Mycoplasmataceae

Mycoplasmataceae is a family of bacteria^[1] in the order Mycoplasmatales. This family consists of the genera Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma.

Mycoplasmataceae
Mycoplasma growth on Hayflick agar from a bovine mastitis infection sample
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Mycoplasmatota
Class:	Mollicutes
Order:	Mycoplasmatales Freundt, 1955
Family:	Mycoplasmataceae Freundt, 1955
Genera
"Ca. Hepatoplasma" Mycoplasma Ureaplasma "Ca. Vermiplasma" Williamsoniiplasma
Synonyms
"Borrelomycetaceae" Turner 1935 "Haemobartonellaceae" Yanokov 1973 "Parasitaceae" Sabin 1941 "Pleuropneumoniaceae" Tulasne & Brisou 1955

In 1967, the order Mycoplasmatales was incorporated into the class Mollicutes.^[2] Many species are sexually transmitted and cause pelvic inflammatory disease.^[3]

Taxonomy

Mycoplasma

Main article: Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall and possess a three-layered cellular membrane.^[4] They can be parasitic or saprotrophic. Several species are sexually transmitted and pathogenic in humans. Others are found on cats, dogs, and barnyard fowl.

Ureaplasma

Ureaplasma is the second of two genera of bacteria belonging to the family Mycoplasmataceae. As the name implies, ureaplasma is urease positive. This genera is distinct from other genera in Mollicutes in that it hydrolyses urea for generation of ATP.

Ureaplasma spp. as human pathogens

Both Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum have been identified as important human pathogens, causing infection in the urogenital tract and, rarely, at distal sites.^[5][6][7] Their role in neonatal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes has been well established, and semantic classifications are changing to reflect the nature of the detrimental outcomes these infections are associated with.^[8] In the 2010s, Mycoplasma genitalium has been re-classified as an STI,^[9] and it is possible that with more research, Ureaplasma spp. will follow this trend. Similar to other pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis, infection with Ureaplasma spp. is associated with adverse fertility outcomes in both men and women.^{[10][11][12][13][14]} Both cause non-gonococcal urethritis. Ureaplasma spp. were implicated in conditions such as prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome as early as the 1980s.^[15][16][17] Research in women has lagged several decades behind, but it is now becoming more clear how Ureaplasma spp. contribute to etiologies such as interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome.^[18][19][20] Ureaplasma spp. are associated with alterations in host environment that increase susceptibility to other infections such as bacterial vaginosis and vaginal candidiasis.^[21][22] Ureaplasma spp. can cause reactive arthritis as well as directly infect the synovium.^[23][7] Some case studies have suggested a causative role in complex regional pain syndrome/reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome.^[24]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)^[25] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)^[26]

16S rRNA based LTP_08_2023[27][28][29]	120 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214[30][31][32]
Mollicutes Metamycoplasmataceae Mycoplasmoidales Spiroplasma species-group 3 Mycoplasmoidaceae Mycoplasmatales Spiroplasma {Spiroplasmataceae} Spiroplasma species-group 2 "Edwardiiplasma" Entomoplasmataceae Entomoplasma Mesoplasma corruscae Mesoplasma Mycoplasmataceae "Tullyiplasma" Williamsoniiplasma Mycoplasma part	Mycoplasmatales "Ca. Spiroplasma holothuricola" {MT37} Mycoplasmoidaceae "Ca. Hepatoplasma" {"Hepatoplasmataceae"} Metamycoplasmataceae VBWQ01 Spiroplasma species-group 3 Mycoplasmataceae Spiroplasma Spiroplasma species-group 2 "Edwardiiplasma" Williamsoniiplasma "Tullyiplasma" Entomoplasma Mesoplasma Mycoplasma

See also

• List of bacterial orders
• List of bacteria genera

References

1. E.A. Freundt The classification of the pleuropneumonia group of organisms (Borrelomycetales) Archived 22 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy, 1955, 5, 67–78.] (See page 73)
2. Edward DG, Freundt EA (1967). "Proposal for Mollicutes as name of the class established for the order Mycoplasmatales" (PDF). Int J Syst Bacteriol. 17 (3): 269–272. doi:10.1099/00207713-17-3-267.^{[permanent dead link]}
3. Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T (2014). "Chlamydia trachomatis and Genital Mycoplasmas: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health". Journal of Pathogens. 2014 (183167): 183167. doi:10.1155/2014/183167. PMC 4295611. PMID 25614838.
4. Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 409–12. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
5. Waites KB, Xiao L (1 January 2015). "Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas of Humans". Molecular Medical Microbiology: 1587–1609. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-397169-2.00089-5. ISBN 9780123971692. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
6. Deetjen P, Maurer C, Rank A, Berlis A, Schubert S, Hoffmann R (February 2014). "Brain abscess caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum in an adult patient". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 52 (2): 695–8. doi:10.1128/JCM.02990-13. PMC 3911303. PMID 24478517.
7. Vittecoq O, Schaeverbeke T, Favre S, Daragon A, Biga N, Cambon-Michot C, et al. (November 1997). "Molecular diagnosis of Ureaplasma urealyticum in an immunocompetent patient with destructive reactive polyarthritis". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 40 (11): 2084–9. doi:10.1002/art.1780401122. PMID 9365099.
8. Viscardi RM (January 2014). "Ureaplasma species: role in neonatal morbidities and outcomes". Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 99 (1): F87-92. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-303351. PMC 4239122. PMID 23960141.
9. Horner P, Blee K, Adams E (February 2014). "Time to manage Mycoplasma genitalium as an STI: but not with azithromycin 1 g!". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 27 (1): 68–74. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000030. PMID 24322592. S2CID 10367939.
10. Zeighami H, Peerayeh SN, Yazdi RS, Sorouri R (June 2009). "Prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum in semen of infertile and healthy men". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 20 (6): 387–90. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2008.008334. PMID 19451322. S2CID 29253206.
11. Zhou YH, Ma HX, Shi XX, Liu Y (December 2018). "Ureaplasma spp. in male infertility and its relationship with semen quality and seminal plasma components". Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi. 51 (6): 778–783. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2016.09.004. PMID 28739435.
12. Haggerty CL, Totten PA, Tang G, Astete SG, Ferris MJ, Norori J, et al. (September 2016). "Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 92 (6): 441–6. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2015-052285. PMC 5013099. PMID 26825087.
13. Abele-Horn M, Wolff C, Dressel P, Pfaff F, Zimmermann A (May 1997). "Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovars with clinical outcome for neonates, obstetric patients, and gynecological patients with pelvic inflammatory disease". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 35 (5): 1199–202. doi:10.1128/JCM.35.5.1199-1202.1997. PMC 232729. PMID 9114407.
14. Piscopo RC, Guimarães RV, Ueno J, Ikeda F, Bella ZI, Girão MJ, Samama M (May 2020). "Increased prevalence of endocervical Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma colonization in infertile women with tubal factor". JBRA Assisted Reproduction. 24 (2): 152–157. doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20190078. PMC 7169909. PMID 32031768.
15. Weidner W, Brunner H, Krause W (1 November 1980). "Quantitative Culture of Ureaplasma Urealyticum In Patients with Chronic Prostatitis Or Prostatosis". Journal of Urology. 124 (5): 622–625. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)55586-X. PMID 7452788. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
16. Magri V, Perletti G, Stamatiou K, Montanari E, Trinchieri A (2021). "Lithogenic Potential of Ureaplasma in Chronic Prostatitis". Urologia Internationalis. 105 (3–4): 328–333. doi:10.1159/000511653. PMID 33264795. S2CID 227261093.
17. Park H, Lee G (September 2019). "Roles of Ureaplasma Species in Idiopathic Chronic Prostatitis: A Case-Control Study". The World Journal of Men's Health. 37 (3): 355–363. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180081. PMC 6704302. PMID 30799562.
18. Potts JM, Ward AM, Rackley RR (1 April 2000). "Association of chronic urinary symptoms in women and Ureaplasma urealyticum". Urology. 55 (4): 486–489. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(99)00555-5. ISSN 0090-4295. PMID 10736488. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
19. Combaz-Söhnchen N, Kuhn A (December 2017). "A Systematic Review of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma in Urogynaecology". Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde. 77 (12): 1299–1303. doi:10.1055/s-0043-119687. PMC 5734936. PMID 29269957.
20. Kim MS, Lee DH, Kim TJ, Oh JJ, Rhee SR, Park DS, Yu YD (January 2021). "The role of Ureaplasma parvum serovar-3 or serovar-14 infection in female patients with chronic micturition urethral pain and recurrent microscopic hematuria". Translational Andrology and Urology. 10 (1): 96–108. doi:10.21037/tau-20-920. PMC 7844479. PMID 33532300.
21. Rumyantseva T, Khayrullina G, Guschin A, Donders G (March 2019). "Prevalence of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis in healthy women and patients with flora alterations". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 93 (3): 227–231. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.001. hdl:10067/1585870151162165141. PMID 30344067. S2CID 53041181.
22. Payne MS, Ireland DJ, Watts R, Nathan EA, Furfaro LL, Kemp MW, et al. (October 2016). "Ureaplasma parvum genotype, combined vaginal colonisation with Candida albicans, and spontaneous preterm birth in an Australian cohort of pregnant women". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 16 (1): 312. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1110-x. PMC 5070304. PMID 27756249.
23. Hannu T (June 2011). "Reactive arthritis". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 25 (3): 347–57. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.018. PMID 22100285.
24. Palazzi C, D'Amico E, Izzo F, Pace-Palitti V, Petricca A (1 January 2002). "Ureaplasma urealyticum as a possible cause of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome". Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 31 (2): 97–9. doi:10.1080/03009740252937621. PMID 12109655. S2CID 35964460.
25. J.P. Euzéby. "Mycoplasmataceae". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
26. Sayers, et al. "Mycoplasmatales". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
27. "The LTP". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
28. "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
29. "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
30. "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
31. "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
32. "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

External links

• Ureaplasma Infection: eMedicine Infectious Diseases