Nepenthes stenophylla

Nepenthes stenophylla /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌstɛnoʊˈfɪlə/, or the narrow-leaved pitcher-plant,^[5] is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo and occurs at elevations of 900–2,100 m (3,000–7,000 ft).^[1][6] The species produces attractive funnel-shaped pitchers up to 25 cm high.^[7] It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.^[1] Nepenthes stenophylla belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes, among other species, N. boschiana, N. chaniana, N. epiphytica, N. eymae, N. faizaliana, N. fusca, N. klossii, N. maxima, N. platychila, and N. vogelii.^[8]

The illustration of N. stenophylla from Danser's 1928 monograph, based on the type specimen of N. fallax^[6]

Nepenthes stenophylla
Upper pitchers of N. stenophylla growing along a logging road to Mount Murud
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Nepenthaceae
Genus:	Nepenthes
Species:	N. stenophylla
Binomial name
Nepenthes stenophylla Mast. (1890)[2]
Synonyms
Synonyms Nepenthes alata auct. non Blanco: Smythies (1965) Nepenthes boschiana auct. non Korth.: Low (1848) [=N. boschiana/N. stenophylla] Nepenthes boschiana auct. non Korth.: Macfarl. (1908) [=N. boschiana/N. stenophylla] Nepenthes boschiana var. lowii Hook.f. (1873)[3] Nepenthes curtisii auct. non Mast.: J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1996) Nepenthes fallax Beck (1895)[4] ?Nepenthes findlayana Hort.Williams ex Nichols. (1888) sphalm.typogr. ?Nepenthes fucosa S.Beckwith (1987) sphalm.typogr. Nepenthes fusca auct. non Danser: Sh.Kurata (1976) Nepenthes fusca subsp. apoensis J.H.Adam & Wilcock ex Jebb & Cheek (1997) nom.nud. Nepenthes lindleyana Low ex W.Baxt. (1850) nom.nud. Nepenthes maxima auct. non Reinw. ex Nees: Becc. (1886) [=N. boschiana/N. maxima/N. stenophylla/N. sumatrana] Nepenthes maxima var. lowii (Hook.f.) Becc. (1886) Nepenthes sandakanensis J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1996) Nepenthes sandakanensis var. eglandulosa J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1996) Nepenthes sandakanensis var. ferruginea J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1996)

Nepenthes fallax

There has been confusion surrounding N. stenophylla and N. fallax^{[note a]} ever since the latter was first described. Nepenthes fallax matches N. stenophylla in most respects, except for the shape of the lid; the type specimen of N. fallax has an orbiculate lid, whereas that of N. stenophylla is narrow. However, the original description of N. stenophylla was based on a plant raised from seed in a greenhouse in England, and the narrow shape of the lid could be an aberrant characteristic resulting from artificial growing conditions.^[6]

In his seminal monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies", B. H. Danser treated N. fallax as a heterotypic synonym of N. stenophylla.^[9] This interpretation has been supported by most subsequent authors.^{[6][7][10][11]} Jan Schlauer, however, considers the taxa as two separate species based on the shape of the lid.^[6][12][13] He suspects the taxon originally named as N. stenophylla may have later been named again as N. faizaliana.^[14]

Nepenthes fallax has a separate conservation status of Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.^[15]

Natural hybrids

The following natural hybrids involving N. stenophylla have been recorded.

• N. fusca × N. stenophylla^[16]
• N. lowii × N. stenophylla^[6]
• N. rajah × N. stenophylla^[6]
• N. reinwardtiana × N. stenophylla^[6]
• N. stenophylla × N. tentaculata^[6]
• N. stenophylla × N. veitchii^[6]

• 
  N. fusca ×N. stenophylla
• 
  N. reinwardtiana ×N. stenophylla

Notes

a.^{^} Nepenthes fallax is /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˈfælæks/. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word fallax, meaning "spurious".

References

1. Clarke, C.M. (2018). "Nepenthes stenophylla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T39699A143964900. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39699A143964900.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
2. Masters, M.T. 1890. New or noteworthy plants. Nepenthes stenophylla, Mast., sp. n.. The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 8(192): 240.
3. (in Latin) Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.
4. (in German) Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung Nepenthes. Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229.
5. Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
6. Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
7. Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
8. Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51.
9. Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
10. Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
11. McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
12. Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes fallax Archived 2020-05-13 at the Wayback Machine. Carnivorous Plant Database.
13. Schlauer, J. 1996. N.stenophylla, once again. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, May 31, 1996.
14. Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes stenophylla. Carnivorous Plant Database.
15. Clarke, C.; Cantley, R.; Nerz, J.; Rischer, H.; Witsuba, A. (2000). "Nepenthes fallax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T39661A10254859. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39661A10254859.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
16. Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

Further reading

• Adam, J.H. 1997. "Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat" (PDF). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20(2–3): 121–134.
• Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
• Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
• Bourke, G. 2010. "The climbing pitcher plants of the Kelabit highlands" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-09. Retrieved 2012-10-21. Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 4–7.
• Bourke, G. 2011. The Nepenthes of Mulu National Park. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 20–31.
• Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.
• Chung, A.Y.C. 2006. Biodiversity and Conservation of The Meliau Range: A Rain Forest in Sabah's Ultramafic Belt. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. ISBN 9838121169.
• Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
• Corner, E.J.H. 1996. Pitcher-plants (Nepenthes). In: K.M. Wong & A. Phillipps (eds.) Kinabalu: Summit of Borneo. A Revised and Expanded Edition. The Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu. pp. 115–121. ISBN 9679994740.
• Damit, A. 2014. A trip to Mount Trus Madi – the Nepenthes wonderland. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 43(1): 19–22.
• Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo for giant Nepenthes. Part 1: Mesilau Nature Reserve, Ranau. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 107: 6–13.
• Hazebroek, H.P. & A.K. bin Abang Morshidi 2002. A Guide to Gunung Mulu National Park: A World Heritage Site in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
• Kurup, R., A.J. Johnson, S. Sankar, A.A. Hussain, C.S. Kumar & S. Baby 2013. Fluorescent prey traps in carnivorous plants. Plant Biology 15(3): 611–615. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00709.x
• Lee, C.C. 2000. Recent Nepenthes Discoveries. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
• (in Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2001. "Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-19. In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
• (in Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis Nepenthes (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. [Diversity of lowland Nepenthes (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.] Berita Biologi 8(5): 335–341. Abstract
• Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(3): 271–276.
• McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
• Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
• (in German) Meimberg, H. 2002. "Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l." (PDF). Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
• Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
• Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
• Mey, F.S. 2014. Joined lecture on carnivorous plants of Borneo with Stewart McPherson. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, February 21, 2014.
• Miyagi, I. & T. Toma 2007. A new mosquito of the genus Topomyia (Diptera, Culicidae) from a Nepenthes pitcher plant in a Bario highland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Medical Entomology and Zoology 58(3): 167–174. Abstract
• (in Japanese) Oikawa, T. 1992. Nepenthes stenophylla Mast.. In: Muyū kusa – Nepenthes (無憂草 – Nepenthes). [The Grief Vanishing.] Parco Co., Japan. p. 61.
• Sacilotto, R. 2004. Experiments with highland Nepenthes seedlings: a summary of measured tolerances. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 33(1): 26–31.
• Thong, J. 2006. "Travels around North Borneo – Part 1" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 81: 12–17.
• Thorogood, C. 2010. The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York.

External links

• Nepenthes stenophylla in its natural habitat