Parricide

Parricide is the deliberate killing of one's own parent, spouse, child, or other close relative. However, the term is sometimes used more generally to refer to the intentional killing of a near relative.^[1] It is an umbrella term that can be used to refer to acts of matricide, the deliberate killing of one's own mother^[2] and patricide, the deliberate killing of one's own father.^[3]

The term parricide is also used to refer to many familicides (i.e., family annihilations wherein at least one parent is murdered along with other family members).

Societies consider parricide a serious crime and parricide offenders are subject to criminal prosecution under the homicide laws which are established in places (i.e., countries, states etc.) in which parricides occur. In most countries, an adult who is convicted of parricide faces a long-term prison sentence, a permanent prison sentence, or even a death sentence. Youthful parricide offenders who are younger than the age of majority (e.g., 18-year-olds in the United States & United Kingdom of Great Britain) may be prosecuted under less stringent laws which are designed to take their special needs and development into account, but these laws are usually waived and as a result, most youthful parricide offenders are transferred into the Adult Judicial System.^[4]

Parricide offenders are typically divided into two categories;

1. youthful parricide offenders (i.e. ages 8–24) and
2. adult parricide offenders (i.e. ages 25 and older) because the motivations and situations surrounding parricide events change as a child matures.^[5]

Prevalence

As per the Parricide Prevention Institute, approximately 2–3% of all U.S. murders were parricides each year since 2010.^{[6] [unreliable source?]}The more than 300 parricides occurring in just the U.S. each year means there are 6 or more parricide events, on average, each week. This estimate does not include the murders of grandparents or stepparents by a child – only the murders of their natal or legally adoptive parents.^[5]

Youthful motives

Youthful parricide is motivated by a variety of factors. Current research conducted by the Parricide Prevention Institute indicates the top five motives causing a child (aged 8–24 years old) to commit parricide are:^{[6][unreliable source?]}

• issues of control – 38% (e.g. put on restriction, phone taken away, etc.);
• issues of money – 10% (access to life insurance, wants money for a party, etc.);
• stop abuse of self or family – 8%;
• fit of anger – 8%;
• wants a different life – 7% (e.g. wants to live with non-custodial parent, etc.).

Notable modern-day cases

• The Criminal Code of Japan once determined that patricide brought capital punishment or life imprisonment. However, the law was abolished because of the trial of the Tochigi patricide case in which a woman killed her father in 1968 after she was sexually abused by him and bore their children.
• Charles Whitman killed his mother and his wife before climbing the bell tower at UT-Austin and randomly killing people in 1966. Upon autopsy he was found to have a tumor on his amygdala.
• Lyle and Erik Menendez both killed their parents in 1989 due to fear that their parents were plotting to kill them.
• Dana Ewell hired two of his friends to murder his father, mother and sister in 1992. All three were convicted of murder.
• Kip Kinkel killed his parents before committing the Thurston High School shooting in 1998.
• Suzane von Richthofen killed her father and her mother with the help of her boyfriend and his brother in São Paulo in 2002.
• Nicole Kasinskas killed her mother with the help of her boyfriend in 2003.^[7]
• Sarah Marie Johnson was the only female to kill both of her parents without the help of an accomplice in 2003.
• Thomas Bartlett Whitaker killed his mother and his brother (and tried to kill his father but failed) in 2003.
• Tyler Hadley killed both of his parents on July 16, 2011.
• Adam Lanza killed his mother before committing the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in 2012.
• Dellen Millard killed his father in 2012 and inherited millions. He and his friend Mark Smich worked together as serial killers both before and after the murder; murdering Laura Babcock and Tim Bosma.
• Henry Chau Hoi-leung killed and dismembered his parents in 2013.
• Robert and Michael Bever killed their parents and 3 siblings in 2015.
• Joel Michael Guy Jr. killed and dismembered both of his parents on the Saturday after Thanksgiving in 2016.
• A 21 year old Turkish man in Bayraklı, İzmir who was studying chemistry, killed his parents by making them drink the cyanide sharbat he had prepared in May 2019.^[8]
• Chandler Halderson killed and dismembered both of his parents on July 1, 2021.^[9]
• A 19 year old Japanese man in Tosu, Saga Prefecture, killed his parents by stabbing them with a knife in the neck on March 9, 2023.^[10][11]
• David Kozák murdered his father before carrying out the 2023 Prague shootings.

Notable historical cases

• Tullia the Younger, along with her husband, arranged the murder and overthrow of Servius Tullius, her father, securing the throne for her husband.
• Lucius Hostius reportedly was the first parricide in Republican Rome, sometime after the Second Punic War.
• John Parricida (c. 1290–1312) killed his uncle Albert I of Germany and as the result ended the first attempt of the Habsburg to become hereditary kings.
• Mary Blandy (1720–1752) poisoned her father, Francis Blandy, with arsenic in England in 1751.
• Lizzie Borden (1860–1927) was an American woman accused and acquitted of murdering her father and stepmother.

Legal definition in Roman times

In the sixth-century AD collection of earlier juristical sayings, the Digest, a precise enumeration of the victims' possible relations to the parricide is given by the 3rd century AD lawyer Modestinus:

By the lex Pompeia on parricides it is laid down that if anyone kills his father, his mother, his grandfather, his grandmother, his brother, his sister, first cousin on his father's side, first cousin on his mother's side, paternal or maternal uncle, paternal (or maternal) aunt, first cousin (male or female) by mother's sister, wife, husband, father-in-law, son-in-law, mother-in-law, (daughter-in-law), stepfather, stepson, stepdaughter, patron, or patroness, or with malicious intent brings this about, shall be liable to the same penalty as that of the lex Cornelia on murderers. And a mother who kills her son or daughter suffers the penalty of the same statute, as does a grandfather who kills a grandson; and in addition, a person who buys poison to give to his father, even though he is unable to administer it.^[12]

Gallery

• 
  Tullia Drives over the Corpse of her Father
• 
  Parricide, capital punishment in Jersey

See also

• Avunculicide, the killing of one's uncle
• Filicide, the killing of one's child
• Fratricide, the killing of one's brother
• Mariticide, the killing of one's husband
• Nepoticide, the killing of one's nephew
• Patricide, the killing of one's father
• Matricide, the killing of one's mother
• Prolicide, the killing of one's offspring
• Sororicide, the killing of one's sister
• Uxoricide, the killing of one's wife