Mesomedes

Mesomedes of Crete (Ancient Greek: Μεσομήδης ὁ Κρής) was a Greek citharode and lyric poet and composer of the early 2nd century AD in Roman Greece. Prior to the discovery of the Seikilos epitaph in the late 19th century, the hymns of Mesomedes were the only surviving written music from the ancient world.^[1] Three were published by Vincenzo Galilei in his Dialogo della musica antica e della moderna (Florence, 1581), during a period of intense investigation into music of the ancient Greeks. These hymns had been preserved through the Byzantine tradition(Anthol. pal. xiv. 63, xvi. 323), and were presented to Vincenzo by Girolamo Mei.

Life and career

He was a freedman of the Emperor Hadrian, on whose favorite Antinous he is said to have written a panegyric, specifically called a Citharoedic Hymn (Suda). Two epigrams by him in the Greek Anthology (Anthol. pal. xiv. 63, xvi. 323) are extant, and a hymn to Nemesis. The hymn is one of four which preserve the ancient musical notation written over the text. Two hymns formerly assigned to Dionysius of Alexandria, one to the muse Calliope and one entitled Hymn to the Sun, have also been attributed to Mesomedes. In an article published in 2003, Annie Bélis proves that the Berlin musical papyrus (inv. 6870) contains a Paean to Apollo written by Mesomedes.^[2] A total of 15 poems by Mesomedes are known.

Mesomedes continued in the Musaeum in Alexandria even after Hadrian's death (138); there the Historia Augusta reports that during Antoninus Pius' reign (138–161) his state salary was reduced. The emperor Caracalla (212–217) honored Mesomedes with a cenotaph approximately 50 to 60 years after his death.

See J. F. Bellermann, Die Hymnen des Dionysius und Mesomedes (1840); C. de Jan, Musici scriptores graeci (1899); S. Reinach in Revue des études grecques, ix (1896); Suda s.v.

Hymns

Prayer to the Muse

The dialect of this hymn is different from the others (Ionian rather than Doric), and the style is also slightly different; for this reason J.G. Landels believes that it is probably not by Mesomedes.^[3]

Ἄειδε μοῦσά μοι φίλη, μολπῆς δ’ ἐμῆς κατάρχου· αὔρη δὲ σῶν ἀπ’ ἀλσέων ἐμὰς φρένας δονείτω.

Sing to me, kind Muse, and begin my song. Send a breeze from your groves to stir my mind.[4]

Prayer to Calliope and Apollo

Καλλιόπεια σοφά, μουσῶν προκαθαγέτι τερπνῶν, καὶ σοφὲ μυστοδότα, Λατοῦς γόνε, Δήλιε, Παιάν, εὐμενεῖς πάρεστέ μοι.

Wise Calliope, leader of the delight-making Muses, and skilful initiator into the mysteries, son of Leto, Delian Paean, favor me with your presence.[4]

Mesomedes' Prayer to Calliope transcribed into modern musical notation; adapted from Landels, John G. 1999. Music in Ancient Greece and Rome, p. 255.

Hymn to the Sun

Χιονοβλεφάρου πάτερ Ἀοῦς, ῥοδόεσσαν ὃς ἄντυγα πώλων πτανοῖς ὑπ’ ἴχνεσσι διώκεις, χρυσέαισιν ἀγαλλόμενος κόμαις, περὶ νῶτον ἀπείριτον οὐρανοῦ ἀκτῖνα πολύστροφον ἀμπλέκων, αἴγλας πολυδερκέα πάναν περὶ γαῖαν ἅπασαν ἑλίσσων. ποταμοὶ δὲ σέθεν πυρὸς ἀμβρότου τίκτουσιν ἐπήρατον ἁμέραν. σοὶ μὲν χορὸς εὔδιος ἀστέρων κατ’ Ὄλυμπον ἄνακτα χορεύει, ἄνετον μέλος αἰὲν ἀείδων, Φοιβηΐδι τερπόμενος λύρᾳ. γλαυκὰ δὲ πάροιθε Σελάνα χρόνον ὥριον ἁγεμονεύει, λευκῶν ὑπὸ σύρμασι μόσχων. γάνυται δέ τέ σοι νόος εὐμενὴς πολυείμονα κόσμον ἑλίσσων.[5]

Father of the Dawn with her snow-white eyelids, you who follow in your rose-pink chariot the track of your flying steeds, exulting in the gold of your hair, twining your darting rays across the boundless vault of sky, whirling around the whole earth the thread of your all-seeing beams, while flowing rivers of your deathless fire beget the lovely day.   For you the peaceful chorus of stars dance their measure across Olympos their lord, forever singing their leisured song, rejoicing in the music of Apollo’s lyre; and leading them the silvery-grey Moon marshals the months and seasons, drawn by her team of milk-white heifers. And your benevolent mind rejoices as it whirls around the manifold raiment of the universe.[6]

The metre of the hymn is known as the apokroton, a metre of anapaestic character popular in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The first two lines are paroemiac, which is the same metre, but where the antepenultimate syllable is lengthened in the music to take up the space of – u:^[7]

uu – u u – u u – u – (apokroton)

uu – u u – u u –u – (paroemiac)

The music for Mesomedes' Hymn to the Sun, according to Pöhlmann & West (2001), but divided into 2/4 time following Landels (1999).

Literature

• Vincenzo Galilei, Dialogo Di Vincentio Galilei Nobile Fiorentino Della Musica Antica, Et Della Moderna (Fiorenza, 1581) (google), p. 97
• Johann Friedrich Bellermann, Die Hymnen des Dionysius und Mesomedes. Text und Melodieen nach Handschriften und den alten Ausgaben bearbeitet von Dr. Friedrich Bellermann (Berlin, 1840) (google)
• Rheinisches Museum für Philologie. Neue Folge. Neunter Jahrgang (Frankfurt, 1854) (google); p. 306–311: Theodor Bergk, Zu den Hymnen des Dionysius und Mesomedes
• Karl von Jan (Latin: Carolus Janus), Musici scriptores graeci. Aristoteles   Euclides   Nicomachus   Bacchius   Gaudentius   Alypius   et melodiarum veterum quidquid exstat. Recognovit prooemiis et indice instruxit Carolus Janus. Annexae sunt tabulae (Lipsia, 1895) (google-US), p. 454ff.
  • Musici scriptores graeci. Recognovit prooemiis et indice instruxit Carolus Janus. Supplementum, melodiarum reliquiae (Lipsia, 1899) (google-US)
• Revue des études grecques. Tome IX. Année 1896 (Paris, 1896) (google-US); p. 1–22: Théodore Reinach, L'hymne a la Muse
• Landels, John G. (1999). Music in Ancient Greece and Rome. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-04284-0.
• Pöhlmann, Egert; West, Martin L. (2001). Documents of Ancient Greek Music: The Extant Melodies and Fragments, edited and transcribed with commentary by Egert Pöhlmann and Martin L. West. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-815223-X.

In anthologies:

• Richard François Philippe Brunck, Analecta veterum poetarum graecorum. Editore Rich. Fr. Phil. Brunck. Tom. II. (Argentoratum; ed. IV.: Argentoratum, 1785) (google; ed. IV.: google), p. 292f.
  • Richard François Philippe Brunck and Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Jacobs, Anthologia graeca sive poetarum graecorum lusus. Ex recensione Brunckii. Tom. III. Indices et commentarium adiecit Friedericus Iacobs (Lipsia, 1794) (google), p. 6f.
• Jean François Boissonade de Fontarabie, Ποιητῶν ἑλληνικῶν συλλογή. τόμ. ιεʹ. – Poetarum graecorum sylloge. Tom. XV. — Ἀλκαῖος Σαπφώ Σιμωνίδης σύνεσιος λυρικοὶ διάφοροι. – Lyrici graeci curante Jo. Fr. Boissonade (Paris, 1825) (google), p. 49ff.
• Anthologia lyrica Anacreontea et Anacreontis aliorumque lyricorum graecorum selecta fragmenta et scolia continens. Edidit cum notis criticis et metrorum expositione Fridericus Mehlhorn (Lipsia, 1827) (google), p. 70f.
• Anthologia graeca sive delectus poesis elegiacae melicae bucolicae. Scholarum in usum adornavit Nicolaus Bachius (Hannovera, 1838) (google), p. 128
• James Donaldson, Lyra Græca: Specimens of the Greek Lyric Poets, from Callinus to Soutsos. Edited, with critical Notes, and a biographical Introduction, by James Donaldson (Edinburgh & London, 1854) (google), p. 96f.
• Theodor Bergk, Anthologia lyrica continens Theognidem, Babrium, Anacreontea cum ceterorum poetarum reliqiis selectis. Edidit Theodorus Bergk (Lipsia, 1854) (google), p. 403f.
  • Anthologia lyrica continens Theogni[de]m, Babrium, Anacreontea cum ceterorum poetarum reliqiis selectis. Curavit Theodorus Bergk (Lipsia, 1868) (google), p. 522ff.

Notes

1. The notes to an ode of Pindar presented in a book by Athanasius Kircher (book cover, notes to the ode) are now considered to be unauthentic.
2. Bélis, Annie (2003). "Le 'Péan de Berlin' : une relecture". Revue des études grecques (in French). 116 (2): 537–558. doi:10.3406/reg.2003.4549.
3. Landels, John G. 1999. Music in Ancient Greece and Rome. London and New York: Routledge; p. 254.
4. Cosgrove, Charles H. (2011). An Ancient Christian Hymn with Musical Notation. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 69, 70.
5. Text from Pöhlmann & West (2001), pp. 97–99.
6. Landels, John G. (1999). Music in Ancient Greece and Rome, p. 256, but reading 'thread' (πάναν) for 'fount' (παγάν).
7. West, M. L. (1987). Introduction to Greek Metre (Oxford); p. 75.

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mesomedes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 179.
• Egert Pöhlmann: "Mesomedes", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 30 November 2005); (subscription access) Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine

External links

• "Hymn to the Muses" (PDF) and "Hymn to Nemesis" (PDF) in Greek with brief glosses/commentary
• 'Hymn to Nemesis' in English translation with Greek original

• Homepage of the Ensemble Musica Romana for ancient music (English and German)
• Ensemble Kérylos a music group directed by scholar Annie Bélis and dedicated to the recreation of ancient Greek and Roman music. Its recording D'Euripide aux premiers chrétiens contains the 5 known works by Mesomedes (tracks 9 to 13).
• Prayer to Calliope and Apollo. Sung to the lyre by Stefan Hagel.
• Hymn to the Sun. Petros Tabouris Ensemble.
• Hymn to Nemesis. Ensemble de Organographia.
• Hymn to Nemesis/ Petros Tabouris Ensemble.