National Palace Museum
National museum in Taiwan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
National museum in Taiwan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The National Palace Museum,[a] also known as Taipei Palace Museum,[b][3][4][5] is a national museum headquartered in Taipei, Taiwan.[6] Founded in Beijing in 1925, the museum was re-established in Shilin, Taipei in 1965, later expanded with a southern branch in Taibao, Chiayi in 2015.
國立故宮博物院 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Established | 10 October 1925 (in Forbidden City, Beijing) 12 November 1965 (in Taipei, Taiwan) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Location | Shilin, Taipei | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Coordinates | 25°6′8″N 121°32′55″E | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Type | National museum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collections | 698,856 (as of February 2022[update])[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Visitors | Northern branch: 3,832,373 (2019)[2] Southern branch: 1,049,262 (2019)[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Director | Hsiao Tsung-huang | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Architect | Huang Baoyu (Northern Branch) Kris Yao (Southern Branch) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Website | npm.gov.tw | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 國立故宮博物院 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 国立故宫博物院 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The museum holds a permanent collection of nearly 700,000 pieces of artifacts and artworks, primarily comprising items relocated from the Beijing Palace Museum and five other institutions in the mainland China during the government of the Republic of China's retreat to Taiwan. Before the re-establishment of the museum in Shilin in 1965, these collections were temporarily housed in various locations across Taiwan.
Spanning 8,000 years of history from the neolithic age to the modern era, the museum's collection reflects a comprehensive record of Chinese history.[7] Like the Palace Museum in Beijing, the museum's extensive array of artifacts and artworks were based on the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties in the Forbidden City.
The National Palace Museum was originally established as the Palace Museum in the Forbidden City on 10 October 1925, shortly after the expulsion of Puyi,[8][9] the last emperor of China, from the Forbidden City by warlord Feng Yuxiang. The articles in the museum consisted of the valuables of the former imperial family.
In 1931, shortly after the Mukden Incident, the Nationalist Government ordered the museum to make preparations to evacuate its most valuable pieces out of the city to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army. As a result, from 6 February to 15 May 1933, the Palace Museum's 13,491 crates and 6,066 crates of objects from the Exhibition Office of Ancient Artifacts, the Summer Palace and the Imperial Hanlin Academy were moved in five groups to Shanghai.[10] In 1936, the collection was moved to Nanjing after the construction of the storage in the Taoist monastery Chaotian Palace was complete.[11] As the Imperial Japanese Army advanced farther inland during the Second Sino-Japanese War, which merged into the greater conflict of World War II, the collection was moved westward via three routes to several places including Anshun and Leshan until the surrender of Japan in 1945. In 1947, it was shipped back to the warehouse in Nanjing.
The Chinese Civil War resumed following the surrender of the Japanese, ultimately resulting in Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's decision to evacuate the arts to Taiwan, which had been handed over to the ROC in 1945. When the fighting worsened in 1948 between the Communist and Nationalist armies, the National Beijing Palace Museum and other five institutions made the decision to send some of the most prized items to Taiwan.[12] Hang Li-wu, later director of the museum, supervised the transport of some of the collection in three groups from Nanjing to the harbor in Keelung, Taiwan between December 1948 and February 1949. By the time the items arrived in Taiwan, the Communist army had already seized control of the National Palace Museum collection from Beijing, so not all of the collection could be sent to Taiwan. A total of 2,972 crates of artifacts from the Forbidden City moved to Taiwan accounted for only 22% of the crates originally transported south, although the pieces represented some of the very best of the collection.
| Institutions | Number of crates in shipments | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
| National Beijing Palace Museum | 320 | 1,680 | 972 | 2,972 |
| National Central Museum | 212 | 486 | 154 | 852 |
| National Central Library | 60 | 462 | 122 | 644 |
| The IHP of Academia Sinica | 120 | 856 | 976 | |
| Ministry of Foreign Affairs | 60 | 60 | ||
| National Beijing Library | 18 | 18 | ||
| Total | 772 | 3,502 | 1,248 | 5,522 |
The collection from the National Beijing Palace Museum, the Preparatory Office of the National Central Museum, the National Central Library, and the National Beijing Library was stored in a railway warehouse in Yangmei following transport across the Taiwan Strait and was later moved to storage in a cane sugar mill near Taichung.[12] In 1949, the Executive Yuan created the Joint Managerial Office for the National Beijing Palace Museum, the Preparatory Office of the National Central Museum, and the National Central Library, to oversee the organization of the collection.[8] For security reasons, the Joint Managerial Office chose the mountain village of Beigou, located in Wufeng, Taichung, as the new storage site for the collection.[12] The following year, the collection stored at the cane sugar mill was transported to the new site in Beigou.[13]
With the National Central Library's reinstatement in 1955, the collection from the National Beijing Library was simultaneously incorporated into the National Central Library.[12] The Joint Managerial Office of the National Beijing Palace Museum and the Preparatory Office of the National Central Museum stayed in Beigou for another ten years. During the decade, the office obtained a grant from the Asia Foundation to construct a small-scale exhibition hall in the spring of 1956.[14] The exhibition hall, opened in March 1957, was divided into four galleries in which it was possible to exhibit more than 200 items.
In the autumn of 1960, the office received a grant of NT$32 million from AID.[14] The Republic of China (ROC) government also contributed more than NT$30 million to establish a special fund for the construction of a museum in the Taipei suburb of Waishuanxi. The construction of the museum in Waishuanxi was completed in August 1965.[9] The new museum site was christened the "Chung-Shan Museum" in honor of the founding father of the ROC, Sun Yat-sen, and first opened to the public on the centenary of Sun Yat-sen's birthday. Since then, the museum in Taipei has managed, conserved and exhibited the collections of the National Beijing Palace Museum and the Preparatory Office of the National Central Museum.
The National Palace Museum's main building in Taipei was designed by Huang Baoyu and constructed from March 1964 to August 1965.[15][16] Due to the insufficient space to put on display over 600,000 artifacts, the museum underwent expansions in 1967, 1970, 1984 and 1996.[17] In 2002, the museum underwent a major US$21 million renovation revamping the museum to make it more spacious and modern.[15][18] The renovation closed about two-thirds of the museum section and the museum officially reopened in February 2007.[19][20]
Permanent exhibitions of painting and calligraphy are rotated once every three months.[21] Approximately 3,000 pieces of the museum's collection can be viewed at a given time.[22] Although brief, these exhibitions are extremely popular. In 2014, the museum organized the top three best-attended exhibitions worldwide, including paintings and calligraphic works by Tang Yin, as well as depictions of the Qing dynasty's Qianlong Emperor reinterpreted by contemporary artists.[23]
Housed within the compound of the National Palace Museum, this classical Chinese Song and Ming style garden covers 1.88 hectares (18,800 m2).[24] It incorporates the principles of such diverse fields as feng shui, Chinese architecture, water management, landscape design, and Chinese folklore and metaphor. It contains numerous ponds, waterworks, and wooden Chinese pavilions. It was completed and opened in 1985. There is also another Chinese Style Garden nearby called the Shuangxi Park and Chinese Garden.
The National Palace Museum also maintains the residence of Chinese painter Chang Dai-chien, also in Shilin, Taipei. The residence, known as the Chang Dai-chien Residence or the Abode of Maya, was constructed in 1976 and completed in 1978.[25] It is a two-story Siheyuan building with Chinese-style gardens occupying approximately 1,911 m2. After Chang's death in 1983, the house and gardens were donated to the National Palace Museum and turned into a museum and memorial.
The Southern Branch of the National Palace Museum is located in Taibao, Chiayi County, Taiwan, and set on 70 hectares (700,000 m2) of land. There is also a lake and Asian style garden on the grounds. Planning for the southern branch began in 2000.[26] The building was to be designed by architect Antoine Predock and began construction in 2005. However, due to serious construction delays and disputes between the contractors and the museum, the firm pulled out in 2008.[27] Museum director Chou Kung-shin stated in August 2010 that new architects Kris Yao for the project would commence, with construction completed in 2015.[28][29] The project cost NT$7.9 billion (US$268 million) and spread over 70 hectares (700,000 m2).[30] The museum itself, 9,000 square meters in total,[26] was designed by the Taiwan-based firm Artech Inc. and is both earthquake resistant and flood resistant.[30] After its grand opening on 28 December 2015, the building was plagued by water leakage, which forced its closure in April 2016. The Southern Branch then reopened on 23 August 2016, after repairs to address the water leakage issues were completed.[29]
| Categories | Numbers |
|---|---|
| Bronzes | 6,241 |
| Ceramics | 25,595 |
| Jades | 13,478 |
| Lacquerwares | 773 |
| Enamel wares | 2,520 |
| Carvings | 666 |
| Studio implements | 2,379 |
| Coins | 6,953 |
| Miscellaneous objects (religious implements, costumes and accessories, and snuff bottles) | 12,495 |
| Paintings | 6,745 |
| Calligraphic works | 3,743 |
| Calligraphic model books | 495 |
| Tapestries and embroideries | 308 |
| Fans | 1,882 |
| Rubbings | 900 |
| Rare books | 216,507 |
| Qing archival documents | 395,551 |
| Textiles | 1,626 |
| Total | 698,857 |
Complete inventory inspection has been taken three times in 1951–1954, 1989–1991 and 2008–2012 since the museum started to bring collections to Taiwan in 1948.[31] According to official report, the museum houses Chinese calligraphy, porcelain, bronzes, paintings, jades and many other artifacts, with 22% (2,972 out of 13,491 crates) of the boxes originally transported south from the Forbidden City.[9] Other additions include transfers from other institutions, donations, and purchases made by the museum. A large number of these artifacts were brought by Chiang Kai-shek before his Kuomintang forces fled the mainland in 1949.[32] The museum has accumulated nearly 700,000 artifacts of significant historical or artistic values. With a collection of this size, only 1% of the collection is exhibited at any given time. The rest of the collection is stored in temperature-controlled vaults.[18]
The museum houses several treasured items that are the pride of their collection and famous worldwide. The antiquities in the National Palace Museum span over thousands of years with a variety of genres.[33]
Among the collections of bronzes, Zong Zhou Zhong (Bell of Zhou), commissioned by King Li of Zhou, is the most important musical instrument cast under his royal decree.[34] Mao Gong Ding (Cauldron of Duke of Mao) of the late Western Zhou dynasty (1046–771 BCE) carries the longest Chinese bronze inscriptions so far extant.
In 1995, the museum acquired the Taihe Shakyamuni, a statue of The Buddha from the Northern Wei Dynasty, that represents a pivotal shift from early Indian style towards Chinese Buddhist style.[35][36]
With 21 pieces out of fewer than 80 surviving, the museum has the world's largest collection of Ru ware,[37] one of the rarest Chinese ceramics, made exclusively for the court and one of the Five Great Kilns of the Song dynasty (960–1279), along with Ding porcelain, Jun ware, Guan and Ge;[38][39] the museum has major collections of all of these. Those from the official kilns of the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties, such as the doucai porcelains of the Chenghua reign during the Ming dynasty and painted enamel porcelains from the early Qing, are also of excellent quality.[40]
One of the most popular pieces of jade carvings in the museum is the Jadeite Cabbage,[41] a piece of jadeite carved into the shape of a cabbage head, and with a large and a small grasshopper camouflaged in the leaves. The ruffled semi-translucent leaves attached is due to the masterful combination of various natural color of the jade to recreate the color variations of a real cabbage.[42] The Meat-shaped Stone is often exhibited together with the Jadeite Cabbage.[41][43] A piece of jasper, a form of agate, the strata of which are cleverly used to create a likeness of a piece of pork cooked in soy sauce. The dyed and textured surface makes the layers of skin, lean meat, and fat materialized incredibly lifelike.
Other various carvings of materials such as bamboo, wood, ivory, rhinoceros horn, and fruit pits are exhibited.[44] The Carved Olive-stone Boat, carved by Chen Zuzhang, is a tiny boat carved from an olive stone.[45] The incredibly fully equipped skilled piece is carved with a covered deck and moveable windows. The interior has chairs, dishes on a table and eight figures representing the characters of Su Shih's Latter Ode on the Red Cliff. The bottom is carved in minute character the entire 300+ character text with the date and the artist's name.
The paintings in the National Palace Museum date from the Tang dynasty (618–907) to the modern era.[46] The collection covers over one thousand years of Chinese painting, and encompasses a wide range of genres, including landscape, flower and bird, figure painting, boundary painting, etc. Among the most popular paintings in the collection is the Qing Palace Version of Along the River During the Qingming Festival by five Qing dynasty court painters (Chen Mu, Sun Hu, Jin Kun, Dai Hong and Cheng Zhidao).[47] Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains (Wu-yung version) by Huang Gongwang of the Yuan dynasty is one of the rarest and most dramatic works.[48] Walking on a Mountain Path in Spring is another significant work. The museum has a vast collection of calligraphy works from the hands of major calligraphers, scholars and important courtiers in history. The calligraphy works date from the Jin (266–420) and Tang (618–907) dynasties, with a variety of styles.
Rare books in the National Palace Museum range from the Song (960–1279) and Yuan (1271–1368) dynasties to the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties, amounting to over 200,000 volumes.[49][50] Yongle Encyclopedia and Complete Library of the Four Treasuries are among the examples.[51][52]
Historical documents in the museum include Jiu Manzhou Dang, a set of Manchu archives that are the sourcebook of Manwen Laodang and a primary source of early Manchu history.[53] Other official documents such as the court archives are available for research in the history of the Qing dynasty.
Due to fears that the artifacts may be impounded and claimed by China due to the controversial political status of Taiwan, the museum does not conduct exhibitions in mainland China. Since the museum's 1965 establishment in Taipei, the National Palace Museum has only made six large overseas exhibitions in countries which have passed laws to prevent judicial seizure of the treasures: the United States in 1996, France in 1998, Germany in 2003, Austria in 2008, Japan in 2014 and Australia in 2019.[54][55][56]
The past overseas exhibitions are as follows:[8]
The National Palace Museum operates under the Executive Yuan as a level-two agency.[58] It has been headed by many directors over the years:[59][60][61] Note that, in 1949, the Joint Managerial Office of the National Central Museum and National Central Library was established. In 1955, the Joint Managerial Office of the National Palace Museum and National Central Museum was established.
| Name | Term begin | Term end |
|---|---|---|
| Directors of Palace Museum | ||
| Li Yü-ying | First appointed Director-General | |
| I P'ei-chi | October 1925 | October 1933 |
| Ma Heng | October 1933 | August 1949 |
| Directors of National Central Museum Preparatory Office | ||
| Fu Ssu-nien | 1933 | 1934 |
| Li Chi | 1934 | 1949 |
| Directors of the Joint Managerial Office of the National Palace Museum and National Central Museum | ||
| Hang Li-wu | September 1949 | June 1956 |
| K'ung Te-ch'eng | July 1956 | April 1964 |
| Ho Lien-k'uei | May 1964 | August 1965 |
| Directors of National Palace Museum | ||
| Chiang Fu-ts'ung | September 1965 | January 1983 |
| Ch'in Hsiao-yi | January 1983 | May 2000 |
| Tu Cheng-sheng | 20 May 2000 | 20 May 2004 |
| Shih Shou-chien | 20 May 2004 | 25 January 2006 |
| Lin Mun-lee | 25 January 2006 | 20 May 2008 |
| Chou Kung-shin | 20 May 2008 | 29 July 2012 |
| Chou Chu-kun (acting) | 30 July 2012 | 18 September 2012 |
| Feng Ming-chu | 18 September 2012 | 19 May 2016 |
| Lin Jeng-yi | 20 May 2016 | 15 July 2018 |
| Chen Chi-nan | 16 July 2018 | 13 January 2019 |
| Lee Ching-hui (acting) | 14 January 2019 | 14 February 2019 |
| Wu Mi-cha | 15 February 2019 | 30 January 2023 |
| Hsiao Tsung-huang | 31 January 2023 | Incumbent |
According to writer Ian Johnson, many cultural items were destroyed under communist rule, including during the Cultural Revolution, so the Kuomintang designed the new National Palace Museum to show that Taiwan is the better China. Now that the communist party has redefined its mission to protect China's cultural past, Beijing has requested the return of the artefacts displayed by the museum. The museum refuses to do so, and its fears that artefacts might be indirectly repatriated to the Chinese mainland prevent them from being loaned to other countries.[62]
Relations regarding this treasure have warmed in recent years and the Palace Museum in Beijing has agreed to lend relics to the National Palace Museum for exhibitions since 2009.[63] The Palace Museum curator Zheng Xinmiao has said that the artifacts in both mainland and Taiwan museums are "China's cultural heritage jointly owned by people across the Taiwan Strait."[64]
A number of Chinese artifacts dating from the Tang and Song dynasties, some of which had been owned by Emperor Zhenzong, were excavated and then came into the hands of the Kuomintang General Ma Hongkui, who refused to publicize the findings. Among the artifacts were a white marble tablet from the Tang dynasty, gold nails, and bands made out of metal. It was not until after Ma died that his wife went to Taiwan in 1971 from the United States to bring the artifacts to Chiang Kai-shek, who turned them over to the National Palace Museum.[65]
In October 2022, it was revealed that three artefacts from the Ming and Qing dynasties, reportedly worth a US$77 million, had been damaged. In response to inquiries, the museum admitted that two teacups were found broken in February and April that year, and a plate was dropped in May. Director Wu Mi-cha suspected that the teacups might have been damaged due to unsatisfactory storage practices, which the museum is working to improve.[66]
In August 2022, PLA drills around Taiwan raised concern over the potential safety of the museum's artifacts. Former director Chou Kung-shin suggested creating a plan to store them in the mountain tunnels nearby. When they were originally shipped into Taiwan, the artifacts were stored in tunnels in Taichung during the 1950s before being moved to Taipei, where the museum was eventually built.[67]
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