Neglected and underutilized crop

Neglected and underutilised crops are domesticated plant species used for food, medicine, trading, or cultural practices within local communities but not widely commodified or studied as part of mainstream agriculture.^[1]^[2] Such crops may be in declining production.^[3] They are considered underutilised in scientific inquiry for their perceived potential to contribute to knowledge regarding nutrition, food security, genetic resistance, or sustainability.^[4] Other terms to describe such crops include minor, orphan, underused, local, traditional, alternative, minor, niche, or underdeveloped.^[5]

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Three crops: maize, wheat, and rice, account for approximately 50% of the world's consumption of calories and protein,^[6] and about 95% of the world's food needs are provided by just 30 species of plants.^[7] Despite this, the list of crop species compiled as edible extends to around 12,650.^[8] Among these are plants that have been used for food and other uses on a larger scale historically, but whose usage has dropped in modern times.

Reduction in use is due to supply or consumption constraints, poor shelf life, unrecognised nutritional value, poor consumer awareness, and perception as famine food ("poor people's food"), partially due to the modernisation of agricultural practices. Some crops experienced genetic erosion of their gene pool due to this neglect, which resulted in them becoming regarded as lost crops.^[9]

As the demand for plant and crop attributes changes (reappraisal or discovery of nutritional traits, culinary value, adaptation to climate change, etc.), some previously neglected crops, such as oil palm, soybean, and kiwifruit, have overcome such constraints via more large-scale production and use, becoming regarded as globally significant crops.^[10]^[11] Alongside their commercial potential, many underused crops such as sorghum provide essential environmental services as they have adapted to marginal soil and climate conditions.^[12]

Underutilised crops continue to play a vital role in the subsistence and economy of people in low and middle-income countries, particularly in the agro-biodiversity rich tropics. For example, chirimoya and bambara crops produced in Colombia and Mozambique respectively, aid the local population in food security, allowing them physical and economic access to sufficient food for meeting their dietary needs, even during a famine.^[13]^[14]

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There is no consensus on what defines an underutilised crop, but they often display the following attributes:

Linkage with the cultural heritage of their places of origin
Local and traditional crops whose distribution, biology, cultivation and uses are poorly documented
Adaptation to specific agroecological niches and marginal land
Weak or no formal seed supply systems
Traditional uses in localized areas
Produced in traditional production systems with little or no external inputs
Receive little attention from research, extension services, policy and decision-makers, and consumers^[15]
May be highly nutritious and/or have medicinal properties or other multiple uses

Neglected crops are primarily grown by traditional farmers. These species may be widely distributed beyond their centers of origin but tend to occupy unique niches in the local production and consumption systems. They are critical for the subsistence of local communities yet remain poorly documented and neglected by mainstream research and development activities.^[16] Many staple crops, especially in the developing world, are poorly studied by researchers. For example, the Green Revolution saw massive changes in agricultural productivity in Asia, but African crops saw little benefit.^[17]

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Determination of the underutilized status of a crop varies among researchers. Different criteria and approaches are used to define this particular group of crops.

Neglect refers to the lack of attention a crop may receive through research and development and can be evaluated by how well national and international policy or legal frameworks and research and development programs can support the conservation and sustainable use of a crop. Underutilisation is particular to the geography and potential for a crop to contribute to better diets and production systems. In cases where exotic or diversified species are underutilised in a particular region, these may not necessarily be underutilised in other parts of the world.^[9] Below is a non-exhaustive list of neglected and underutilised species.

It is important to recognise the potential negative impact on communities that historically use so-called underutilised crops. For example, as quinoa came into international focus, its price in South America surged by 600%, pushing the grain outside the reach of traditional use communities.^[18]

Cereal and pseudocereal crops

Fruits and nuts species

Vegetable and pulse crops

Root and tuber crops

Other crops

Ensete ventricosum

Industrial underutilized crops

Oil seeds

Latex/rubber/gums

Fibres

Hibiscus cannabinus

Starch/sugar

Dye

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1987 - Establishment of the International Centre for Underutilized Crops (ICUC)
1996 - The FAO Global Plan of Action for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture emphasized the importance of underutilized crops
1999 - At an international workshop held in Chennai, India, the Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) recognized the contribution that neglected and underutilized species make to food security, rural incomes and combating poverty
2002 - Establishment of the Global Facilitation Unit of Underutilized Species (GFU) of the Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR), and was housed within Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.
2008 - Establishment of Crops for the Future (CFF) which is a merging of ICUC and GFU, based in Malaysia^[19]
2011 - Establishment of Crops for the Future Research Centre (CFFRC) in Malaysia^[20]
2012 - The international Crops for the 21st Century seminar held on 10–13 December 2012 in Córdoba, Spain aimed to discuss major topics related to underlining the role of neglected and underutilised species to address food and agriculture challenges in the future.^[21]
2013 - Official launch of the International Year of Quinoa (IYQ-2013), intended to increase awareness, understanding and knowledge about quinoa and its importance on food security.^[22]
2013 - 3rd International Conference on Neglected and Underutilized Species, Accra, Ghana - to ensure that research on neglected and underutilized species (NUS) is demand-oriented and that results are better shared and applied, researchers, extension agents, the private sector and farmers must engage in more collaboration - in sub-Saharan Africa.

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[1]
Jain, Shri Mohan; Gupta, S. Dutta, eds. (2013). Biotechnology of Neglected and Underutilized Crops. Springer. p. v. ISBN 978-94-007-5499-7. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
[2]
Padulosi, Stefano. "Bring NUS back to the table!". ECDPM: The Centre for Africa-Europe Relations. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
[3]
Hammer, Karl; Heller, Joachim (1997). "Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops". Schriften zu Genetischen Ressourcen. 8: 223.
[4]
Jain, Shri Mohan; Gupta, S. Dutta, eds. (2013). Biotechnology of Neglected and Underutilized Crops. Springer. p. vi. ISBN 978-94-007-5499-7. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
[5]
Padulosi, Stefano. "Bring NUS back to the table!". ECDPM: The Centre for Africa-Europe Relations. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
[6]
FAO (1997). The State of the World's Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PDF). Rome: FAO.
[7]
J. R., Harlan (1975). Crops and Man. Wisconsin: Crop Science Society of America.
[8]
Kunkel, G. (1984). Plants for Human Consumption. Koenigstein, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books.
[9]
J. T. Williams; N. Haq (2002). Global research on underutilized crops - an assessment of current activities and proposals for enhanced cooperation. Southampton, UK: International Centre for Underutilised Crops. ISBN 978-92-9043-545-7. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
[10]
"Are forgotten crops the future of food?". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
[11]
LEFEBVRE, LYSIANE; LABORDE, DAVID; PIÑEIRO, VALERIA (2023-06-05). "Bringing back neglected crops: A food and climate solution for Africa". www.ifpri.org. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
[12]
Lamb, Austin; Weers, Brock; McKinley, Brian; Rooney, William; Morgan, Cristine; Marshall-Colon, Amy; Mullet, John (2021-12-14). "Bioenergy sorghum's deep roots: A key to sustainable biomass production on annual cropland". GCB Bioenergy. 14 (2): 132–156. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12907. ISSN 1757-1693.
[13]
Van Damme, P.; Scheldeman, X. (1999-08-01). "Commercial Development of Cherimoya (Annona Cherimola Mill.) in Latin America". Acta Horticulturae (497): 17–42. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.1999.497.1. ISSN 0567-7572.
[14]
Charrua, Alberto B.; Havik, Philip J.; Bandeira, Salomão; Catarino, Luís; Ribeiro-Barros, Ana; Cabral, Pedro; Moldão, Margarida; Romeiras, Maria M. (2021-07-08). "Food Security and Nutrition in Mozambique: Comparative Study with Bean Species Commercialised in Informal Markets". Sustainability. 13 (16): 8839. doi:10.3390/su13168839. hdl:10451/51002. ISSN 2071-1050.
[15]
Hammer, Karl; Heller J; Engels J (February 2001). "Monographs on underutilized and neglected crops". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 48 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1023/A:1011253924058. S2CID 6582337.
[16]
IPGRI (2002). Neglected and underutilized plant species: Strategic Action Plan of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. ISBN 978-92-9043-529-7. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
[17]
Tadele, Zerihun; Assefa, Kebebew (December 2012). "Increasing Food Production in Africa by Boosting the Productivity of Understudied Crops". Agronomy. 2 (4): 240–283. doi:10.3390/agronomy2040240.
[18]
McDonell, Emma. "The Quinoa Boom Goes Bust in the Andes". ncla.org: The North American Congress on Latin America. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
[19]
O'Malley, Brendan (26 November 2008). "New centre to boost knowledge on underutilised crops". SciDev.Net. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
[20]
"Centre to research under-utilised crops". The Star Online. 27 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
[21]
FAO (10 December 2012). "Neglected crops need a rethink - can help world face the food security challenges of the future, says Graziano da Silva". FAO Media Centre. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
[22]
FAO (20 February 2013). "Official launch of the International Year of Quinoa" (PDF). Retrieved 28 August 2013.

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[1] [1]
Jain, Shri Mohan; Gupta, S. Dutta, eds. (2013). Biotechnology of Neglected and Underutilized Crops. Springer. p. v. ISBN 978-94-007-5499-7. Retrieved 16 June 2023.

[2] [2]
Padulosi, Stefano. "Bring NUS back to the table!". ECDPM: The Centre for Africa-Europe Relations. Retrieved 16 June 2023.

[3] [3]
Hammer, Karl; Heller, Joachim (1997). "Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops". Schriften zu Genetischen Ressourcen. 8: 223.

[4] [4]
Jain, Shri Mohan; Gupta, S. Dutta, eds. (2013). Biotechnology of Neglected and Underutilized Crops. Springer. p. vi. ISBN 978-94-007-5499-7. Retrieved 16 June 2023.

[5] [5]
Padulosi, Stefano. "Bring NUS back to the table!". ECDPM: The Centre for Africa-Europe Relations. Retrieved 16 June 2023.

[6] [6]
FAO (1997). The State of the World's Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PDF). Rome: FAO.

[7] [7]
J. R., Harlan (1975). Crops and Man. Wisconsin: Crop Science Society of America.

[8] [8]
Kunkel, G. (1984). Plants for Human Consumption. Koenigstein, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books.

[:1-9] [9]
J. T. Williams; N. Haq (2002). Global research on underutilized crops - an assessment of current activities and proposals for enhanced cooperation. Southampton, UK: International Centre for Underutilised Crops. ISBN 978-92-9043-545-7. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

[10] [10]
"Are forgotten crops the future of food?". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-01-05.

[11] [11]
LEFEBVRE, LYSIANE; LABORDE, DAVID; PIÑEIRO, VALERIA (2023-06-05). "Bringing back neglected crops: A food and climate solution for Africa". www.ifpri.org. Retrieved 2024-01-05.

[12] [12]
Lamb, Austin; Weers, Brock; McKinley, Brian; Rooney, William; Morgan, Cristine; Marshall-Colon, Amy; Mullet, John (2021-12-14). "Bioenergy sorghum's deep roots: A key to sustainable biomass production on annual cropland". GCB Bioenergy. 14 (2): 132–156. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12907. ISSN 1757-1693.

[13] [13]
Van Damme, P.; Scheldeman, X. (1999-08-01). "Commercial Development of Cherimoya (Annona Cherimola Mill.) in Latin America". Acta Horticulturae (497): 17–42. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.1999.497.1. ISSN 0567-7572.

[14] [14]
Charrua, Alberto B.; Havik, Philip J.; Bandeira, Salomão; Catarino, Luís; Ribeiro-Barros, Ana; Cabral, Pedro; Moldão, Margarida; Romeiras, Maria M. (2021-07-08). "Food Security and Nutrition in Mozambique: Comparative Study with Bean Species Commercialised in Informal Markets". Sustainability. 13 (16): 8839. doi:10.3390/su13168839. hdl:10451/51002. ISSN 2071-1050.

[15] [15]
Hammer, Karl; Heller J; Engels J (February 2001). "Monographs on underutilized and neglected crops". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 48 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1023/A:1011253924058. S2CID 6582337.

[:0-16] [16]
IPGRI (2002). Neglected and underutilized plant species: Strategic Action Plan of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. ISBN 978-92-9043-529-7. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

[17] [17]
Tadele, Zerihun; Assefa, Kebebew (December 2012). "Increasing Food Production in Africa by Boosting the Productivity of Understudied Crops". Agronomy. 2 (4): 240–283. doi:10.3390/agronomy2040240.

[18] [18]
McDonell, Emma. "The Quinoa Boom Goes Bust in the Andes". ncla.org: The North American Congress on Latin America. Retrieved 29 May 2024.

[19] [19]
O'Malley, Brendan (26 November 2008). "New centre to boost knowledge on underutilised crops". SciDev.Net. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

[20] [20]
"Centre to research under-utilised crops". The Star Online. 27 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

[21] [21]
FAO (10 December 2012). "Neglected crops need a rethink - can help world face the food security challenges of the future, says Graziano da Silva". FAO Media Centre. Retrieved 17 December 2012.

[22] [22]
FAO (20 February 2013). "Official launch of the International Year of Quinoa" (PDF). Retrieved 28 August 2013.

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