List of erinaceids

Erinaceidae is a family of small mammals in the order Eulipotyphla. A member of this family is called an erinaceid, and the family includes hedgehogs and gymnures. Erinaceidae is one of four families in the order Eulipotyphla.^[1] They are found in Africa, Europe, and Asia, primarily in forests, shrublands, savannas, and grasslands, though some species can also be found in deserts, rocky areas, or caves. They range in size from the gymnures in the Hylomys genus, at 9 cm (4 in) plus a 1 cm (0.4 in) tail, to the moonrat, at 46 cm (18 in) plus a 30 cm (12 in) tail. Erinaceids are omnivorous and primarily eat insects and small vertebrates such as lizards, though they also consume plants, eggs, and fungi. Hedgehogs all have spines on their backs, while gymnures have fur. No erinaceids have population estimates, but the Hainan gymnure and Dinagat gymnure are categorized as endangered species.

European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)

The twenty-four extant species of Erinaceidae are divided into two subfamilies: Erinaceinae, containing sixteen hedgehog species in five genera, and Galericinae, containing eight gymnure species in five genera. A few extinct prehistoric Erinaceidae species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.^[2]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories

Conservation status
EX	Extinct (0 species)
EW	Extinct in the wild (0 species)
CR	Critically Endangered (0 species)
EN	Endangered (2 species)
VU	Vulnerable (1 species)
NT	Near threatened (0 species)
LC	Least concern (20 species)
Other categories
DD	Data deficient (1 species)
NE	Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the erinaceid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted.

Classification

The family Erinaceidae consists of two subfamilies: Erinaceinae, containing sixteen hedgehog species in five genera, and Galericinae, containing eight gymnure species in five genera.

Family Erinaceidae

• Subfamily Erinaceinae
  • Genus Atelerix (African hedgehogs): four species
  • Genus Erinaceus (woodland hedgehogs): four species
  • Genus Hemiechinus (long-eared hedgehogs): two species
  • Genus Mesechinus (steppe hedgehogs): two species
  • Genus Paraechinus (desert hedgehogs): four species
• Subfamily Galericinae
  • Genus Echinosorex (moonrat): one species
  • Genus Hylomys (gymnures): three species
  • Genus Neohylomys (Hainan gymnure): one species
  • Genus Neotetracus (shrew gymnure): one species
  • Genus Podogymnura (Philippine gymnures): two species

Erinaceidae[3]   Erinaceinae   Mesechinus Hemiechinus Paraechinus Atelerix Erinaceus Galericinae   Echinosorex Podogymnura Hylomys Neohylomys Neotetracus

Erinaceids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.^[1]

Subfamily Erinaceinae

Main article: Erinaceinae

Genus Atelerix – Pomel, 1848 – four species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Four-toed hedgehog	A. albiventris (Wagner, 1841)	Western, central, and eastern Africa	Size: 17–23 cm (7–9 in) long[4] Habitat: Savanna and grassland[5] Diet: Invertebrates, as well as plants and small vertebrates[4]	LC  Unknown [5]
North African hedgehog	A. algirus (Lereboullet, 1842) Three subspecies A. a. algirus A. a. girbanensis A. a. vagans	Northern Africa	Size: 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long[6] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[7] Diet: Omnivorous, including arthropods, small vertebrates, carrion, and fungi[6]	LC  Unknown [7]
Somali hedgehog	A. sclateri Anderson, 1895	Somalia	Size: 20–27 cm (8–11 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail[8] Habitat: Grassland and savanna[9] Diet: Believed to be omnivorous; primarily insects[8]	LC  Unknown [9]
Southern African hedgehog	A. frontalis (Smith, 1831)	Southern Africa	Size: 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail[10] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[11] Diet: Omnivorous; primarily insects, as well as carrion, vegetables, fungi, and small vertebrates[10]	LC  Unknown [11]

Genus Erinaceus – Linnaeus, 1758 – four species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Amur hedgehog	E. amurensis Schrenk, 1859	Eastern Asia	Size: 15–29 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 1–5 cm (0.4–2.0 in) tail[12] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[13] Diet: Earthworms and other ground invertebrates, as well as small vertebrates and fruit[13]	LC  Unknown [13]
European hedgehog	E. europaeus Linnaeus, 1758	Europe, northwestern Asia, and New Zealand	Size: 13–27 cm (5–11 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail[14] Habitat: Forest and grassland[15] Diet: Omnivorous; primarily insects, as well as other invertebrates, eggs, small vertebrates, and carrion[14]	LC  Unknown [15]
Northern white-breasted hedgehog	E. roumanicus Barrett-Hamilton, 1900	Eastern Europe and western Asia (in blue)	Size: 13–30 cm (5–12 in) long, plus 1–5 cm (0.4–2.0 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[17] Diet: Omnivorous; primarily insects, as well as other invertebrates, eggs, small vertebrates, and carrion[18]	LC  Unknown [17]
Southern white-breasted hedgehog	E. concolor Martin, 1838	Western Asia (in orange)	Size: 13–30 cm (5–12 in) long, plus 1–5 cm (0.4–2.0 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[19] Diet: Omnivorous; primarily insects, as well as other invertebrates, eggs, small vertebrates, and carrion[18]	LC  Unknown [19]

Genus Hemiechinus – Fitzinger, 1866 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Indian long-eared hedgehog	H. collaris (Gray, 1830)	Western India and Pakistan	Size: 15–28 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 1–6 cm (0.4–2.4 in) tail[20] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[21] Diet: Omnivorous; primarily invertebrates and insects, as well as small vertebrates, eggs, carrion, fruit, and seeds[20]	LC  Unknown [21]
Long-eared hedgehog	H. auritus (Gmelin, 1770)	Western and central Asia	Size: 12–27 cm (5–11 in) long, plus 1–5 cm (0.4–2.0 in) tail[22] Habitat: Shrubland and desert[23] Diet: Omnivorous; primarily invertebrates and insects, as well as eggs, fruit, vegetables, and small vertebrates[22]	LC  Unknown [23]

Genus Mesechinus – Ognew, 1951 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Daurian hedgehog	M. dauuricus (Sundevall, 1842)	East-central Asia	Size: About 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail[20] Habitat: Forest and grassland[24] Diet: Beetles and other invertebrates, as well as small reptiles, bird eggs and nestlings, rodents, and carrion[24]	LC  Unknown [24]
Hugh's hedgehog	M. hughi (Thomas, 1908)	Central China	Size: About 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail[20] Habitat: Grassland[25] Diet: Omnivorous; primarily invertebrates and insects, as well as small vertebrates, eggs, carrion, fruit, and seeds[20]	LC  Unknown [25]

Genus Paraechinus – Trouessart, 1879 – four species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bare-bellied hedgehog	P. nudiventris (Horsfield, 1851)	Southern India	Size: 14–28 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[26] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[27] Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates, eggs, and scorpions[20]	LC  Unknown [27]
Brandt's hedgehog	P. hypomelas (Brandt, 1836)	Western Asia	Size: 14–28 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[26] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[28] Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates, eggs, and scorpions[20]	LC  Unknown [28]
Desert hedgehog	P. aethiopicus (Ehrenberg, 1832)	Northern Africa and Arabian Peninsula	Size: 14–23 cm (6–9 in) long[29] Habitat: Desert, inland wetlands, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[30] Diet: Insects, as well as other invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, and eggs[29]	LC  Unknown [30]
Indian hedgehog	P. micropus (Blyth, 1846)	Western India and Pakistan	Size: 14–28 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[31] Habitat: Shrubland and desert[32] Diet: Insects, as well as other invertebrates, small vertebrates, and eggs[31]	LC  Unknown [32]

Subfamily Galericinae

Main article: Galericinae

Genus Echinosorex – Blainville, 1836 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Moonrat	E. gymnura (Raffles, 1822) Two subspecies E. g. alba E. g. gymnura	Southeast Asia	Size: 26–46 cm (10–18 in) long, plus 16–30 cm (6–12 in) tail[33] Habitat: Forest[34] Diet: Invertebrates, as well as frogs, fish, and fruit[35]	LC  Unknown [34]

Genus Hylomys – Müller, 1839 – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Dwarf gymnure	H. parvus Robinson & Kloss, 1916	Sumatra island in Indonesia	Size: 9–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[36] Habitat: Forest[37] Diet: Invertebrates, as well as fruit[36]	VU  Unknown [37]
Long-eared gymnure	H. megalotis Jenkins & Robinson, 2002	Laos	Size: 9–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[36] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas[38] Diet: Invertebrates, as well as fruit[36]	DD  Unknown [38]
Short-tailed gymnure	H. suillus Müller, 1840 Seven subspecies H. s. dorsalis (Bornean short-tailed gymnure) H. s. maxi (Max's short-tailed gymnure) H. s. microtinus H. s. pegunensis (Northern short-tailed gymnure) H. s. siamensis H. s. suillus (Javan short-tailed gymnure) H. s. tionis	Southeastern Asia	Size: 9–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[36] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[39] Diet: Invertebrates, as well as fruit[39]	LC  Unknown [39]

Genus Neohylomys – Shaw & Wong, 1959 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Hainan gymnure	N. hainanensis Shaw & Wong, 1959	Hainan island, China	Size: 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[40] Habitat: Forest and caves[41] Diet: Insects, worms, and plants[40]	EN  Unknown [41]

Genus Neotetracus – Trouessart, 1909 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Shrew gymnure	N. sinensis Trouessart, 1909	Southern China	Size: 10–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 4–7 cm (2–3 in) tail[40] Habitat: Forest[42] Diet: Insects, worms, and plants[40]	LC  Unknown [42]

Genus Podogymnura – Mearns, 1905 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Dinagat gymnure	P. aureospinula Heaney & Morgan, 1982	Philippines	Size: 19–22 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[43] Diet: Insects, worms, and birds[16]	EN  Unknown [43]
Mindanao gymnure	P. truei Mearns, 1905	Philippines	Size: 13–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 4–7 cm (2–3 in) tail[44] Habitat: Forest[45] Diet: Insects, worms, and carrion[44]	LC  Unknown [45]

References

1. Wilson, Reeder, pp. 212-219
2. "Fossilworks: Erinaceidae". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
3. He, K.; Chen, J.-H.; Gould, G. C.; Yamaguchi, N.; Ai, H.-S.; Wang, Y.-X.; Zhang, Y.-P.; Jiang, X.-L. (2012). "An Estimation of Erinaceidae Phylogeny: A Combined Analysis Approach". PLoS ONE. 7 (6): e39304. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739304H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039304. PMC 3380021. PMID 22745729.
4. Nichols, Jennifer (2023). "Atelerix albiventris". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
5. Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Atelerix albiventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40602A115174097. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40602A22324217.en.
6. Everett, Andrew (2012). "Atelerix algirus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
7. Amori, G.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N. (2022). "Atelerix algirus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T27926A22324424. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T27926A22324424.en.
8. Kingdon, p. 36
9. Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Atelerix sclateri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2275A115061435. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2275A22324040.en.
10. King, Wendy (2004). "Atelerix frontalis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
11. Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Atelerix frontalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2274A115061260. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2274A22324102.en.
12. Smith; Xie, p. 293
13. Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Erinaceus amurensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40604A115174360. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40604A22325640.en.
14. Roberts, Colin (2011). "Erinaceus europaeus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
15. Amori, G. (2016). "Erinaceus europaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29650A2791303. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T29650A2791303.en.
16. Nowak, p. 174
17. Amori, G.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsainas, G.; Palomo, L. (2021) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Erinaceus roumanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T136344A197508156. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136344A197508156.en.
18. Nowak, p. 175
19. Amori, G.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsainas, G.; Palomo, L. (2021) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Erinaceus concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T40605A197506348. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40605A197506348.en.
20. Nowak, pp. 178–179
21. Molur, S. (2016). "Hemiechinus collaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40608A22324478. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40608A22324478.en.
22. Ballenger, Liz (2023). "Hemiechinus auritus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
23. Stubbe, M.; Samiya, R.; Ariunbold, J.; Buuveibaatar, V.; Dorjderem, S.; Monkhzul, T.; Otgonbaatar, M.; Tsogbadrakh, M.; Zagorodniuk, I.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsainas, G.; Palomo, L. (2021) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Hemiechinus auritus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T40607A197510528. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40607A197510528.en.
24. Stubbe, M.; Samiya, R.; Ariunbold, J.; Buuveibaatar, V.; Dorjderem, S.; Monkhzul, Ts.; Otgonbaatar, M.; Tsogbadrakh, M.; Tsytsulina, K. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Mesechinus dauuricus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40612A115175251. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40612A22325286.en.
25. Smith, A. T.; Johnston, C. H.; Lunde, D. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Mesechinus hughi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13209A115111114. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13209A22325137.en.
26. Nowak, p. 177
27. Chakraborty, S.; Srinivasulu, C.; Molur, S. (2017). "Paraechinus nudiventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T39594A22326706. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T39594A22326706.en.
28. Bhattacharyya, T.; Srinivasulu, C.; Molur, S. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Paraechinus hypomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40610A115174910. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40610A22326573.en.
29. Hall, Dustin (2002). "Paraechinus aethiopicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
30. Hutterer, R. (2016). "Paraechinus aethiopicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40606A22326233. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40606A22326233.en.
31. Seitz, Megan (2006). "Paraechinus micropus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
32. Molur, S. (2016). "Paraechinus micropus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40609A22326424. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40609A22326424.en.
33. Nowak, p. 173
34. Cassola, F. (2016). "Echinosorex gymnura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40603A22326807. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40603A22326807.en.
35. Fox, David L. (2023). "Echinosorex gymnura". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
36. Nowak, p. 171
37. Clayton, E. (2018). "Hylomys parvus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T10589A22325019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T10589A22325019.en.
38. Chiozza, F. (2016). "Hylomys megalotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136193A22324783. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136193A22324783.en.
39. Chiozza, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Hylomys suillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40611A115175083. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40611A22324887.en.
40. Nowak, p. 172
41. Johnston, C.; Smith, A. T. (2016). "Neohylomys hainanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10588A22326961. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T10588A22326961.en.
42. Smith, A. T.; Johnston, C. H. (2016). "Neotetracus sinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10590A22325953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10590A22325953.en.
43. Clayton, E. (2018). "Podogymnura aureospinula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T17829A22326149. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T17829A22326149.en.
44. Rasmussen, Andrew (2007). "Podogymnura truei". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
45. Heaney, L.; Balete, D.; Tabao, M. (2016). "Podogymnura truei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T17828A22326078. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T17828A22326078.en.

Sources

• Kingdon, Jonathan (2014). Mammals of Africa. Vol. IV: Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats. A & C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-8993-1.
• Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
• Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan, eds. (2010). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3411-2.
• Hutterer, Rainer (2005). Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.