Police Forestry Corps Helicopter Detachment [zh]

The People's Armed Police Forestry Corps [zh] (Chinese: 武警森林部队) was a former branch of the PAP which did tasks such as fighting Wildfires and law enforcement in forest areas, along with protecting wildlife,[82] disaster relief.[83] When it was active, it was the only military branch on Earth whose task was fighting wildfires. It was nicknamed the "Fearless Red Boys".[84][85] The Forestry Corps was officially disbanded on October 10, 2018.[86]

History

The Forestry Corps can trace its lineage to the Armed Forest Protection Battalions (Chinese: 武装护林大队); There were a total of four battalions; Each of the Hejiang, Songjiang, Longjiang and Jilin provinces consisted of one Armed Forest Protection Battalion. Founded on August 25, 1948, these units were created to conduct counterinsurgency operations against Japanese/Collaborator holdouts (This role was also later expanded to KMT holdouts after the Chinese Civil War), bandits and triads in Northeast China, which would often raid local villages and commit acts of arson, causing wildfires. At the time of establishment, each had 960 soldiers (3840 soldiers, all battalions combined). The Armed Forest Protection Battalions would often disguise themselves as hunters during recon, and used Cavalry. By October 16, 1950, each battalion had 1600 soldiers (6400 Soldiers total). According to archives, by 1952, the Armed Forest Protection Battalions had killed a total of 6 KMT and American spies. The battalions captured a total of 46 spies, 34 triad members and 71 illegal migrants along with 68 firearms, multiple tens of thousand rounds of ammunition, multiple kilograms of drugs and prevented a total of 7 vandalism incidents.[84][85]

On May 11, 1953, the Armed Forest Protection Battalions were transferred to the People's Economic Police [zh] and renamed to the Forest Protection Police (Chinese: 护林警察队). Its task was to patrol forests, prevent illegal entry of protected areas and to serve as lookouts for forest fires. It often continued to have shootouts with KMT/American spies along with bandits and assisted with protecting lumberjacks and logging facilities. The Forest Protection Police continued to use Cavalry, and were seen in photos with Mosin Nagant rifles. In the first few months of its founding, the Forest Protection Police lost many officers due to disorientation, and in October 1953, the Forest Protection Police began mapping forest regions of China and issuing crude maps to its officers. Due to the logistics issues of boots-on-the-ground firefighting, in 1960 the Forest Police received 122 paratroopers and founded the Forest Police Smokejumper Company (Chinese: 森警空降扑火中队) for rapid deployment against wildfires. The Lisunov Li-2 was used by the Smokejumper Company. On 27 May 1965 the Company saw its first action, deploying 10 Smokejumpers to assist with fighting a wildfire in Daxing'anling Prefecture. In 1978, the Smokejumper Company was renamed to the Airborne Detachment (Chinese: 森警机降支队). Between its establishment and 1981, the Airborne Detachment was deployed to fight a total of over 325 wildfires, however its fate past 1981 is currently unknown.[84]

On April 18, 1978, the Forest Police became a volunteer force with three years of service. On May 3, 1984, the Forest Police became part of the People's Armed Police and was under the dual command of the People's Armed Police and the National Forestry Administration.[28] On January 13, 1988, the People's Armed Police Forestry Corps [zh] was officially established.[84] On February 10, 1999, the Forestry Corps HQ, Inner Mongolia Contingent, Heilongjiang Contingent, Jilin Contingent and Yunnan Detachment (later upgraded to contingent level)[87] were founded, in 2002 the Sichuan Contingent, Tibet Contingent and Xinjiang Contingent were founded, and in 2007 the Fujian Contingent, the Gansu Contingent and Mobile Detachment [zh] were founded.[84] On July 22, 2009, the People's Armed Police Headquarters Helicopter Detachment [zh] was founded.[88][89] It was stationed in Daqing and operated Z-8 Helicopters, which were used for search and rescue, personnel transport and firefighting. The Helicopter Detachment had the nickname "Heroic Firefighting Hawks".[90] AC313s were also ordered.[91]

After the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake, the Forestry Corps deployed over 2000 personnel to assist with rescue efforts. In total, the forestry corps evacuated 14,000 people, rescued 8 survivors, recovered the bodies of 1,200 victim along with transporting 2,000 tonnes of aid, repairing 40 km of roads and rescuing 86 giant pandas.[92]

On September 16, 2015, the Forestry Corps Lijiang Detachment was deployed to Huaping county to conduct post-flood disaster relief efforts, rescuing 10 people and transporting 60 tonnes of aid.[83]

On March 22, 2018, it was announced that the Forestry Corps was merged into the National Fire and Rescue Administration, becoming a purely civilian firefighting agency and losing its law enforcement duties. The 13 Provincial Forestry Contingents were converted into Forest fire contingents; the Mobile Detachment was renamed to the National Fire and Rescue Administration Mobile Detachment. The Helicopter Detachment was renamed to the National Fire and Rescue Administration Daqing Aerial Rescue Detachment, and the 2nd Aviation Battalion, Helicopter Detachment was renamed to the National Fire and Rescue Administration Kunming Aerial Rescue Detachment [zh].[84][28][93][89] The merge was officially finalized on 15:00, September 29, 2018.[94]

On June 2, 2018, large scale wildfires sprung up in Daxing'anling Prefecture. A total of 7000 Forestry Corps personnel were deployed from the Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and Jilin contingents to suppress the wildfire.[95]

Between 1948 and 2018, the Forestry Corps conducted a total of 16,000 wildfire fighting operations and 43,000 law enforcement operations. A total of 236 units and personnel received honorary titles, and 92 units and personnel received 1st Class Meritorious Service Medals.[84]

Gold Corps

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Perspective

Prior to the 2018 reforms, the People's Armed Police Gold Corps [zh] (Chinese: 武警黄金部队) was a branch of the PAP dedicated to finding gold deposits, mining gold and providing law enforcement at gold mines.[28][96]

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History

It was founded in March 1979 as part of the People's Liberation Army Basic Engineering Corps [zh] and was handed to the PAP in 1985.[96]

By 2011, the gold corps had mined 1800 tonnes of gold.[97]

In 2018, the Gold Corps was disbanded and its personnel were handed to the Ministry of Natural Resources, the China Geological Survey and the China National Gold Group Corporation.[28]

Organization

  • 1st Gold Contingent[98]
    • 1st Gold Detachment[97]
    • 2nd Gold Detachment[97]
    • 3rd Gold Detachment[97]
    • 4th Gold Detachment[97]
  • 2nd Gold Contingent[99]
    • 5th Gold Detachment[97]
    • 6th Gold Detachment[97]
    • 7th Gold Detachment[97]
    • 8th Gold Detachment[97]
  • 3rd Gold Contingent[97][100]
  • Gold Corps Research Institute[98]
  • Gold Corps Training Battalion[98]

2020 Reforms

In September 2020, Some former Gold Corps units were reactivated and transferred to the China Geological Survey under different names.[98]

China Coast Guard

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Main article: China Coast Guard

The Chinese People's Armed Police Force Coast Guard Bureau, also abbreviated as China Coast Guard is the agency for maritime search and rescue and law enforcement in the territorial waters of the People's Republic of China. The China Coast Guard was formerly the maritime branch of the People's Armed Police (PAP) Border Security Force under the Ministry of Public Security until 2013. In March 2013, China announced it would form a unified Coast Guard commanded by the State Oceanic Administration. This renewed Coast Guard has been in operation since July 2013. As of July 1, 2018, the China Coast Guard was transferred from civilian control of the State Council and the State Oceanic Administration, to the People's Armed Police, ultimately placing it under the command of the Central Military Commission (CMC).

According to Joel Wuthnow, the Coast Guard Command within the People's Armed Police possibly is of Corps Leader Grade, led by a Commandant who is usually holding Major General (Rear Admiral) rank.[26]: 32 

In June 2018, China Coast Guard was granted maritime rights and law enforcement akin civilian law enforcement agencies in order to carry out contrast of illegal activities, keep peace and order, as well as safeguarding security at sea, when performing duties related to the use of marine resources, protection of marine environment, regulation of fishery, and anti-smuggling.[101]

Special police units

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The People's Armed Police maintains several Special Police Units. They were established in Beijing in early 1980s and in 1983 the first of them was transferred to the People's Armed Police as the People's Armed Police Special Police Group. In 1985 the Group became People's Armed Police Special Police School and, in 2002, it became the People's Armed Police Special Police Academy.[6]: 123 [102] In 2002, the Snow Wolf Commando Unit, since 2007 Snow Leopard Commando Unit, was established in Beijing as the second special police unit.[6]: 123 [102] According to Joel Wuthnow, the Snow Leopard Commando Unit was moved from the Beijing Corps to the 2nd Mobile Contingent in 2018.[26]: 36 

Special police units have a total of six Regiment-level Detachments. Of these six Detachments, three are under the 1st Mobile Contingent, two detachments are assigned to the 2nd Mobile Contingent. One Regiment-level Detachment is under the Xinjiang provincial command.[103]

The special police units are tasked to carry out counter terrorism missions, riot control, anti-hijacking and bomb disposal.[102]

Local special operations units receive Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) training,[104] counterinsurgency tactics,[105] along with training in hostage rescue and hostage negotiation.[106]

Organization

Special Police Units are organized and placed at the Municipal,[105] Provincial and Provincial level and in Mobile Units.[102]

The national-level Special Police Unit is the People's Armed Police Special Police Academy, reporting to the People's Armed Police Headquarters. The academy has both educational and operational roles. On one hand, it is tasked to provide courses in special reconnaissance and special police operations; on the other hand, it has to carry out counter terrorism missions, riot control, anti-hijacking and bomb disposal. The main operational unit of the People's Armed Police Special Police Academy is the Falcon Unit.[102] In addition, the 1st and 2nd Mobile Contingents maintain a total of 5 Special Operations Detachments.[26]: 12–13 

Municipal detachments each have their own Special Operations Company.[107][106] Each provincial corps (Chinese: 总队; pinyin: Zǒngduì) establishes and maintains a special operations detachment as part of its own territorial organization.[102][104] The provincial special operations detachment of the Xinjiang Corps [zh] is the Mountain Eagle Commando Unit.[26] In some provincial corps, the special operations unit is company sized and is placed under the mobile detachment.[108]

The Hebei Corps [zh] Mobile Detachment's 1st Special Operations Company is known as the "Sky Sword" unit (Chinese: 天剑突击队). It can trace it's lineage back to the 7th Company, 3rd Battalion of the 28th Group Army's 84th Infantry Division's 251st Regiment which was involved in the Battle of Jinan and the Huaihai campaign. In it's entire history, it was deployed to approximately 50 law enforcement/disaster relief operations, won gold or silver in 100+ competitions and was awarded first class meritorious service medals 1 time, 2nd class meritorious service medals 5 times and 3rd class meritorious service medals 12 times.[109][110]

The Shenzhen Detachment's Special Operations Company is known as the "Wild Wolf" unit (Chinese: 野狼特战队). It was founded in 2005 and given the name in 2008.[111]

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Insignia of the Wild Wolf unit

Mobile units

Communications

Using the national information infrastructure, the PAP has established a preliminary system of three-level integrated information networks, linking general headquarters with the grass-roots squadrons.[27]

Equipment

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Perspective

In response to the needs of the People's Armed Police, the service provides for the use of many types of weapons. Special Operation Forces of People's Armed Police uses various kind of weapons according to necessity of missions.

More information Name, Country of origin ...
Name Country of origin Type Notes
QSZ-92  China Semi-automatic pistol Standard issue sidearm[113]
QCW-05 Personal defense weapon [113]
QCQ-171 Submachine gun [114]
QBZ-95 Assault rifle [113][115]
QBZ-191
Norinco CQ
Type 81 [111][37][116]
QBZ-03 [117]
QBS-09 Shotgun [106]
QBU-88 Sniper rifle [118]
Remington M700  United States [119]
CS/LR4  China [120]
Type 69 RPG Rocket launchers [121]
Crossbows Used due to crossbows being more silent than firearms[106]
Heavy machine guns Heavy machine gun [12]
Mortars Mortar [12]
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In addition, the People's Armed Police makes use of remotely-controlled technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles, advanced surveillance technology and bomb disposal robots, as well as intelligent unmanned systems.[122][123] K9s and ballistic shields are also used.[124][114]

Drones and Mini UGVs are often used for recon.[106]

Vehicles

People's Armed police vehicles can be identified with their Vehicle registration plates which start with WJ.

Vessels

Main article: List of ships of the China Coast Guard

The PAP Ganzhou Detachment have been seen with speedboats for search and rescue during floods.[128]

Helicopters

Retired Equipment

Firearms/Individual weapons

  • Type 74 flamethrower - Used by Border Defense Corps[37]

Helicopters

  • Avicopter AC313 - used by People's Armed Police Forestry Corps [zh] - presumably transferred to China Fire and Rescue when the Forestry Corps was disbanded and transferred to the China Fire and Rescue;[28] 10 ordered[91]
  • Kamov Ka-32 - used by the China Fire Services Shanghai Fire Department [zh], transferred to the Shanghai Municipal Public Security Bureau Police Aviation Force [zh][132]

Vehicles

Vessels

  • Chinese cutter Haijing 1001 - previously part of the defunct Border Defense Corps Coast Guard,[135] transferred to China Coast Guard[136] (which was later transferred back to the PAP)[137]
  • Chinese cutter Haijing 015 - part of the Border Defense Coast guard
  • Chinese fireboat Hufengxiao 01 - part of the China Fire Services Shanghai Fire Department [zh] Jinshan Fire Department[138]
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    Border Defense Corps Foshan Detachment Chengfeng Liebao
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    Forestry Corps Changhe Z-8
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    Audi A6 C6 of the Guard Corps
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    Border Defense Coast Guard Haijing 015
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    Guard Corps Beijing Contingent MAN CLA
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    A former China Fire Services Chengdu Fire Department Dongfeng EQ2102 in the Jianchuan Museum Cluster 2008 Earthquake exhibit
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    China Fire Services Shanghai Fire Department Ka-32
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    A former China Fire Services Lijiang Fire Department ATV
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    Fire trucks of the former China Fire Services Xiamen Fire Department
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    A former China Fire Services Yichang Fire Department Dongfeng EQ2102 ladder truck
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    China Fire Services Jiujiang Fire Department Volkswagen Santana fire marshal vehicle
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    China Fire Services Jiujiang Fire Department Isuzu Foward
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    China Fire Services Jiujiang Fire Department Maxus G10
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    A China Fire Services Garze Fire Department Dongfeng EQ140
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    Fire trucks of the China Fire Services Lijiang Fire Department
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    China Fire Services Ziyang Fire Department fire truck conducting disaster relief after the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake
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    China Fire Services Zhongshan Department fire engine
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    A China Fire Services Yichang Fire Department HOWO fire truck
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    China Fire Services Bengbu fire department Mercedes-Benz Actros
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    China Fire Services Shanghai Fire Department [zh] Fire engines
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    China Fire Services Shanghai Fire Department [zh] Jinshan Fire Department Hufengxiao 01 fire boat

Line of duty deaths

Main article: List of People's Armed Police personnel killed in the line of duty

Ranks and insignia

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Perspective

Due to its history with the PLA, the PAP has a similar rank structure to the PLA and also obeys its regulations. PAP guards are also recruited at the same time and through the same procedures as PLA soldiers. However, the PAP has its own education and training system separate from the PLA. Like the PLA, the PAP also celebrates Army Day on August 1 of every year, and enjoys the same services as the PLA.

Officers

More information Title, 武警上将 Wu jing shang jiang ...
Title 武警上将
Wu jing shang jiang		 武警中将
Wu jing zhong jiang		 武警少将
Wu jing Shao jiang		 武警大校
Wu jing da xiao		 武警上校
Wu jing shang xiao		 武警中校
Wu jing zhong xiao		 武警少校
Wu jing shao xiao		 武警上尉
Wu jing shang wei		 武警中尉
Wu jing zhong wei		 武警少尉
Wu jing shao wei		 武警学员
Wu jing xue yuan
Usual Translation General
(OF-9)		 Lieutenant general
(OF-8)		 Major general
(OF-7)		 Senior colonel
(OF-6)		 Colonel
(OF-5)		 Lieutenant colonel
(OF-4)		 Major
(OF-3)		 Captain
(OF-2)		 1st lieutenant
(OF-1)		 2nd lieutenant
(OF-1)		 Officer cadet
(OF-D)
Shoulder Insignia
Collar Insignia Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb
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Non-commissioned officers and enlisted

More information Title, 武警一级警士长 Wu jing yi ji jing shi zhang ...
Title 武警一级警士长
Wu jing yi ji jing shi zhang		 武警二级警士长
Wu jing er ji jing shi zhang		 武警三级警士长
Wu jing san ji jing shi zhang		 武警四级警士长
Wu jing si ji jing shi zhang		 武警上士
Wu jing shang shi		 武警中士
Wu jing zhong shi		 武警下士
Wu jing xia shi		 武警上等兵
Wu jing shang deng bing		 武警列兵
Wu jing lie bing
Usual Translation Master Sergeant 1st class
(OR-9)		 Master Sergeant 2nd class
(OR-8)		 Master Sergeant 3rd class
(OR-7)		 Master sergeant 4th class
(OR-6)		 Staff sergeant
(OR-5)		 Sergeant
(OR-4)		 Corporal
(OR-3)		 Private 1st class
(OR-2)		 Private
(OR-1)
Shoulder Insignia
Collar Insignia Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb
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Historical rank systems

Type 55 PSF-PLA uniform

Officers
More information Rank group, General / flag officers ...
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
PSF-PLA (1955–1965)
General
大将		 Colonel general
上将		 Lieutenant general
中将		 Major general
少将		 Colonel commandant
大校		 Colonel
上校		 Lieutenant colonel
中校		 Major
少校		 Captain
大尉		 Senior lieutenant
上尉		 First lieutenant
中尉		 Second lieutenant
少尉		 Warrant officer
准尉
Collar insignia (adopted 1958) Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb
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Non-commissioned officers and enlisted
More information Non-Commissioned Officers, Enlisted personnel ...
Non-Commissioned Officers Enlisted personnel
People's Armed Police
(1955–1965)		 Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb
Staff Sergeant
(上士)		 Sergeant
(中士)		 Corporal
(下士)		 Private 1st class
(上等兵)		 Private
(列兵)
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Type 88 PAP

Officers
More information Rank group, General / flag officers ...
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
People's Armed Police (1988–1994)
General
大将		 Colonel general
上将		 Lieutenant general
中将		 Major general
少将		 Colonel commandant
大校		 Colonel
上校		 Lieutenant colonel
中校		 Major
少校		 Captain
大尉		 First lieutenant
中尉		 Second lieutenant
少尉		 Officer cadet
学员
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Non-commissioned officers and enlisted
More information Rank group, Non-Commissioned Officers ...
Rank group Non-Commissioned Officers Enlisted personnel
People's Armed Police
(1988–1994)
Sergeant major
(一级军士长)		 Master sergeant
(二级军士长)		 Staff Sergeant
(上士)		 Sergeant
(中士)		 Corporal
(下士)		 Private 1st class
(上等兵)		 Private
(列兵)
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See also

Notes

  1. ↑
    The Badge of the Chinese PAP Force (中国人民武装警察部队徽) was determined by the Central Military Commission and officially put into use on August 1, 2021, in accordance with the 2020 revision of the National Defense Law's Article 28.[1] Traditionally subject to the Public Security system, the PAP used the Police Badge of the Chinese People's Police [zh] (1983) as its symbol and cap insignia. But from 2007, the PAP cap insignia is slightly different from the civil People's Police badge by using olive green instead of police blue on the shield and adding the olive branches alongside the pine branches around the shield.[2]
  2. The Badge of the Chinese PAP Force (中国人民武装警察部队徽) was determined by the Central Military Commission and officially put into use on August 1, 2021, in accordance with the 2020 revision of the National Defense Law's Article 28.[3] Traditionally subject to the Public Security system, the PAP used the Police Badge of the Chinese People's Police [zh] (1983) as its symbol and cap insignia. But from 2007, the PAP cap insignia is slightly different from the civil People's Police badge by using olive green instead of police blue on the shield and adding the olive branches alongside the pine branches around the shield.[4]
  3. abbreviation: PAP; Chinese: 中国人民武装警察部队; pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Wǔzhuāng Jǐngchá Bùduì
  4. Chinese: 人民警察; pinyin: Rénmín Jǐngchá
  5. Chinese: 武警; pinyin: Wǔjǐng; lit. 'Armed Police'

References

External links

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