Naiad

For other uses, see Naiad (disambiguation).

In Greek mythology, the naiads (/ˈnaɪædz, ˈneɪædz, -ədz/; ‹See Tfd›Greek: ναϊάδες, translit. naïádes), sometimes also hydriads,^[1] are a type of female spirit, or nymph, presiding over fountains, wells, springs, streams, brooks and other bodies of fresh water.

Naiad

A Naiad by John William Waterhouse, 1893; a water nymph approaches the sleeping Hylas.
Grouping	Nymphs
Sub grouping	Water spirit Elemental
Similar entities	Mermaid Huldra Selkie Siren
Habitat	Any body of fresh water

They are distinct from river gods, who embodied rivers, and the very ancient spirits that inhabited the still waters of marshes, ponds and lagoon-lakes such as pre-Mycenaean Lerna in the Argolis.

Etymology

The Greek word is ναϊάς (naïás [naːiás]), plural ναϊάδες (naïádes [naːiádes]). It derives from νάειν (náein), "to flow", or νᾶμα (nâma), "running water".

Mythology

Undine, by John William Waterhouse

Naiads were often the object of archaic local cults, worshipped as essential to humans. Boys and girls at coming-of-age ceremonies dedicated their childish locks to the local naiad of the spring. In places like Lerna their waters' ritual cleansings were credited with magical medical properties. Animals were ritually drowned there. Oracles might be situated by ancient springs.

Naiads could be dangerous: Hylas of the Argo’s crew was lost when he was taken by naiads fascinated by his beauty. The naiads were also known to exhibit jealous tendencies. Theocritus's story of naiad jealousy was that of a shepherd, Daphnis, who was the lover of Nomia or Echenais; Daphnis had on several occasions been unfaithful to Nomia and as revenge she permanently blinded him. The nymph Salmacis raped Hermaphroditus and fused with him when he tried to escape.

The water nymph associated with particular springs was known all through Europe in places with no direct connection with Greece, surviving in the Celtic wells of northwest Europe that have been rededicated to Saints, and in the medieval Melusine.

Walter Burkert points out, "When in the Iliad [xx.4–9] Zeus calls the gods into assembly on Mount Olympus, it is not only the well-known Olympians who come along, but also all the nymphs and all the rivers; Okeanos alone remains at his station",^[2] Greek hearers recognized this impossibility as the poet's hyperbole, which proclaimed the universal power of Zeus over the ancient natural world: "the worship of these deities," Burkert confirms, "is limited only by the fact that they are inseparably identified with a specific locality."^[2]

Interpretation

Robert Graves offered a sociopolitical reading of the common myth-type in which a mythic king is credited with marrying a naiad and founding a city: it was the newly arrived Hellenes justifying their presence. The loves and rapes of Zeus, according to Graves' readings, record the supplanting of ancient local cults by Olympian ones (Graves 1955, passim).

So, in the back-story of the myth of Aristaeus, Hypseus, a king of the Lapiths, married Chlidanope, a naiad, who bore him Cyrene. Aristaeus had more than ordinary mortal experience with the naiads: when his bees died in Thessaly, he went to consult them. His aunt Arethusa invited him below the water's surface, where he was washed with water from a perpetual spring and given advice.

Types and individual names

List of classified naiads

Name	Location	Notes/ Relation
I. Eleionomae	marshes	-
II. Crinaeae	fountains	-
The Sithnides	Megara, Attica	one of them became the mother of Megaros by Zeus
Aganippe	Mt. Helicon, Boeotia	daughter of the river-god Termessus[3]
Appias	Rome	lived in the Appian Well outside the temple to Venus Genitrix in the Roman Forum
Myrtoessa	Megalopolis, Arcadia	one of the nurses of infant Zeus[4]
III. Limnades	lakes	-
The Astakides	Lake Astacus, Bithynia	appeared in the myth of Nicaea
Bolbe	Lake Bolbe, Thessaly	an Oceanid due to her parentage (daughter of Oceanus and Tethys)[5]
Limnaee	lake in India	daughter of the Indian river god Ganges; one of the reputed mothers of Athis
Pallas	Lake Tritonis, Libya	daughter of Triton or of Poseidon and Tritonis; accidentally killed by her playmate, the goddess Athena[6]
Tritonis	Lake Tritonis, Libya	mother of Nasamon and Caphaurus (or Cephalion) by Amphithemis,[7] and according to an archaic version of the myth, also of Athena by Poseidon; she could be also the mother of above Pallas and Athena again by Triton
IV. Potameides	rivers	-
The Acheloides	Achelous River, Aetolia	daughters of the river god Achelous; see also Castalia and Callirhoe below
• The Sirens (possibly)	Island of Anthemoessa	their mother could be one of the Muses (Terpsichore, Melpomene or Calliope) or Sterope; they were close companions of the goddess Persephone before her abduction
The Aesepides	Aesepus River, Troad	daughters of the river god Aesepus
• Abarbarea	-do-	wife of Bucolion by whom she mothered twin sons, Aesepus and Pedasus[8]
The Amnisiades	Amnisus River, Crete	daughters of the river god Amnisos who served as handmaidens of the goddess Artemis
The Asopides	Asopus River, Sicyon or Boeotia	daughters of the river god Asopus and Metope; all abducted by the gods
• Aegina	Island of Aegina	mother of Menoetius by Actor, and Aeacus by Zeus[9]
• Asopis	-	-
• Chalcis	Chalcis, Euboea	regarded as the mother of the Curetes and Corybantes; perhaps the same as Combe and Euboea below
• Cleone	Cleonae, Argos	-
• Combe	Island of Euboea	consort of Socus and mother by him of the seven Corybantes
• Corcyra	Island of Corcyra	mother of Phaiax by Poseidon
• Euboea	Island of Euboea	abducted by Poseidon
• Gargaphia or Plataia or Oeroe	Plataea, Boeotia	carried off by Zeus
• Harpina	Pisa, Elis	mother of Oenomaus by Ares
• Ismene[10]	Ismenian spring of Thebes, Boeotia	wife of Argus, eponymous king of Argus and thus, mother of Argus Panoptes and Iasus.
• Nemea	Nemea, Argolis	others called her the daughter of Zeus and Selene
• Ornea	Ornia, Sicyon	-
• Peirene	Corinth	others called her father to be Oebalus or Achelous by Poseidon she became the mother of Lecheas and Cenchrias
• Salamis	Island of Salamis	mother of Cychreus by Poseidon
• Sinope	Sinope, Anatolia	mother of Syrus by Apollo
• Tanagra	Tanagra, Boeotia	mother of Leucippus and Ephippus by Poemander
• Thebe	Thebes, Boeotia	wife of Zethus and also said to have consorted with Zeus
• Thespeia	Thespia, Boeotia	abducted by Apollo
The Asterionides	Asterion River, Argos	daughters of the river god Asterion; nurses of the infant goddess Hera
• Acraea	-do-	-
• Euboea	-do-	-
• Prosymna	-do-	-
The Cephisides	Cephissus River, Boeotia	daughters of the river god Cephissus; mothers of the 50 sons of Orion
The Cocythiae	Cocytus River, Underworld	naiads of Hades
The Erasinides	Erasinos River, Argos	daughters of the river god Erasinos; attendants of the goddess Britomartis.
• Anchiroe	-do-	-
• Byze	-do-	-
• Maera	-do-	-
• Melite	-do-	-
The Hydaspides	Hydaspers River, India	daughters of the river god Hydaspes and Astris, they were nurses of the god Zagreus, the first-born Dionysos
The Inachides	Inachos River, Argos	daughters of the river god Inachus
• Io	-do-	mother of Epaphus by Zeus
• Amymone	-do-	-
• Philodice[11]	-do-	wife of Leucippus of Messenia by whom she became the mother of Hilaeira, Phoebe and possibly Arsinoe
• Messeis	-do-	-
• Hyperia[12]	-do-	-
• Mycene	-do-	wife of Arestor and by him probably the mother of Argus Panoptes; eponym of Mycenae
The Lamides	Lamos River, Cilicia	daughters of the river god Lamos; nurses of the god Dionysus
The Pactolides	Pactolus River, Lydia	appeared in the myth concerning Arachne
The Spercheides	Spercheus River, Malis	daughters of the river god Spercheus and the naiad Deino
• Diopatre	-do-	others called her the daughter of Zeus; loved by Poseidon
The Thessalids	Peneus River, Thessaly	daughters of the river god Peneus
• Daphne	-do-	loved by the god Apollo; see below entry of Daphne
• Menippe	-do-	wife of Pelasgus, by whom she became the mother of Phrastor
• Stilbe	-do-	bore to Apollo twin sons, Centaurus and Lapithus.
• Cyrene	-do-	also called the daughter of Peneus' son Hypseus and mother of Aristaeus and Idmon by Apollo
Trojan Nymphs or Trojan Naiads	Scamander River and Simoeis River, Troad	daughters of the river gods, Scamander and Simoeis
• Callirrhoe	Scamander River, Troad	daughter of the river god Scamander; wife of Tros and mother of Ilus, Assaracus and Ganymede
• Glaucia	-do-	daughter of the Trojan river god Scamander; wife of Deimachus and the mother of Scamander who was named after his grandfather
• Strymo	-do-	wife of King Laomedon and the mother of King Priam and Tithonus
• Astyoche	Simoeis River, Troad	daughter of the river god Simoeis, mother of Tros by Erichthonius
• Hieromneme	-do-	daughter of the river-god Simoïs and the wife of Assaracus, by whom she bore Capys or the daughter-in-law of Assaracus, wife of Capys and mother of Anchises
Individual Potameides:
Anchinoe	Nile River, Egypt	daughter of the river Nilus; wife of the Egyptian King Belus; mother of Aegyptus and Danaus, and perhaps, Cepheus and Phineus.
Anippe	Nile River, Egypt	loved by the god Poseidon by whom she became the mother of Busiris
Argiope	Nile River, Egypt	daughter of the river Nilus; wife of Agenor and mother of Europa, Phoenix, Cilix and Cadmus; commonly known as Telephassa
Asterope or Hesperia	Cebren River, Troad	daughter of the river god Cebren and lover of Aesacus, also called Hesperia
Caliadne	Nile River, Egypt	presumably one of the daughters of the river-god Nilus; one of the wives of Aegyptus, bearing him 12 sons: Eurylochus, Phantes, Peristhenes, Hermus, Dryas, Potamon, Cisseus, Lixus, Imbrus, Bromios, Polyctor, and Chthonios
Chione	Nile River, Egypt	daughter of the Oceanid Callirrhoe and the river god Nilus
Cleochareia	Eurotas River, Laconia	queen consort of King Lelex and mother of Myles and Polycaon
Deino	Spercheus River, Malis	wife of the river god Spercheios and by him the mother of Diopatre[13]
Eunoë	Sangarius River, Phrygia	daughter of the river-god Sangarius; she was the possible mother of Hecuba by Dymas[14]
Europa	Nile River, Egypt	one of the daughters of the river-god Nilus; wife of Danaus who bore him the Danaides
Eurryroe	Nile River, Egypt	one of the daughters of the river-god Nilus; wife of Aegyptus who bore him fifty sons
Hercyna	Herkyna River, Lebadeia	a childhood companion of the goddess Persephone
Ismenis	Ismenos River, Thebes	daughters of the river god Ismenus; mother, by Pan, of Crenaeus, a defender of Thebes against the Seven
Lethe	Lethe River, Hades	-
Memphis	Nile River, Egypt	daughter of Nilus; she was the wife to Epaphus and mother of Libya and Anippe or Lysianassa
Metis	Meles River, Smyrna	daughter of the river god Meles; mother of Homer by Maeon
Moria	Hermos River, Lydia	brother of Tylus
Nana	Sangarius River, Phrygia	daughter of the river-god Sangarius; she was impregnated by an almond from the tree sprung from the severed genitals of Agdistis, giving birth to Attis.
Neda	Neda River, Arcadia	daughter of Oceanus; one of the nurses of infant Zeus
Ocyrhoe	Imbrasus River, Samos	daughter of the river god Imbrasus and Chesias; she was pursued by the god Apollo
Ocyrhoe	Sangarius River, Phrygia	daughter of the river-god Sangarius; she was the mother, by Hippasus, of Hippomedon
Ocyrhoe	Caicus River, Mysia	mother of Caicus by Hermes
Polyxo	Nile River, Egypt or in Libya	presumably one of the daughters of the river-god Nilus; she was one of the wives of Danaus and bore him 12 daughters: Autonoe, Theano, Electra, Cleopatra, Eurydice, Glaucippe, Anthelea, Cleodora, Euippe, Erato, Stygne and Bryce
Styx	Styx River, Underworld	an Oceanid; she was the wife of Pallas and thus mother of Zelus, Nike, Kratos, and Bia
Symaethis	Symaithos River, Sicily	loved by Pan
Syrinx	Ladon River, Arcadia	daughter of the river god Ladon; pursued by Pan
Tereine	Strymon River, Thrace	daughter of the river god Strymon; mother of Thrassa by Ares
Zeuxippe	Eridanus River, Athens	mother of Butes by Teleon
V. Pegaeae	springs	-
The Anigrides	Elis	daughters of the river god Anigros, were believed to cure skin diseases[15][16][17]
The Corycian Nymphs	Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis	daughters of the river god Pleistos
• Kleodora (or Cleodora)	Mt. Parnassus, Phocis	mother of Parnassus by Poseidon
• Corycia	Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis	mother of Lycoreus by Apollo
• Melaina	-do-	mother of Delphos by Apollo
The Cyrtonian nymphs	Boeotia	local springs in the town of Cyrtones[18][19]
The Deliades	Delos	daughters of Inopus, god of the river Inopus[20][21]
The Himerian Naiads[22][23]
The Ionides	Elis	daughters of the river god Cytherus[24]
• Calliphaea	-do-	-
• Iasis	-do-	-
• Pegaea	-do-	-
• Synallaxis	-do-	-
The Ithacian nymphs	Ithaca	dwelled in sacred caves on the island[25]
The Leibethrides
• Libethrias
• Petra[26][27]
The Mysian Naiads	Bithynia	dwelled in the spring of Pegae near the lake Askanios and were responsible for the kidnapping of Hylas[28][29]
• Euneica
• Malis
• Nycheia[30]
The Ortygian nymphs	Sicily	local springs of Syracuse[31][32]
The Pierides
The Rhyndacides		daughters of the river god Rhyndacus[33]
Individual Pegaeae:
Albunea
Xanderirhoe	Mt. Ida, Troad	daughter of the river god Grenikos; mother of Aesacus by Priam[34]
Archidemia[35]
Arethusa	Island of Ortygia	daughter of Nereus[36][37][38]
Automate	Argos	-
Callirrhoe	Acarnania	mother of Amphoterus and Acarnan by Alcmaeon
Castalia or Cassotis	Delphi, Phocis	others called her the daughter of the river god Cephissus[39]
Comaetho		daughter or wife of the river god Cydnus[40]
Cyane	Sicily	playmate of Persephone who was changed into a well through grief at the loss of her
Dirce		transformed into a spring (presumably into a nymph personifying it) after her death
Hagno	Arcadia	one of the nurses of infant Zeus
Langia[41]
Magea[35]
Milichie[35]
Metope	Arcadia	daughter of the river-god Ladon and wife of Asopus
Pegasis		daughter of the river god Grenikos[42]
Peuce	Peuce Island	mother of Peucon
Pharmaceia	Attica	nymph of a poisonous spring and Orithyia's playmate[43][44]
Physadeia	Argolis
Psanis	Arcadia	may have been the wife of the river god Ladon
Salmacis
Strophia	Thebes	spring on Mount Cithaeron; barely personified[45]
Telphousa	Arcadia	daughter of the river-god Ladon
Temenitis[35]
Theisoa	Arcadia

List of other naiads

Name	Location	Relations
Aba	Ciconia, Thrace	presumed daughter of the river Hebros; mother of Ergiscus by Poseidon[46]
Abarbarea	Tyre	ancestors of the Tyrians along with Callirrhoe and Drosera
Aegle	-	daughter of Zeus and Neaera, by whom Helios begot the Charites
Aia	Colchis	loved by the river-god Phasis.
Alcinoe	Mt. Lycaeus, Arcadia	one of the nurses of the god Zeus
Anchiroe	Arcadia	one of the nurses of the god Zeus
Anchiroe	Libya	wife of the Psylli tribe's first king Psyllus
Annaed	-	-
Anthedon	Boeotia	-
Anthracia	Arcadia	one of the nurses of the god Zeus
Argiope	Mt. Parnassus, Phocis	possibly the daughter of the river-god Cephissus, mother of Thamyris by Philammon
Argiope	Eleusis	possibly the daughter of the river-god Cephissus, mother of Cercyon by Branchus
Argyra	Achaea	loved by the hero Selemnus
Ascra	Boeotia	loved by Poseidon who bore him a son Oeoclus
Asterodia	Caucasus	daughter of Oceanus and Tethys; loved by the Colchian king Aeetes by whom she had a son Apsyrtus
Asterope	Sicily	an Oceanid; mother of Acragas by Zeus
Bateia	Sparta	married King Oebalus of Sparta and mother of their sons were Hippocoon, Tyndareus and Icarius
Bistonis	Thrace	mother of Tereus by Ares
Byzia	Byzantium	-
Callirrhoe	Tyre	ancestors of the Tyrians along with Abarbarea and Drosera
Ceto	-	an Oceanid; she bore Helios a daughter, Astris
Chesias	Samos	loved by the river god Imbrasis
Charybdis	-	daughter of Poseidon and Gaia
Chlidanope	possibly Thessaly	wife of Hypseus and mother Cyrene
Cleide	Naxos	one of the nurses of the god Dionysus
Cleomede	Paeonia	daughter of the river god Axius; she was the wife of Paeon
Clonia	Boeotia	consort of Hyrieus and by him became the mother of Nycteus and Lycus
Cnossia	Crete	mother of Xenodamos by Menelaus when he visited the island
Coronis	Naxos	one of the nurses of the god Dionysus
Cretheis	Smyrna, Ionia	mother of Homer by the river god Meles
Creusa	Thessaly	daughter of Gaia; she bore Hypseus and Stilbe to the river god Peneus
Cyanea	Miletus, Caria	daughter of the river Meander; wife of king Miletos and mother by him of Caunus and Byblis
Danais	Elis	she was loved by the Pisan king Pelops by whom she became the mother of his bastard son, Chrysippus
Daphne	Arcadia or Laconia	daughter of the river-god Ladon or of king Amyclas; loved by the god Apollo
Daulis	Boeotia	daughter of the river-god Cephisus
Dercetis	Boeotia	mother of Alatreus by Laphitaon
Diogeneia	Attica	daughter of the river-god Cephisus; the wife of the Athenian lord Phrasimos and mother by him of Praxithea
Drosera	Tyre	ancestors of the Tyrians along with Abarbarea and Callirhoe
Echenais	Sicily	blinded his unfaithful lover Daphnis
Eupheme	Boeotia	nurse of the Muses; mother of Crotus by Pan
Evadne	Argolis	daughter of Strymon and Neaera, wife of Argus (king of Argos), mother of Ecbasus, Peiras, Epidaurus and Criasus
Glauce	Arcadia	one of the nurses of Zeus
Hagno	Arcadia	one of the nurses of Zeus
Harmonia	Acmonia, Phrygia	mother of the Amazons by Ares
Hippe	Argolis	-
Lara	Rome	daughter of the river Almo; mother of the Lares by Mercury
Lilaea	Phocis	daughter of the local river-god Cephisus
Liriope	Phocis	bore a son Narcissus to the river-god Cephisus
Lotis	Dryopia/ Doris	escape from the embraces of Priapus was metamorphosed into a tree
Melanthea	-	daughter of the river-god Alpheus; she bore to Poseidon a daughter, Eirene
Melia	Argolis	an Oceanid; mother, by Inachus, of Phoroneus and Aegialeus
Melia	Boeotia	an Oceanid; mother, by Apollo, of Tenerus and Ismenus
Melia	Bithynia	mother, by Poseidon, of Mygdon and Amycus, kings of Bebryces
Melia	Bithynia	she was the mother by Silenus of Dolion
Melia	Ceos	mother, by Apollo, of Ceos
Melite	Corcyra	daughter of the river-god Aegaeus and mother of Hyllus by Heracles
Methone	Pieria	mother of Oeagrus by Pierus
Midea	Boeotia	mother of Aspledon by Poseidon
Minthe	Elis	daughter of Cocytus; loved by the god Hades but as punishment her boasts was transformed by Persephone or Demeter into a mint-plant
Nacole	Phrygia	eponym of Nacoleia
Nais	Laconia	wife of Silenus
Neaera	Thrace	wife of the river-god Strymon, and mother of Evadne
Neaera	Lydia	mother of Dresaeus by Theiodamas
Neis	-	mother of Aetolus by Endymion
Nicaea	Bithynia	daughter of the river-god Sangarius and Cybele. By the god of wine, Dionysus, she mothered Telete (consecration)
Nomia	Arcadia	companion of Callisto
Nonacris	Arcadia	wife of Lycaon and the mother of Callisto
Ocyrhoe	Colchis	mother of Phasis by Helios
Orseis	Thessaly	mother of Dorus, Aeolus and Xuthus by Hellen
Ortygia	Lycia	nurse of Apollo
Paria	Paros	mother of Eurymedon, Nephalion, Chryses and Philolaus by Minos
Periboea	Laconia	wife of Icarius, mother of Penelope, Perilaus, Aletes, Damasippus, Imeusimus and Thoas
Pero	Sicyon	mother of Asopus by Poseidon
Philia	Naxos	one of the nurses of the god Dionysus
Phrixa	Arcadia	one of the nurses of Zeus
Pitane	Laconia	daughter of the river god Eurotas, became by Poseidon the mother of Evadne
Praxithea	Athens	married Erichthonius of Athens and by him had a son named Pandion I
Pronoe	Lycia	mother of Aegialus by Caunus
Rhodope	Thrace	mother of Hebros by Haemus and of Cicon by Apollo[47]
Samia	Samos	wife of Ancaeus
Sparta	Sparta	daughter of the river god Eurotas; mother of Amyclas and Eurydice by Lacedaemon
Syllis	Sicyon	mother of Zeuxippus by Apollo
Thronia	Thrace	mother of Abderus by Poseidon
Tiasa	Sparta	daughter of the river god Eurotas

Place names

• St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans was formerly known as Nyades Street, and is parallel to Dryades Street.^{[citation needed]}
• Naiad Lake in Antarctica is named after the nymphs.^[48]

Gallery

• 
  Naiads, Cyprian Kamil Norwid, 1846
• 
  Gioacchino Pagliei - The Naiads, 1881
• 
  Fountain of the Naiads, 1888, Piazza della Repubblica, Rome
• 
  The Invocation of the Water Nymphs by Marek Hapon, 2013

See also

• Camenae
• Lady of the Lake
• Mermaid
• Naia
• Nix
• Ondine
• Rusalka
• Siren
• Water spirit

Notes

1. Postgate, J. P. "On the Alleged Confusion of Nymph-Names. Appendix". The American Journal of Philology. 18 (1): 74–75. doi:10.2307/287931. ISSN 0002-9475.
2. Burkert, III, 3.3, p. 174.
3. Pausanias, 9.29.5
4. Pausanias, 8.31.4
5. Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 8.334e
6. Apollodorus, 3.12.3.
7. Hyginus, Fabulae 14
8. Homer, Iliad 6.21–23
9. Apollodorus, 3.11.2
10. Apollodorus, 2.6
11. Tzetzes on Lycophron, 511
12. Callimachus, Aitia fr. 66; Valerius Flaccus, 4.374 ff.
13. Antoninus Liberalis, 22
14. Scholia on Homer's Iliad 16. 718 with Pherecydes as the authority
15. Strabo, 8.3.19
16. Pausanias, 5.5.11
17. Theoi Project - Anigrides
18. Pausanias, 9.24.4
19. Theoi Project - Nymphai Kyrtoniai
20. Callimachus, Hymn IV to Delos 252
21. Theoi Project - Deliades
22. Pindar, Olympian Odes 12
23. Diodorus Siculus, 5.5.1
24. Pausanias, 6.22.7
25. Homer, Odyssey 13.96 ff.
26. Strabo, 9.2.25; 10.3.17
27. Pausanias, 9.34.4
28. Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.1225 ff.
29. Hyginus, Fabulae 14
30. Theocritus, Idylls 13.44
31. Diodorus Siculus, 5.5.1
32. Theoi Project - Naiades Ortygiai
33. Theoi Project - Rhyndacides
34. Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.762 ff.
35. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 3. 89, in a list of Sicilian springs, of which only Arethousa and Cyane are known to have been personified
36. Strabo, 6.2.4
37. Ovid, Metamorphoses 5.407 & 487 ff.
38. Virgil, Aeneid 3. 694 ff.
39. Pausanias, 10.8.9 & 10.24.7
40. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2.143-144 & 40.141-143
41. Statius, Thebaid 4.716
42. Quintus Smyrnaeus, 3.300
43. Plato, Phaedrus 229
44. "Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, v. 3, page 238". Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2018-08-25.
45. Callimachus, Hymn 4 to Delos 75 ff.
46. Suida, s.v. Ergiske
47. Etymologicum Magnum 513, 37, under Kikones
48. Naiad Lake. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica

References

• Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus) 2.95, 2.11, 2.21, 2.23, 1.61, 1.81, 1.7.6
• Homer. Odyssey 13.355, 17.240, Iliad 14.440, 20.380
• Ovid. Metamorphoses
• Hesiod. Theogony
• Burkert, Walter, Greek Religion, Harvard University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-674-36281-0.
• Robert Graves, The Greek Myths 1955
• Edgar Allan Poe, "Sonnet to Science" 1829