Panaeolus cyanescens

Panaeolus cyanescens^[1] is a mushroom in the Bolbitiaceae family. Panaeolus cyanescens is a common psychoactive mushroom and is similar to Panaeolus tropicalis. It is also known under the common names of Blauender Düngerling, blue meanies, faleaitu (Samoan), falter-düngerling, Hawaiian copelandia, jambur, jamur, pulouaitu (Samoan), taepovi (Samoan), tenkech (Chol).^[2]

Panaeolus cyanescens
Panaeolus cyanescens
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Bolbitiaceae
Genus:	Panaeolus
Species:	P. cyanescens
Binomial name
Panaeolus cyanescens (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.
Range of Panaeolus cyanescens
Synonyms
Agaricus cyanescens Copelandia anomala Copelandia cyanescens Copelandia papilonacea Copelandia westii

Panaeolus cyanescens Mycological characteristics
	Gills on hymenium
	Cap is convex
	Hymenium is adnate
	Stipe is bare
	Spore print is black
	Ecology is saprotrophic
	Edibility is psychoactive

Description

• Cap: 1.5 – 4 cm across, dry, at first hemispheric, expanding to campanulate to convex, with an incurved margin when young. Young caps start out light brown and fade to off-white or light gray at maturity, sometimes with yellowish or brownish tones. Often developing cracks in dry weather, slightly hygrophanous, turning greenish or blue where damaged.
• Gills: Broadly adnate to adnexed attachment, close, starting out gray and turning black as the spores mature. Gill faces with a mottled appearance, edges white.
• Spores: Jet Black, 12 - 15 x 7 - 11 μm, smooth, opaque, elliptical. With a germ pore.
• Stipe: 7 – 12 cm long by 2 to 3 mm thick, equal to slightly enlarged at the base, pruinose, colored like the cap, staining blue where bruised.
• Taste: Farinaceous.
• Odor: Farinaceous.
• Microscopic features: Basidia 4 spored, pleurocystidia fusoid-ventricose, cheilocystidia 12 x 4 μm.

Distribution and habitat

Panaeolus cyanescens is a coprophilous (dung-inhabiting) species which occurs in both the Neotropics and Paleotropics. It has been found^[3] in Vietnam, Africa (including South Africa, Madagascar and Democratic Republic of the Congo), Australia, Belize, the Caribbean (Bermuda, Grenada, Barbados Jamaica, Trinidad, and Puerto Rico) Costa Rica, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Thailand, Japan, Mexico, Oceania (Fiji and Samoa), the Philippines, South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador), South Korea, and the United States (California, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Tennessee, Texas, Kentucky, Virginia, and North Carolina).

Alkaloid content

Laussmann & Sigrid Meier-Giebing (2010) reported the presence of psilocybin at 2.5% and psilocin at 1.194% average from 25 samples seized by German customs that were shipments from commercial growers (making modern commercially cultivated strains of this species the most potent hallucinogenic mushrooms ever described in reputable published research).^[4] Other researchers have documented a significant presence of serotonin and urea in this species as well as the presence of baeocystin which may also be psychoactive.^[5][6]

See also

• Fungi portal

• List of Panaeolus species