Erinaceidae

Erinaceidae /ˌɛrɪnəˈsiːɪdiː/ is a family in the order Eulipotyphla, consisting of the hedgehogs and moonrats. Until recently, it was assigned to the order Erinaceomorpha, which has been subsumed with the paraphyletic Soricomorpha into Eulipotyphla. Eulipotyphla has been shown to be monophyletic;^[2] Soricomorpha is paraphyletic because both Soricidae and Talpidae share a more recent common ancestor with Erinaceidae than with solenodons.^[3]

Erinaceidae[1] Temporal range: Eocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Erinaceus europaeus (European hedgehog)
Neohylomys hainanensis (Hainan gymnure)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Eulipotyphla
Family:	Erinaceidae G. Fischer, 1814
Type genus
Erinaceus Linnaeus, 1758
Subfamilies & genera
†Silvacola †Oligoechinus †Proterix Erinaceinae †Amphechinus Atelerix Erinaceus Hemiechinus Mesechinus Paraechinus Galericinae †Deinogalerix Echinosorex †Galerix Hylomys Neohylomys Neotetracus Podogymnura

Erinaceidae contains the well-known hedgehogs (subfamily Erinaceinae) of Eurasia and Africa and the gymnures or moonrats (subfamily Galericinae) of Southeast Asia. This family was once considered part of the order Insectivora, but that polyphyletic order is now considered defunct.^[1]

Characteristics

Erinaceids are generally shrew-like in form, with long snouts and short tails. They are, however, much larger than shrews, ranging from 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in body length and 40–60 grams (1.4–2.1 oz) in weight, in the case of the short-tailed gymnure, up to 26–45 cm (10–18 in) and 1.0–1.4 kg (2.2–3.1 lb) in the moonrat. All but one species have five toes in each foot, in some cases with strong claws for digging, and they have large eyes and ears. Hedgehogs possess hair modified into sharp spines to form a protective covering over the upper body and flanks, while gymnures have only normal hair. Most species have anal scent glands, but these are far better developed in gymnures, which can have a powerful odor.^[4]

Erinaceids are omnivorous, with the major part of their diet consisting of insects, earthworms, and other small invertebrates. They also eat seeds and fruit, and occasionally birds' eggs, along with any carrion they come across. Their teeth are sharp and suited for impaling invertebrate prey. The dental formula for erinaceids is: 2-3.1.4.33.1.2-4.3

Hedgehogs are nocturnal, but gymnures are less so, and may be active during the day. Many species live in simple burrows, while others construct temporary nests on the surface from leaves and grass, or shelter in hollow logs or similar hiding places. Erinaceids are solitary animals outside the breeding season, and the father plays no role in raising the young.^[4]

Female erinaceids give birth after a gestation period of around six to seven weeks. The young are born blind and hairless, although hedgehogs begin to sprout their spines within 36 hours of birth.

Evolution

Erinaceids are a group of placental mammals that have retained many of their ancestral traits, having changed little since their origin in the Eocene. The so-called 'giant hedgehog' (actually a gymnure) Deinogalerix, from the Miocene of Gargano Island (part of modern Italy), was the size of a large rabbit, and may have eaten vertebrate prey or carrion, rather than insects.^[5]

Classification

See also: List of erinaceids

• Order Eulipotyphla
  • †Family Amphilemuridae
    • †Genus Alsaticopithecus
    • †Genus Amphilemur
    • †Genus Gesneropithex
    • †Genus Macrocranion
      • †Macrocranion germonpreae
      • †Macrocranion junnei
      • †Macrocranion nitens
      • †Macrocranion robinsoni
      • †Macrocranion tenerum
      • †Macrocranion vandebroeki
    • †Genus Pholidocercus
      • †Pholidocercus hassiacus
  • Family Erinaceidae
    • †Genus Silvacola
      • †Silvacola acares
    • †Genus Oligoechinus
    • Subfamily Erinaceinae
      • †Genus Amphechinus
        • †Amphechinus akespensis
        • †Amphechinus arverniensis
        • †Amphechinus baudelotae
        • †Amphechinus edwardsi
        • †Amphechinus ginsburgi
        • †Amphechinus golpeae
        • †Amphechinus horncloudi
        • †Amphechinus intermedius
        • †Amphechinus kreuzae
        • †Amphechinus major
        • †Amphechinus microdus
        • †Amphechinus minutissimus
        • †Amphechinus robinsoni
        • †Amphechinus taatsiingolensis
      • Genus †Ladakhechinus^[6]
        • †Ladakhechinus iugummontis
      • Genus Atelerix
        • Four-toed hedgehog, Atelerix albiventris
        • North African hedgehog, Atelerix algirus
        • Southern African hedgehog, Atelerix frontalis
        • Somali hedgehog, Atelerix sclateri
      • Genus Erinaceus
        • Amur hedgehog, Erinaceus amurensis
        • Southern white-breasted hedgehog, Erinaceus concolor
        • European hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus
        • Northern white-breasted hedgehog, Erinaceus roumanicus
      • Genus Hemiechinus
        • Long-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus auritus
        • Indian long-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus collaris
      • Genus Mesechinus
        • Daurian hedgehog, Mesechinus dauuricus
        • Hugh's hedgehog, Mesechinus hughi
        • Gaoligong forest hedgehog, Mesechinus wangi
        • Small-toothed forest hedgehog, Mesechinus miodon
      • Genus Paraechinus
        • Desert hedgehog, Paraechinus aethiopicus
        • Brandt's hedgehog, Paraechinus hypomelas
        • Indian hedgehog, Paraechinus micropus
        • Bare-bellied hedgehog, Paraechinus nudiventris
    • Subfamily Galericinae
      • †Genus Deinogalerix
        • †Deinogalerix brevirostris
        • †Deinogalerix freudenthali
        • †Deinogalerix intermedius
        • †Deinogalerix koenigswaldi
        • †Deinogalerix minor
      • Genus Echinosorex
        • Moonrat, Echinosorex gymnura
      • †Genus Galerix
        • †Galerix aurelianensis
        • †Galerix exilis
        • †Galerix kostakii
        • †Galerix remmerti
        • †Galerix rutlandae
        • †Galerix saratji
        • †Galerix stehlini
        • †Galerix symeonidisi
        • †Galerix uenayae
      • Genus Hylomys
        • Dwarf gymnure, Hylomys parvus
        • Javan short-tailed gymnure or Lesser Moonrat, Hylomys suillus
        • Bornean short-tailed gymnure, Hylomys dorsalis
        • Max's short-tailed gymnure, Hylomys maxi
        • Dalat gymnure, Hylomys macarong
        • Northern short-tailed gymnure, Hylomys peguensis
        • Leuser gymnure, Hylomys vorax
      • Genus Neohylomys
        • Hainan gymnure, Neonylomys hainanensis
      • Genus Neotetracus
        • Shrew gymnure, Neotetracus sinensis
      • Genus Otohylomys
        • Long-eared gymnure, Otohylomys megalotis
      • Genus Podogymnura
        • Dinagat gymnure, Podogymnura aureospinula
        • Eastern Mindanao gymnure, Podogymnura intermedia
        • Podogymnura minima
        • Mindanao gymnure, Podogymnura truei

References

1. Hutterer, R. (2005). "Family Erinaceidae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 212–219. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
2. Robin MD Beck; Olaf RP Bininda-Emonds; Marcel Cardillo; Fu-Guo Robert Liu; Andy Purvis (2006). "A higher level MRP supertree of placental mammals". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 6: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93. PMC 1654192. PMID 17101039.
3. Roca, A.L.; G.K. Bar-Gal; E. Eizirik; K.M. Helgen; R. Maria; M.S. Springer; S.J. O'Brien & W.J. Murphy (2004). "Mesozoic origin for West Indian insectivores". Nature. 429 (6992): 649–651. Bibcode:2004Natur.429..649R. doi:10.1038/nature02597. PMID 15190349. S2CID 915633.
4. Wroot, Andrew (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 750–757. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
5. Savage, RJG & Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. pp. 48–49. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X.
6. Wazir, W.A.; Cailleux, F.; Sehgal, R.K.; Patnaik, R.; Kumar, N.; van den Hoek Ostende, L.W. (2022). "First record of insectivore from the late Oligocene, Kargil Formation (Ladakh Molasse Group), Ladakh Himalayas". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. X (8): 100105. doi:10.1016/j.jaesx.2022.100105. S2CID 249858720.