Lord Steward

Not to be confused with Lord High Steward.

The Lord Steward or Lord Steward of the Household is one of the three Great Officers of the Household of the British monarch.^[1] He is, by tradition, the first great officer of the Court^[2] and he takes precedence over all other officers of the household.^[1]

Lord Dalhousie (centre left) carrying his wand of office as Lord Steward in the Procession to the Lying-in-State of Queen Elizabeth II (2022).

Historically the Lord Steward oversaw over the Household 'below stairs'. He also presided at the Board of Green Cloth, which in early centuries had a financial, administrative and judicial role; (latterly the Board retained a vestigial legal remit, until it was finally abolished in a 2004 reform of local government licensing).^[3] Prior to 1924 the Lord Steward was always a member of the Government,^[4] and until 1782 the office had been one of considerable political importance and carried Cabinet rank. In the modern period, Lord Stewards (up to and including the Duke of Northumberland in 1973) were invariably made Privy Counsellors on appointment.^[5]

Over time the domestic responsibilities of the office came increasingly to be carried out by a subordinate officer: the Master of the Household.^[6] In the Royal Household reforms of the 1920s, the Lord Steward's Department was renamed the Master of the Household's Department. At the same time, Lord Steward ceased to be a political appointment and instead became a largely titular office in the gift of the monarch.

The Lord Steward continues to be in regular attendance on State and other ceremonial occasions (including State visits, State banquets, the State Opening of Parliament, State Funerals and Coronations).^[6] Holders of the office are always peers, usually of or above the degree of an Earl.^[7] Each Lord Steward receives his appointment from the Sovereign in person and bears a white staff as the emblem and warrant of his authority. The incumbent Lord Steward (appointed in 2023) is the Earl of Rosslyn^[8] (who additionally serves as Personal Secretary to Their Majesties The King and Queen).^[9]

History

William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke, holding his white staff of office (portrait dated AD 1567, the year he was appointed Lord Steward).

Within the Curia Regis, the office of Steward of the King's Household was indistinguishable from that of Lord (High) Steward of England, which had first been introduced to the realm under William the Conqueror (and which was by the end of the 12th century an hereditary office).^[10] As late as 1221 the hereditary stewardship was still being referred to as a 'stewardship of the royal household'.^[11]

Under King John, however, the holder of the hereditary office (the 5th Earl of Leicester) resided in France, and after his death in 1218 the Earldom went into 'virtual abeyance' until Simon de Montfort had his claim to it confirmed in 1239.^[12] By that time it had become the norm to appoint separate Stewards of the Household to undertake the practical duties of the office (so de Montfort came to be referred to, by contrast, as 'Steward of all England'). For the rest of the 13th century there were normally two Stewards of the Household appointed, until 1292 when Walter de Beauchamp continued in office alone after his co-steward Peter de Champvent had been made Chamberlain. Since then every Steward of the Household has served singly.^[12]

During the minority of King Richard II, the Crown assented to a proposal that the Chancellor and Treasurer of England, the Keeper of the Privy Seal and the Steward and Chamberlain of the Household should be chosen by Parliament 'from the ablest persons in the Realm', and remain in office until the next Parliament (in contrast to the hereditary offices of State).^[13]

During the reign of King Edward IV, the duties, privileges and precedence of the Lord Steward were comprehensively enumerated in the Black Book of the Household (compiled in the early 1470s).^[14] In it he is described as having, under the King, the 'secondary estate and rule' of the Royal Household, which is 'wholly committed to be ruled and guided by his reason'.^[5]

In 1540 the Lord Steward was redesignated Great Master of the King's Household by the King's Household Act 1540 (32 Hen. 8. c. 39),^[15] but that office was discontinued and the office of Lord Steward revived by the Lord Steward Act 1554 (which remains on the statute book).^[16]

The Lord Steward's Department

"[The] Steward of Household receiveth his charge of the King's high and proper person, and the staff of Household, by these words following: Seneschall tenez le baton de notre hostiell^[17]" (The Black Book of the Household, 1471–72).^[5]

As steward, the Lord Steward presided over the Household 'below stairs' (while the Lord Chamberlain presided over the Household 'above stairs').^[2] The sub-departments below stairs were mostly concerned with catering, including the royal kitchens and cellars, and various provisioning departments such as the buttery, spicery, confectionery, bakehouse, scalding house and so forth.^[7] Each was managed by its own staff of yeomen and grooms, and headed by a gentleman or sergeant; the Lord Steward exercised rights of patronage over these positions.^[4] Over time (particularly in the late 18th and early 19th centuries) the number of sub-departments was significantly reduced as items began to be sourced from outside vendors.^[1]

At the demise of the monarch the Lord Steward would break his white staff over the coffin, 'and thereby discharge all the Officers under his Jurisdiction'.^[18]

The Board of Green Cloth

Ludovick Stuart, 2nd Duke of Lennox and Duke of Richmond (Lord Steward 1618-1623).

"...they sit with him at the Board of Doom within the Household, that is, at the Green Cloth in the Counting-house, as recorders and witnesses to the truth" (The Black Book of the Household, 1471-72).

In the 14th century, the King's Wardrobe, previously an independent and powerful financial office, was absorbed into the King's Household and its officers and responsibilities were placed under the authority of the Lord Steward.^[19] Thus the Lord Steward's Department gained increased financial and administrative responsibilities. Its officers met in the counting-house where they sat at a green cloth-covered table, by which they came to be known as the Board of Green Cloth.

The officers under the Lord Steward were listed in the 15th century as: the Treasurer of the Household and the Comptroller of the Household (both of whom would deputise for the Lord Steward in his absence), the Cofferer of the Household, two Clerks of the Green Cloth and the Chief Clerk of the Controlment;^[14] all of whom had their origins in the Wardrobe.^[20] Added to their number in the Tudor period was the Master of the Household (who took precedence after the Cofferer).

By the time of the Restoration, the administration of the Lord Steward's Department was for the most part delegated to the Board of Green Cloth,^[7] which served as the central accounting and organisational facility.^[21] Apart from the Lord Steward, the Board consisted of the Treasurer, the Comptroller and the Master of the Household (all of which were sinecure positions in the 17th and 18th centuries), the Cofferer (who had executive financial and accounting responsibilities), and a number of clerks and clerk comptrollers (who, in consultation with the Lord Steward, managed the day-to-day running of the household below stairs).

Judicial functions

"...by which he is also forthwith Steward of the whole Court of Marshalsea, that is, the Court of Household, in which he is Judge of life and limb" (The Black Book of the Household, 1471-72).^[5]

The Marshalsea Court (adjoining the prison of the same name) c.1770; the Marshalsea and Palace Courts sat here until 1801.

By the early years of the thirteenth century, the Steward of the Household was seen as having 'a special judicial role within the household, of which he was the appointed head';^[22] and by the 1290s a distinct court of law had emerged, with its own personnel, procedures and jurisdiction, described by Fleta as 'the king's court in his hall before his steward'. In the 14th century it was termed the Court of the Steward and Marshal of the King's House, but was more commonly known as the Marshalsea Court.^[23]

On this basis the Lord Steward acted as principal judge for all offences committed within the Verge of the Royal Court, having both civil and (in earlier years) criminal jurisdiction. He sat as a judge in the Marshalsea Court, and also in the Palace Court (created by Letters Patent of Charles I in 1630), and in this role he was assisted by the Knight Marshal and his men, by the Steward of the Marshalsea (always a qualified lawyer) and by the Coroner of the Verge. In the absence of the Lord Steward the Treasurer and Comptroller of the Household were empowered to sit as judges, along with the Steward of the Marshalsea; by the 19th century the latter had come to be, in practice, the only sitting judge of the court.^[23] The Marshalsea and Palace Courts were abolished in 1849.

The Board of Green Cloth had its own jurisdiction, with powers to maintain the peace within the Verge and to deal with offenders.^[24]

By virtue of the Coroners Act 1988, the lord steward continued to appoint the Coroner of the Queen's Household^[25] until the office was abolished in 2013 by the Coroners and Justice Act 2009.^[26][27]

Parliamentary functions

Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, Lord Steward 1587–1588, holding the white staff of his office.

"He hath the office to call the names of Knights, Citizens and Burgesses, at the Parliament door, the first day of commencement, and to amerce such as fail by the certificate" (The Black Book of the Household, 1471-72).^[5]

Until 1831, the Lord Steward or his deputies presided over the swearing of oaths by members of the House of Commons. (These oaths were sworn in the lobby of the house, or another convenient room designated for the purpose, and were the same as, but sworn separately from, the oaths taken in the chamber itself.)^[28] In the Tudor period he was responsible for taking the roll call of all the Knights and Burgesses who had been elected to represent the Commons in Parliament, prior to each State Opening.^[29]

By long tradition,^[30] the 'Lords with White Staves' are called upon if required to deliver messages between the House of Lords and the Sovereign.^[31]

Reforms

For some centuries the role of the Lord Steward remained much as it had been in the late Middle Ages. In 1727, the office of Lord Steward was described in the following terms:

"To him is committed the State of the King's House, to be ordered and guided according to his Discretion: He hath Authority over all Officers and Servants of the King's House, except those of the Royal Chapel, Chamber, Stable, &c. He by Vertue of his Office judgeth of all Treasons, Murthers, Felonies and other Enormities committed within the Verge of the King's Court [...]. At the Beginning of Parliaments he attends the King's Person, and administers the Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy to the several Members of the House of Commons, and at the Ends of Parliaments, he adjudgeth the Parliamentary Expenses &c."^[32]

The Lord Steward's developing role in government, however, led to increased absences from the Court, which (among other things) led to a number of reforms being introduced.

In 1782 the financial independence of the Lord Steward's Department was reduced (as the Treasury began to take a greater hand in Civil List expenditure),^[33] and the office of Cofferer was replaced by that of Paymaster of the Household (an officer with much reduced status and more limited responsibilities).^[7] At the same time the Master of the Household was made responsible for the executive management of the Lord Steward's Department.^[34]

Following Queen Victoria's accession to the throne, her husband Prince Albert took a keen interest in reforming the Royal Household of its complexities and inefficiencies. In 1841 Baron Stockmar was commissioned to draw up a memorandum on the matter; he summed up the problem with the observation that even simple tasks were the responsibility of more than one master: 'the Lord Steward found the fuel and laid the fire, while the Lord Chamberlain lighted it'.^[35] As a result, towards the end of 1844, authority over the whole internal economy of the palace was conferred upon the Master of the Household, who became a permanent, resident officer. The titular heads (the Lord Steward, Lord Chamberlain and Master of the Horse) were retained, but their duties with regard to the Household were in this way delegated.^[36] Thus the office of Lord Steward came to be regarded as 'purely an honorary one'.^[4]

In 1924, in line with these reforms, the Lord Steward's Department (Board of Green Cloth) was formally renamed the Master of the Household's Department (Board of Green Cloth).^[37] A few years earlier, in 1920, some residual executive and ceremonial duties had been transferred from the Lord Steward to the Lord Chamberlain.^[21]

List of Lord Stewards

12th century

In the first year of the reign of King Richard I two individuals are named as his royal stewards (separate from the hereditary stewardship, which was vested jointly at that time in the Earldoms of Leicester and Norfolk):^[12]

• Roger des Prés 1189–1190
• Stephen of Longchamp 1189–1190

13th century

The following are named as Steward in the 13th century (n.b. for most of the century two individuals served concurrently as Steward, and sometimes there were more; though records prior to the reign of Edward I are incomplete and at times inconclusive):^[38]

• Robert of Turnham 1201
• Peter of Stokes 1203–1207
• William of Cantilupe 1204, 1207–1216, 1218, 1222–1231
• Brian de Lisle 1213
• Faulkes de Bréauté 1215
• Ralph Fitznicholas 1225–1236, 1242–1255
• Geoffrey of Crowcombe 1225–1236
• Richard of Argentine 1226–1228
• John Fitzphilip 1232–1235
• Amaury de St Amand 1233–1240
• William (II) of Cantilupe 1238–1251
• Bertram de Crioll 1239–1256
• Paulin Peyvre 1242-1243, 1244–1251
• John of Laxton 1242–1255
• Robert Walerand 1251–1258
• John Grey 1253–1255
• William Grey 1255
• Drew of Barentyn 1255
• Giles of Argentine 1258–1265
• Imbert of Poges 1257–1262
• Eubolo de Montibus 1262–1270
• Alan la Zouch 1263
• Roger of Leyburn 1263–1265
• Adam of Newmarket 1264–1265
• Sir Walter of Creping 1264–1265
• William d'Aeth 1267–1270
• John de la Land 1268
• Sir William of Wintershill 1269–1270
• William Charles 1270–1271
• Stephen of Edworth 1271–1272
• Roger of Waltham 1272
• Hugh Fitzotho 1274–1283
• Robert Fitzjohn 1278–1286
• Peter Champvent 1286–1292
• Walter Beauchamp 1289–1303

14th century

• Robert de la Warde 1303–1306
• John Thorp 1307
• Miles Stapleton 1307
• Robert Fitzpayn 1308–1310
• Edmund Mauley 1310–1312
• Hugh Audley, senior 1312
• Edmund Mauley 1313–1314
• John Cromwell 1314–1316
• William Montague 1316–1318
• Bartholomew Badlesmere 1318–1321
• Gilbert Pecché 1322
• Simon Dryby 1322
• Richard Amory 1322–1325
• Thomas Le Blount 1325–1327
• John Ros 1327–1328
• John Maltravers 1328
• John Wysham 1328–1329
• John Maltravers 1329–1330
• Hugh Turplington 1330
• Ralph Neville of Raby 1330–1336
• Robert Ufford 1336–1337
• John Darcy 1337–1340
• Ralph Stafford 1341–1345
• Richard Talbot 1345–1349
• John Grey of Rotherfield 1349–1359
• Guy Brian 1359–1361
• John Atte Lee 1362–1368
• William Latimer 1368–1370
• Henry le Scrope 1371
• John Neville of Raby 1371–1376
• John of Ypres 1376–1377
• Richard le Scrope of Bolton 1377–1378
• Hugh Segrave 1378–1381
• John Montague 1381–1387
• John Beauchamp of Holt 1387–1388
• John Devereux 1388–1393
• Thomas Percy 1393–1399
• Sir Thomas Rempston 1399–1401

15th century

• Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester 1401–1402
• William Heron, Lord Say 1402–1404
• Sir Thomas Erpingham 1404
• Sir John Stanley 1405–1412
• Sir Thomas Erpingham 1413–1417
• Sir Walter Hungerford 1413–1421
• Robert Babthorp 1421–1424
• Sir Walter Hungerford 1424–1426
• Sir John Tiptoft 1426–1432
• Robert Babthorp 1432–1433
• William de la Pole, 1st Marquess of Suffolk 1433–1446
• Ralph Boteler, 1st Baron Sudeley 1447–1457
• John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp 1457–1461
• William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent 1461–1463
• John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester 1463–1467^[39]
• Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex 1467–1471^[40]
• Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley 1471–1483^[40]
• Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey 1483–1485^[40]
• John Radcliffe, Baron FitzWalter 1486–1496^[40]
• Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke 1496–1502^[40]

16th century

• George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury 1502–1538^[40]
• Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex 1538–1540^[40]

Office of Lord Steward discontinued and replaced by the Lord Great Master

• Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk 1540–1545^[40]
• William Paulet, Lord St John 1545–1550^[40]
• John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick 1550–1553^[40]

Office of Lord Steward restored

• Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel 1553–1564^[40]
• Vacant 1564–1567^[41]
• William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke 1567–1570^[41]
• Vacant 1570–1572^[41]
• Edward Fiennes, Earl of Lincoln 1572–1584^[41]
• Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester 1584–1588^[41]
• Henry Stanley, Earl of Derby 1588–1593^[41]
• Vacant 1593–1597^[41]

17th century

• The Earl of Nottingham 1603–1618
• The Duke of Richmond 1618–1623
• The Marquess of Hamilton 1623–1625
• The Earl of Pembroke 1625–1630
• Vacant 1630–1640
• The Earl of Arundel and Surrey 1640–1644
• The Duke of Richmond 1644–1655
• Vacant 1655–1660
• The Duke of Ormonde 1660–1688^[42]
• The Duke of Devonshire 1689–1707^[42]

18th century

• The Duke of Devonshire 1707–1710^[42]
• The Duke of Buckingham and Normanby 1710–1711^[42]
• The Earl Poulett 1711–1714^[42]
• The Duke of Devonshire 1714–1716^[42]
• The Duke of Kent 1716–1718^[42]
• The Duke of Argyll 1718–1725^[42]
• The Duke of Dorset 1725–1730^[42]
• The Earl of Chesterfield 1730–1733^[42]
• The Duke of Devonshire 1733–1737^[42]
• The Duke of Dorset 1737–1744^[42]
• The Duke of Devonshire 1744–1749^[42]
• The Duke of Marlborough 1749–1755^[42]
• The Duke of Rutland 1755–1761^[42]
• The Earl Talbot 1761–1782^[42]
• The Earl of Carlisle 1782–1783^[42]
• The Duke of Rutland 1783^[42]
• The Earl of Dartmouth 1783^[42]
• The Duke of Chandos 1783–1789^[42]
• The Duke of Dorset 1789–1799^[42]
• The Earl of Leicester 1799–1802^[42]

19th century

• The Earl of Dartmouth 1802–1804^[42]
• The Earl of Aylesford 1804–1812^[42]
• The Marquess of Cholmondeley 1812–1821^[42]
• The Marquess Conyngham 1821–1830^[42]
• The Duke of Buckingham and Chandos 1830^[42]
• The Marquess Wellesley 1830–1833^[42]
• The Duke of Argyll 1833–1834^[42]
• The Earl of Wilton 1835^[42]
• The Duke of Argyll 1835–1839^[42]
• The Earl of Erroll 1839–1841
• The Earl of Liverpool 1841–1846
• The Earl Fortescue 1846–1850
• The Marquess of Westminster 1850–1852
• The Duke of Montrose 1852–1853
• The Duke of Norfolk 1853–1854
• The Earl Spencer 1854–1857
• The Earl of St Germans 1857–1858
• The Marquess of Exeter 1858–1859
• The Earl of St Germans 1859–1866
• The Earl of Bessborough 1866
• The Duke of Marlborough 1866–1867
• The Earl of Tankerville 1867–1868
• The Earl of Bessborough 1868–1874
• The Earl Beauchamp 1874–1880
• The Earl Sydney 1880–1885^[43]
• The Earl of Mount Edgcumbe 1885–1886^[44]
• The Earl Sydney 1886^[45]
• The Earl of Mount Edgcumbe 1886–1892^[46]
• The Marquess of Breadalbane 1892–1895^[47]
• The Earl of Pembroke 1895–1905^[48]

20th century

• The Earl of Liverpool 1905–1907^[49]
• The Earl Beauchamp 1907–1910^[50]
• The Earl of Chesterfield 1910–1915^[51]
• The Viscount Farquhar 1915–1922^[52]
• The Earl of Shaftesbury 1922–1936^[53]
• The Duke of Sutherland 1936–1937
• The Duke of Buccleuch 1937–1940^[54]
• The Duke of Hamilton 1940–1964^[55]
• The Duke of Westminster 1964–1967^[56]
• The Viscount Cobham 1967–1972^[57]
• The Duke of Northumberland 1973–1988^[58]
• The Viscount Ridley 1989–2001^[59]

21st century

• The Duke of Abercorn 2001–2009
• The Earl of Dalhousie 2009–2023
• The Earl of Rosslyn 2023–present

References

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2. Haydn, Joseph (1851). The Book of Dignities. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 203–204.
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4. "Civil List". Tracts of the Financial Reform Association (1): 9–11. 1848.
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11. senescalcia hospicii domini regis
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