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This is a list of current heads of state and heads of government. In some cases, mainly in presidential systems, one leader is head of state and head of government. In other cases, mainly in semi-presidential and parliamentary systems, the head of state and the head of government are different people. In semi-presidential and parliamentary systems, the head of government role (i.e. executive branch) is fulfilled by the listed head of government and the head of state.
In one-party states, the ruling party's leader (i.e. General Secretary) is usually the de facto top leader of the state, though sometimes this leader also holds the presidency or premiership. In some countries like Andorra and Vatican City (Holy See), a clergy member also acts as the head of state for both countries (Bishop of Urgell as Co-Prince of Andorra and the Pope) and head of government for the latter (President of the Governorate of Vatican City State).
The list includes the names of recently elected or appointed heads of state and government who will take office on an appointed date, as presidents-elect and prime ministers-designate, and those leading a government in exile if internationally recognised.
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| Colour key |
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Green cells indicate leaders whose offices constitutionally administer the executive of their respective state/government. |
Blue cells indicate de facto executive branch leaders whose offices lack de jure constitutional power. |
- Note: Names in small font generally denote acting, interim, transitional, temporary leaders, or representatives. Other notes and exceptions are provided at § Notes.
The following states are in free association with a UN member state.
The following states control at least part of their territory and are recognised by at least one UN member state.
| State | Also claimed by | Head of state | Head of government |
|---|---|---|---|
 Abkhazia |
 Georgia |
President – Aslan Bzhania | Prime Minister – Aleksander Ankvab |
 Republic of China (Taiwan) |
 People's Republic of China |
President – Lai Ching-te | Premier – Cho Jung-tai |
 Kosovo |
 Serbia |
President – Vjosa Osmani | Prime Minister – Albin Kurti |
 Northern Cyprus |
 Cyprus |
President – Ersin Tatar | Prime Minister – Ünal Üstel |
 Sahrawi Republic |
 Morocco |
General Secretary of the Polisario Front – Brahim Ghali | |
| President – Brahim Ghali | Prime Minister – Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun | ||
 South Ossetia |
Georgia |
President – Alan Gagloyev | Prime Minister – Konstantin Dzhussoyev |
The following states control their territory, but are not recognised by any UN member states.
These alternative governments control part of their territory and are recognised as legitimate by at least one UN member state.
These alternative governments control part of their territory, but are not recognized as legitimate by any UN member states.
| Government | State | Head of state | Head of government |
|---|---|---|---|
 Government of National Stability |
Libya |
Supreme Commander of the Libyan National Army – Khalifa Haftar | |
| Chairman of the Presidential Council – Mohamed al-Menfi[lower-greek 14] | Acting Prime Minister – Osama Hammad[17] | ||
 Hamas government in Gaza |
 Palestine |
Hamas Chief in the Gaza Strip – Mohammed Sinwar | |
| President – Mahmoud Abbas[lower-greek 15] | Head of the Government Administrative Committee – Essam al-Da'alis | ||
 National Unity Government |
Myanmar |
Acting President – Duwa Lashi La | Prime Minister – Mahn Win Khaing Than |
 Syrian Salvation Government |
 Syria |
Commander-in-Chief of Tahrir al-Sham – Abu Mohammad al-Julani[18] | |
| President of the General Shura Council – Mustafa al-Mousa | Prime Minister – Ali Keda | ||
These alternative governments do not control their territory but are recognized as legitimate by at least one UN member state.
| Government | State | Head of state | Head of government |
|---|---|---|---|
 Coordination Council |
 Belarus |
President and Head of the Cabinet – Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya | |
 National Assembly (2015) |
Venezuela |
President of the National Assembly – Dinorah Figuera[19] | |
- President of the Republic
- List of countries by system of government
- List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office
- List of current monarchs of sovereign states
- List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents
- List of current interior ministers
- List of current foreign ministers
- List of current finance ministers
- List of current defence ministers
- List of current legislatures
- List of current presidents of legislatures
- List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government
- List of leaders of dependent territories
- List of oldest living state leaders
- List of national governments
- Lists of state leaders
- Lists of state leaders by century
- List of state leaders in the 21st century
- List of state leaders in 2024
- The President of France and the French Co-Prince of Andorra are positions held by the same person.
- Charles III is separately and equally monarch of 15 sovereign states known collectively as the Commonwealth realms. In each of these states (with the exception of the United Kingdom, where he permanently resides), he is represented at the national level by a governor-general.
- In this state, the president is both head of state and head of government; the office of prime minister may exist in these states, but it does not direct executive power—nor does the Kyrgyzstani Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers, the Peruvian President of the Council of Ministers, or the Sierra Leonean Chief Minister.
- The high representative is an international civilian overseer of the Dayton Agreement with authority to dismiss elected and non-elected officials and enact legislation.
- The council will exercise certain presidential powers until a new president is elected or until February 7, 2026, whichever comes first. The presidency has been vacant since the assassination of Jovenel Moïse in 2021.[5][6][7][8]
- According to articles 89 to 91 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Supreme Leader of Iran is the head of state, and the President is the head of government. The President is required to gain the Supreme Leader's official approval before being sworn in before Parliament, and the Supreme Leader also has the power to dismiss the elected President at any time.
- The constitution of Japan does not define a formal head of state, but the Emperor by unwritten constitutional convention fulfills the functions and duties of this role.
- The Governor-General of New Zealand and the King's Representative of Niue are positions held by the same person.
- The Captain Regent representing the party with a plurality of seats in the legislature of San Marino, the Grand and General Council, exercises more legislative power than the Captain Regent belonging to the opposition.
- The Transitional Sovereignty Council is the collective head of state of Sudan per the 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration. While the council was intended to be a unity government incorporating civilian and military elements that used consensus decision making, Chairman Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, who is also Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces, has monopolized power.[10][11][12]
- The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is collectively head of state and government. As a party to the Council, the President serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
- Charles III is head of state of the Cook Islands and Niue in his capacity as King in Right of New Zealand. He is represented in each of these states by a King's Representative.
- Al-Menfi is also considered head of state by the internationally-recognized Government of National Unity. Hamada is disputing the premiership of Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, with the backing of the House of Representatives and the Libyan National Army.
- Internationally-recognized president also recognized by Hamas since the Palestinian Unity Government of June 2014
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