Phoroneus

In Greek mythology, Phoroneus (/fəˈrɒn.juːs/; Ancient Greek: Φορωνεύς means 'bringer of a price'^[1]) was a culture-hero of the Argolid, fire-bringer,^[2] law giver,^[3] and primordial king of Argos.

Relief from Giotto's Campanile, depicting Phoroneus as the man who invented law.

Family

Phoroneus was the son of the river god Inachus and either Melia, the Oceanid^[4] or Argia,^[5] the embodiment of the Argolid itself: "Inachus, son of Oceanus, begat Phoroneus^[6] by his sister Argia".

He was said to have been married to Cinna,^[7] or Cerdo, a nymph,^[8] or Teledice^[9] (or Laodice^{[citation needed]}) also a nymph, or Perimede,^[10] or Peitho,^[11] and to have fathered a number of children including Apis, Car,^[12] Chthonia, Clymenus,^[13] Sparton,^[14] Lyrcus^[15] and Europs, an illegitimate son.^[16] An unnamed daughter of his is said to have consorted with Hecaterus and thus became the mother of the five Hecaterides, nymphs of the rustic dance.^[17]

In Argive culture, Niobe is associated with Phoroneus, sometimes as his mother, sometimes as his daughter, or as his consort (Kerenyi). According to Hellanicus of Lesbos, Phoroneus had at least three sons: Agenor, Jasus and Pelasgus. After the death of Phoroneus, the two elder brothers divided his dominions, Pelasgus received the country about the river Erasmus, and built Larissa, and Iasus the country about Elis. After the death of these two, Agenor, the youngest, invaded their dominions, and thus became king of Argos.^[18][19]

The Clementine Recognitions mentions Phthia, a daughter of Phoroneus, who became the mother of Achaeus by Zeus.^[20]

Comparative table of Phoroneus' family

Relation	Names	Sources
		Hellanicus	Σ ad Pindar	Σ ad Euripides	Parthenius	Strabo	Apollodorus	Pausanias	Hyginus	Clement	Tzetzes
Parents	Inachus							✓
	Inachus and Melia						✓
	Inachus and Argia								✓
Wife	Perimede		✓
	Peitho			✓
	Teledice						✓
	Cerdo							✓
	Cinna								✓
	Laodice										✓
Children	Agenor	✓
	Jasus	✓
	Pelasgus	✓
	Aegialeus			✓
	Apis			✓			✓		✓
	Niobe or Nioba			✓			✓		✓
	Lyrcus				✓
	wife of Hecaterus					✓
	Car							✓
	Europs			✓				✓
	Chthonia							✓
	Clymenus							✓
	Sparton							✓
	Phthia									✓

Reign

Hyginus' genealogy expresses the position of Phoroneus as one^[21] of the primordial men, whose local identities differed in the various regions of Greece,^[22] and who had for a mother the essential spirit of the very earth of Argos herself, Argia. He was the primordial king in the Peloponnesus, authorized by Zeus: "Formerly Zeus himself had ruled over men, but Hermes created a confusion of human speech, which spoiled Zeus' pleasure in this Rule".^[23] Phoroneus introduced both the worship of Hera and the use of fire and the forge.^[24] Poseidon and Hera had vied for the Argive when the primeval waters had receded, Phoroneus "was the first to gather the people together into a community; for they had up to then been living as scattered and lonesome families". (Pausanias).

Phoroneus' successor was Argus, who was Niobe's son, either by Zeus or Phoroneus himself. He was also the father of Apis, who may have also ruled Argos (according to Tatiānus^[25]). He was worshipped in Argos with an eternal fire that was shown to Pausanias in the 2nd century CE, and funeral sacrifices were offered to him at his tomb-sanctuary.^[26] He is also credited as the founder of law.^[27]

Regnal titles
Preceded by Inachus	King of Argos	Succeeded by Apis

PHORONEUS' CHRONOLOGY OF REIGN ACCORDING TO VARIOUS SOURCES
Kings of Argos	Regnal Years		Castor	Regnal Years		Syncellus	Regnal Years	Apollodorus	Hyginus	Tatian	Pausanias
Precessor	1677	50 winters & summers	Inachus	1677.5	56 winters & summers	Inachus	1675	Inachus	-do-	-do-	-do-
Phoroneus	1652	60 winters & summers	Phoroneus	1649.5	60 winters & summers	Phoroneus	1650	Phoroneus	-do-	-do-	-do-
Successor	1622	35 winters & summers	Apis	1619.5	35 winters & summers	Apis	1625	Apis	-do-	-do-	-do-

Argive genealogy

Argive genealogy in Greek mythology

v t e

Inachus Melia Zeus Io Phoroneus Epaphus Memphis Libya Poseidon Belus Achiroë Agenor Telephassa Danaus Elephantis Aegyptus Cadmus Cilix Europa Phoenix Mantineus Hypermnestra Lynceus Harmonia Zeus Polydorus Sparta Lacedaemon Ocalea Abas Agave Sarpedon Rhadamanthus Autonoë Eurydice Acrisius Ino Minos Zeus Danaë Semele Zeus Perseus Dionysus

Colour key:   Male   Female   Deity

Notes

1. Graves, Robert (1960). The Greek Myths. Harmondsworth, London, England: Penguin Books. pp. s.v. Phoroneus. ISBN 978-0143106715.
2. Pausanias 2.19.5
3. Clement of Alexandria, protrepticus p. 233
4. Apollodorus, 2.1.1; Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 932; Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 177
5. Hyginus, Fabulae 143
6. The Argive myth was reported to Pausanias, 2.15.5
7. Hyginus, Fabulae 145
8. Pausanias, 2.21.1
9. Apollodorus, 2.1.1; Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 177
10. Scholia ad Pindar, Olympian Ode 3.28a
11. Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 932
12. Pausanias, 1.39.5–6; 1.40.6 & 1.44.6
13. Pausanias, 2.35.4
14. Pausanias, 2.16.4
15. Parthenius, 1 with sources— Lyrcus of Nicaenetus and the Caunus of Apollonius Rhodius
16. Pausanias, 2.34.4
17. Strabo, 10.3.19
18. Hellanicus of Lesbos, Fragm. p. 47, ed. Sturz.
19. Schmitz, Leonhard (1867), "Agenor (2)", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, p. 68, archived from the original on 2013-10-12, retrieved 2008-05-17
20. Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.21
21. In the Argolid, of course, he displaced Prometheus as the primordial fire-giver and the originator of kingship (Yves Bonnefoy and Wendy Doniger, eds. Greek and Egyptian Mythologies, "Myths of Argos and Athens" [University of Chicago 1992:124]).
22. See Karl Kerenyi, The Gods of the Greeks, 1951 (1980), p. 222, for other primordial men: Prometheus and Epimetheus, and, in Boeotia, Alkomeneus.
23. Karl Kerenyi, The Gods of the Greeks 1951 (1980), p. 222.
24. Hyginus, Fabulae 143. Compare Prometheus.
25. James Cowles Prichard : An Analysis of the Egyptian Mythology. 1819. p. 85
26. Pausanias, 2.20.3
27. Protrepticus

References

• Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
• Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
• Parthenius, Love Romances translated by Sir Stephen Gaselee (1882-1943), S. Loeb Classical Library Volume 69. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1916. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
• Parthenius, Erotici Scriptores Graeci, Vol. 1. Rudolf Hercher. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1858. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
• Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions from Ante-Nicene Library Volume 8, translated by Smith, Rev. Thomas. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh. 1867. Online version at theio.com
• Strabo, The Geography of Strabo. Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Strabo, Geographica edited by A. Meineke. Leipzig: Teubner. 1877. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.

External links

• Ancient Greece portal
• Myths portal

• Mahanas, Dictionary of Greek Mythology; "Phoroneus"