Nepenthes reinwardtiana

Nepenthes reinwardtiana /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌraɪnwɔːrtiˈɑːnə/ is a tropical pitcher plant native to Borneo and Sumatra^[3] and to a number of smaller surrounding islands including Bangka, Natuna,^[4] Nias, and Siberut.^[5] Although some sources have included Peninsular Malaysia^[6][7][8][9] and Singapore^[7][10] within the range of this species, these records appear to be erroneous.^[11][12]

Nepenthes reinwardtiana
Pitchers
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Nepenthaceae
Genus:	Nepenthes
Species:	N. reinwardtiana
Binomial name
Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq. (1852)
Synonyms
Synonyms Nepenthes korthalsiana auct. non Miq.: Herb.Calc. ex Macfarl. (1908) ?Nepenthes naquiyuddinii J.H.Adam & Hafiza (2006) Nepenthes reinwardtii Hook.f. (1859)[2] sphalm.typogr.

Nepenthes reinwardtiana has an unusually wide altitudinal distribution of 0–2200 m,^[3] being both a "lowland" and "highland" plant. There are many different colour forms, ranging from green to dark red. This species is known for the two "eye spots" on the inside surface of its pitchers.

The specific epithet reinwardtiana honours Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt. The species has been given the vernacular name Reinwardt's pitcher-plant.^[13]

Taxonomy and systematics

Upper pitchers of a plant identified as N. naquiyuddinii

Nepenthes naquiyuddinii

Nepenthes naquiyuddinii^{[note a]} /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌnækɪjʊˈdɪni.aɪ/ was described in 2006 by J. H. Adam and Hafiza A. Hamid.^[14] The taxon is only known from Keningau-Kimanis Road and the foot of Mount Trus Madi, both in Sabah, Borneo, where it grows at an elevation of 1400 to 1424 m in open secondary vegetation.^{[citation needed]}

Although acknowledging close affinities between N. naquiyuddinii and N. reinwardtiana, Adam and Hafiza stated that the "two species exhibit many morphological differences and therefore they cannot be united into the same species".^{[citation needed]} However, some authors consider these differences too small for species status and treat N. naquiyuddinii as a heterotypic synonym of N. reinwardtiana.^[15][16] Alternatively, N. naquiyuddinii may represent a natural hybrid involving N. fusca and N. reinwardtiana, the only species that are sympatric with it.^[17]

Phylogeny

In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the Nepenthes species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is a portion of the resultant cladogram, showing part of "Clade 6", which includes N. reinwardtiana.^[18]

	unnamed N. gracilis N. reinwardtiana unnamed N. tobaica 79% N. angasanensis N. mikei

Modern molecular phylogenies, however, show that N. reinwardtiana is sister to Nepenthes macrovulgaris from Borneo.^[19] Their common ancestor seems to have diverged relatively early during the diversification of the genus. Unlike the morphology suggests, N. reinwardtiana is not closely related to Nepenthes gracilis, nor Nepenthes murudensis nor Nepenthes tobaica nor other Sumatran species.

Intraspecific taxa

• Nepenthes reinwardtiana var. samarindaensis J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1993)^[20]

Natural hybrids

N. fusca × N. reinwardtiana

N. reinwardtiana × N. stenophylla

The following natural hybrids involving N. reinwardtiana have been recorded.

• N. albomarginata × N. reinwardtiana [=N. × ferrugineomarginata]^[21]
• N. ampullaria × N. reinwardtiana^[18]
• N. clipeata × N. reinwardtiana^[21]
• N. fusca × N. reinwardtiana^[3] [=?N. naquiyuddinii]^[17]
• N. gracilis × N. reinwardtiana^[18]
• N. gymnamphora × N. reinwardtiana^[18]
• N. hispida × N. reinwardtiana^[21]
• N. macrovulgaris × N. reinwardtiana^[21]
• N. mirabilis × N. reinwardtiana^[17]
• N. reinwardtiana × N. spathulata^[18]
• N. reinwardtiana × N. stenophylla^[21]
• N. reinwardtiana × N. tentaculata^[3] [=?N. murudensis]^[21]
• N. reinwardtiana × N. tobaica^[18][22]

Notes

a.^{^} The species was named after the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Pro-Chancellor, Yang Amat Mulia Tunku Laxamana Tunku Dato' Seri Utama Naquiyuddin Ibni Tuanku Ja'afar.^{[citation needed]}

References

1. Clarke, C.M. (2020). "Nepenthes reinwardtiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39692A177783881. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39692A177783881.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
2. Hooker, J.D. 1859. XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes, with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22(4): 415–424. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00113.x
3. McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
4. (in Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract Archived 2013-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
5. Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
6. Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
7. Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
8. Holttum, R.E. 1940. Malayan pitcher-plants. Malayan Nature Journal 1: 35–44.
9. Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.
10. Green, S. 1967. Notes on the distribution of Nepenthes species in Singapore. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 22: 53–65.
11. Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. "The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
12. Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
13. Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
14. Fong, L.F. 2007. New pitcher species Archived 2011-05-21 at the Wayback Machine. The Star, May 11, 2007.
15. Rice, B.A. 2006. Do you want to tell me about a species I missed? The Carnivorous Plant FAQ.
16. Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes naquiyuddinii. Carnivorous Plant Database.
17. Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
18. Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
19. Scharmann, Mathias; Wistuba, Andreas; Widmer, Alex (2021). "Introgression is widespread in the radiation of carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 163. Bibcode:2021MolPE.16307214S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107214. hdl:20.500.11850/494608. PMID 34052438.
20. Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1993. A new variety of Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miquel from Kalimantan, Borneo. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 50(1): 99–104.
21. Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
22. (in Indonesian) Dariana 2010. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes dan pohon inang di Taman Wisata Alam Sicikeh-Cikeh Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara. M.Sc. thesis, University of North Sumatra, Medan.

Further reading

• Adam, J.H. 1997. "Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat" (PDF). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20(2–3): 121–134.
• Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. "Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" (PDF). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
• (in Indonesian) Akhriadi, P. 2007. Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Kerinci. Working paper, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
• Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
• Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
• Bourke, G. 2010. "The climbing pitcher plants of the Kelabit highlands" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-09. Retrieved 2012-10-21. Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 4–7.
• Bourke, G. 2011. The Nepenthes of Mulu National Park. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 20–31.
• Chung, A.Y.C. 2006. Biodiversity and Conservation of The Meliau Range: A Rain Forest in Sabah's Ultramafic Belt. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. ISBN 9838121169.
• (in Indonesian) Deswita, E. 2010. Perkembangan ginesium beberapa jenis Nepenthes (N. ampullaria Jack., N. gracilis Korth. dan N. reinwardtiana Miq.). Thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
• Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo for giant Nepenthes. Part 1: Mesilau Nature Reserve, Ranau. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 107: 6–13.
• Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes. Part 3: Mt. Trusmadi and Mt. Alab. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 109: 6–15.
• (in Indonesian) Handayani, T. 1999. "Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia" (PDF). [Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens.] In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372.
• (in Indonesian) Hartini, S. 2007. Keragaman flora dari Monumen Alam Kersik Luway, Kalimantan Timur. [Flora diversity from Kersik Luway Nature Monument, East Kalimantan.] Biodiversitas 8(1): 67–72.
• Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
• Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra. Tropical Zoology 6(1): 11–25. Abstract
• Lee, C.C. 2000. Recent Nepenthes Discoveries. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
• Lee, C.C. 2002. "Nepenthes species of the Hose Mountains in Sarawak, Borneo" (PDF). Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Hiroshima University, Tokyo: 25–30.
• Macfarlane, J.M. 1914. Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ. [pp. 279–288] In: J.S. Gamble. Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24. Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 75(3): 279–391.
• (in Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2001. "Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-19. In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
• (in Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis Nepenthes (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. [Diversity of lowland Nepenthes (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.] Berita Biologi 8(5): 335–341. Abstract
• Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(3): 271–276.
• McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
• McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
• Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
• (in German) Meimberg, H. 2002. "Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l." (PDF). Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
• Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
• Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
• (in Indonesian) Meriko, L. 2010. Perkembangan androesium beberapa jenis Nepenthes (N. ampullaria Jack., N. gracilis Korth. dan N. reinwardtiana Miq.). M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
• (in Japanese) Oikawa, T. 1992. Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq.. In: Muyū kusa – Nepenthes (無憂草 – Nepenthes). [The Grief Vanishing.] Parco Co., Japan. pp. 40–41.
• Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
• (in Indonesian) Rosyida, U. & S. Hut 2010. Keberadaan Nepenthes di cagar alam Padang Luway. Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Kalimantan Timur.
• (in Indonesian) Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994. Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat. Project report, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
• (in Indonesian) Syamsuardi 1995. Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (Nepenthes) di Sumatera Barat. [Numerical classification of pitcher plants (Nepenthes) in West Sumatra.] Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam 4(1): 48–57. Abstract
• (in Indonesian) Syamswisna 2009. Analisis vegetasi pada habitat kantong semar (Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq.) di Paninjauan, Kabupaten Solok. M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
• (in Indonesian) Syamswisna 2010. Studi habitat kantong semar (Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq.) di Paninjauan, Kabupaten Solok. Jurnal Guru Membangun 24(2): [unpaginated; 10 pp.] Abstract
• Thong, J. 2006. "Travels around North Borneo – Part 1" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 81: 12–17.
• Thorogood, C. 2010. The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
• (in Indonesian) Yogiara 2004. "Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar (Nepenthes spp.) menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA)" (PDF). M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
• Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid. Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11(1): 9–14.
• (in Indonesian) Yusmad, R. 2008. Stuktur anatomi daun dan sulur serta perkembangan kantung pada kantung semar (Nepenthes reinwardtana Miq). M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract