List of boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

The following is a list of boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) accidents. It shows whether the accident occurred during dangerous goods transportation or at a fixed facility, the accident origin (e.g., storage, process reactor, rail tank car, tank truck), the material involved, its amount, the number of fatalities, and whether a fireball developed (which is typically the case if the material is flammable).

BLEVE–fireball, 2008 Toronto propane explosion

Boiler explosions are not listed here, see List of boiler explosions. Note, however, that not all boiler explosions are BLEVEs, with some being fuel–air explosions arising in the boiler furnace.

Gas cylinders explosions are listed only where many (typically tens of) canisters exploded in a single event.

List

Date	Country	Location	Fixed or transport	Type	Material[a]	Amount (tons)	Fatalities	Fireball	Main article, details and references[b]
13 December 1926	France	Saint-Auban	F	Storage	Chlorine	25	19	N	[2][3]
28 May 1928	Germany	Hamburg	F	Storage (runaway reaction)	Phosgene	10	10	N	[2][4]
10 May 1929	United States	Syracuse, New York	F	Storage	Chlorine	25	1	N	[2][5]
24 December 1939	Romania	Zărnești	F	Storage	Chlorine	10	60	N	[2][6]
29 July 1943	Germany	Ludwigshafen	T	Rail	Butadiene (80%) and butene (20%) mixture	16	57	Y	At BASF plant[2][7]
1944	United States	Oklahoma City, Oklahoma	T	Road	LPG	7	5	Y	[8][9]
5 November 1947	Finland	Rauma	F	Storage	Chlorine	30	19	N	[2][10]
28 July 1948	Germany	Ludwigshafen	T	Rail	Diethyl ether	33	209	Y	1948 BASF tank car explosion [de][2][11][12]
7 July 1951	United States	Newark, New Jersey	F	Storage	LPG	2600	0	Y	Seventy tanks[2][13]
4 April 1952	West Germany	Duisburg	F	Storage	Chlorine	30	19	N	[2][14]
24 June 1952	United States	Kansas City, Missouri	T	Road	LPG		2	Y	[15]
4 January 1954	United States	Atlanta, Georgia	F	Storage	LPG		0	Y	During cargo transfer of a tanker truck[16]
13 January 1954	United States	Lakeport, California	F	Storage	LPG		0	Y	During cargo transfer of a tanker truck[16]
4 June 1954	United States	Institute, West Virginia	T	Rail	Acrolein	20	0	Y	[2]
19 July 1955	West Germany	Ludwigshafen	T	Road	LPG		0	Y	[17]
29 July 1956	United States	Dumas, Texas	F	Storage	Pentane and hexane mixture	1220	19	Y	McKee refinery tank explosion and fire[18]
22 October 1956	United States	Cottage Grove, Oregon	F	Storage	LPG	< 39	12	Y	At an oil refinery[19][20][21]
8 January 1957	Canada	Montreal, Quebec	F	Storage	LPG	5100	1	Y	At Shell refinery. Caused by overfill. Maximum height of flames estimated at 1.5 km.[19][22][23][24]
24 April 1957	United States		F	Process reactor	Formalin and phenol mixture		0	N	At a Factory Mutual research facility. The term "BLEVE" was coined in the wake of this accident.[25][26]
1958	United States	Michigan			LPG	55	1	Y	[2]
1958	West Germany	Celle	T	Rail	LPG	25		Y	[27]
4 March 1958	United States	Shattuck, Oklahoma	T	Rail	LPG	150	0	Y	[8][28]
22 December 1958	United States	Brownfield, Texas	T	Road	LPG	25	4	Y	[8][29]
22 January 1959	United States	Monroe, Louisiana	T	Rail	Propylene	26	8	Y	[8][30]
12 March 1959	United States	Brinkley, Arkansas	F	Storage	LPG	< 90	1	Y	Caused by a truck driver starting off without unplugging a transfer hose[31]
28 May 1959	United States	McKittrick, California	F	Storage	LPG		0	Y	[19][18]
2 June 1959	United States	Deer Lake, Pennsylvania	T	Road	LPG	20	11	Y	[32][33][8]
28 June 1959	United States	Meldrim, Georgia	T	Rail	LPG	55	23	Y	Meldrim Trestle Disaster[2]
18 August 1959	United States	Kansas City, Missouri	F	Storage	Gasoline	70	5		Along Southwest Boulevard. Kansas City Fire Department's second largest loss of life in the line of duty.[2][34][35]
28 March 1960	United Kingdom	Glasgow, Scotland	F	Storage	Whisky	3900[c]	19		Cheapside Street whisky bond fire[36]
17 April 1962	United States	Brandenburg, Kentucky	F	Process reactor (runaway reaction)	Ethylene oxide and ammonia mixture	70	5	Y	[2][37][38]
27 May 1962	United States	Berlin, New York	T	Road	LPG	13	10	Y	[39][40]
12 October 1964	United States	Moran, Kansas	T	Rail	LPG		0	Y	Four tank cars BLEVEd.[8][41]
13 December 1964	United States	Columbus, Ohio	T	Rail	Ethylene oxide		0	Y	[8][42][43]
4 January 1966	France	Feyzin	F	Storage	LPG	1000	18	Y	Feyzin disaster[2]
28 August 1966	United States	Walton, Kentucky	T	Rail	LPG		0	Y	[44][45]
22 August 1967	United States	Texarkana, Texas	T	Rail	Butadiene		0	Y	[8][46][47]
1 January 1968	United States	Dunreith, Indiana	T	Rail	Ethylene oxide		0	Y	[2][48][8]
27 May 1968	United States	Cotulla, Texas	T	Rail	Ethylene oxide		0	Y	[8][49]
21 August 1968	France	Liévin	T	Road	Ammonia	19	6	N	[2][48][50]
27 November 1968	United States	Tarrytown, New York	F	Storage	LPG		0	Y	[51]
2 January 1969	Hungary	Répcelak	F	Storage	Carbon dioxide	35	9	N	[2][52]
25 January 1969	United States	Laurel, Mississippi	T	Rail	LPG	65	2	Y	Several tank cars BLEVEd.[2][53]
18 February 1969	United States	Crete, Nebraska	T	Rail	Ammonia	65	8	N	[2][54]
29 April 1969	United States	Cumming, Iowa	T	Rail	Ammonia	91	0	N	[2][25]
2 June 1969	United States	North Carolina	T	Road	LPG		0	Y	[55]
11 September 1969	United States	Glendora, Mississippi	T	Rail	Vinyl chloride	55	0	Y	30,000 people evacuated[2][56]
21 October 1969	United States	Troup, Texas	T	Rail	Ethylene oxide		0	Y	[8][57]
8 December 1969	France	Douai	F	HVAC plant	Ammonia	0.3	0		Occurred at a brewery.[58]
1970	United States	Hopkinton, Massachusetts	T	Road	LPG	4	0	Y	[8][59]
30 May 1970	United States	New York City, New York	T	Road	Oxygen	12	2	N	At Victory Memorial Hospital in Brooklyn. Occurred after a liquid oxygen tanker finished unloading a cargo.[60][61]
21 June 1970	United States	Crescent City, Illinois	T	Rail	LPG	275	0	Y	In downtown area[62][2]
22 July 1970	France	Perpignan	T	Rail	LPG	45	2	Y	Inside a gas storage and bottling plant[63]
27 August 1970	United States	Byron, New York	T	Rail	Vinyl chloride		0	Y	[8][64]
23 October 1970	United Kingdom	Hull, England	T	Road	LPG		2	Y	[65]
19 January 1971	United States	Baton Rouge, Louisiana	T	Rail	Ethylene	4	0	Y	[2][66]
4 February 1971	United States	Eden Prairie, Minnesota	T	Road	LPG	17	0	Y	[67][68]
19 October 1971	United States	Houston, Texas	T	Rail	Vinyl chloride	50	1	Y	[2][66]
1972	United States	Montana	F	Storage	LPG		1	Y	[69]
9 February 1972	United States	Tewksbury, Massachusetts	T	Road	LPG	28	3	Y	When unloading at Lowell Gas Company plant[2][70][71]
9 March 1972	United States	Lynchburg, Virginia	T	Road	LPG	9	3	Y	[72][73][74]
30 March 1972	Brazil	Rio de Janeiro	F	Storage	LPG	1000+	38	Y	1972 Reduc explosion [pt][2][75][76]
21 September 1972	United States	Hightstown, New Jersey	T	Road	Propylene	18	2	Y	On New Jersey Turnpike[2][77][78]
5 July 1973	United States	Kingman, Arizona	T	Rail	LPG	100	13	Y	Kingman explosion[2][79]
6 November 1973	United States	Wadstrom,Ventura, California	T	Rail	LPG		3	Y	Accident was caused by two boys releasing the hand brakes of standing tank cars.[80][81]
17 December 1973	United States	Mountainville, New York	F	Storage	LPG	28	0	Y	[51][8]
1974	Spain		T	Road	Ethylene	20	0	Y	[8]
1974	United Kingdom	Aberdeen, Scotland	T	Road	LPG	2	0	Y	[72]
11 January 1974	United States	West St. Paul, Minnesota	F	Storage	LPG	27	4	Y	[2][82]
12 February 1974	United States	Oneonta, New York	T	Rail	LPG	288	0	Y	[2][83]
1 March 1974	United States	Londonderry, Pennsylvania	F	Storage	Hydrogen	5		Y	At Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station Unit 1. Occurred when firefighters introduced water in a vent stack, plugging it with ice as a result.[84][85]
17 April 1974	West Germany	Bielefeld	T	Rail	Gasoline		0	Y	Several tank cars exploded.[86][87]
29 June 1974	United States	Climax, Texas	T	Rail	Vinyl chloride	108	0	Y	[88]
21 September 1974	United States	Houston, Texas	T	Rail	Butadiene	92	1	Y	At a Southern Pacific Transportation Company marshalling yard[89][90]
29 April 1975	United States	Eagle Pass, Texas	T	Road	LPG	18	16	Y	[2][91]
22 June 1975	United States	Angleton, Texas	F	Storage	LPG	41	0	Y	[92][93]
1 September 1975	United States	Saylor, Iowa	T	Rail	LPG		0	Y	Four tank cars BLEVEd.[19][94][95]
22 October 1975	United States	Fertile, Minnesota	T	Rail	LPG	75	0	Y	[8][96]
14 December 1975	United States	Niagara Falls, New York	T	Rail	Chlorine	20	4	N	[2][97]
11 May 1976	United States	Houston, Texas	T	Road	Ammonia	20	6	N	[2][98][99]
19 August 1976	United States	Flint, Michigan	T	Road	LPG	50	1	Y	[8][100]
31 August 1976	United States	Gadsden, Alabama	F	Storage	Gasoline	4	3	Y	At a gas station[2][101]
2 September 1976	West Germany	Haltern am See	T	Rail	Carbon dioxide	231	1	N	At a marshalling yard[102]
18 October 1976	United States	Clifford, Michigan	T	Rail	Acrylonitrile		0	Y	[8][103]
26 November 1976	United States	Belt, Montana	T	Rail	LPG	80	2	Y	[19][104]
6 February 1977	United States	Boynton Beach, Florida	F/T	Rail Storage	LPG		0	Y	A train laden with propane struck a wall next to four LPG spheres.[105]
20 February 1977	United States	Dallas, Texas	T	Rail	LPG	68	0	Y	[106][107][8]
19 June 1977	Mexico	Puebla	F	Storage	Vinyl chloride	110	1	Y	At a plastic factory[108]
12 July 1977	Italy	Cassino	F	Storage	LPG		5	Y	[109][110]
8 December 1977	Colombia	Cartagena	F	Process reactor	Ammonia	21	30	N	At Abocol urea plant[2][111]
31 January 1978	United States	New Martinsville, West Virginia	F	Storage	Nitrogen			N	At an Air Products & Chemicals and Mobay Chemical Corporation facility[112][113]
24 February 1978	United States	Waverly, Tennessee	T	Rail	LPG	45	16	Y	Waverly tank car explosion
29 March 1978	United States	Lewisville, Arkansas	T	Rail	Vinyl chloride	110	0	Y	[72][114]
30 May 1978	United States	Texas City, Texas	F	Storage	LPG	1500	7	Y	[2][115][116]
11 July 1978	Spain	Alcanar	T	Road	Propylene	25	217	Y	Los Alfaques disaster
4 August 1978	United States	Donnellson, Iowa	T	Pipeline	LPG	435	2	Y	[19][117]
22 November 1978	United States	Canyon, Texas	T	Rail	LPG		0	Y	[8][118]
18 December 1978	The Netherlands	Nijmegen	T	Road	LPG	17	0	Y	At a gas station. A fixed LPG tank was also exposed but did not explode.[119][8]
8 April 1979	United States	Crestview, Florida	T	Rail	Ammonia		0	N	[120][121]
30 August 1979	United States	Good Hope, Louisiana	T	Shipping	LPG	120	12	Y	Collision between MV Inca Tupac Yupanqui and butane-laden barge TB Panama City[2][122][d]
8 September 1979	United States	Paxton, Shelby County, Texas	T	Rail	Tetrahydrofuran and ethylene oxide		0	Y	Derailment of 33 tank cars and two locomotives[124][125]
10 November 1979	Canada	Mississauga, Ontario	T	Rail	LPG	21	0	Y	Three tan cars explode[126][8]
3 January 1980	The Netherlands	Berg en Dal	T	Shipping			0		Collision between vessels Kombi 21 and Rodort 6 on the river Waal by the hamlet of Erlecom[124]
3 March 1980	United States	Los Angeles, California	T	Road	Gasoline	36	5	Y	[127][128]
1 August 1981	Mexico	Cerritos, San Luis Potosí	T	Rail	Chlorine	110	29	N	[2][129]
21 June 1982	The Netherlands	Grootebroek	F	Storage			1		[130]
26 June 1982	Canada	Lundbreck, Alberta	T	Rail	LPG		0	Y	[131][132]
28 September 1982	United States	Livingston, Louisiana	T	Rail	Vinyl chloride and styrene	640	0	Y	[133][134]
11 December 1982	United States	Taft, Louisiana	F	Storage (runaway reaction)	Acrolein	250	0	Y	More than 20,000 evacuated[2][135][136]
29 December 1982	Italy	Florence	T	Road	LPG		4	Y	[137]
12 July 1983	United States	Reserve, Louisiana	F	Process vessel (runaway reaction)	Chloroprene	1	3		[2]
3 September 1983	United States	Murdock, Illinois	T	Rail	LPG		0	Y	[8]
4 October 1983	United States	Houston, Texas			Methyl bromide	28	2		[2]
23 July 1984	United States	Romeoville, Illinois	F	Process vessel	LPG		15	Y	1984 Romeoville petroleum refinery disaster[19]
19 November 1984	Mexico	San Juan Ixhuatepec	F	Storage	LPG	3000	500+	Y	San Juanico disaster[2][138]
19 May 1985	Italy	Priolo Gargallo	F	Storage	LPG	50	0	Y	At Enichem petrochemical plant. BLEVE was caused by a powerful jet fire from the broken pipe of a distillation column.[139]
9 June 1985	United States	Pine Bluff, Arkansas	T	Rail	Ethylene oxide		0	Y	[140][141]
28 January 1986	United States	Merritt Island, Florida	T	Spacecraft	Hydrogen and oxygen		7	Y	Space Shuttle Challenger disaster[2][142]
1987	United States	Minnesota	F	Storage	LPG		0	Y	Three propane tanks BLEVEd at a research facility.[143]
17 August 1987	Australia	Cairns, Queensland	F	Storage	LPG	20	1	Y	[144]
21 March 1988	United Kingdom	Kings Ripton, England	F	Storage	LPG		0	Y	Storage tank for domestic use[140][145]
16 August 1988	Italy	Spinetta Marengo	F	Process vessel (runaway reaction)	Diisopropyl monohydroperoxide		0	Y	Uncontrolled thermal decomposition of Luperox DH at Atofina plant[146][147]
21 November 1988	West Germany	Worms	F	Storage	Carbon dioxide	66	3	N	[19][148][149]
23 December 1988	United States	Memphis, Tennessee	T	Road	LPG	18	9	Y	Memphis tanker truck disaster[150]
20 May 1989	Soviet Union	Alma Ata	T	Rail	LPG	23	20+	Y	Following a train collision[151]
1 April 1990	Australia	Sydney, New South Wales	F	Storage	LPG	240+	0	Y	Occurred at Boral's St. Peters facility. Fire broke out at about 9:00 pm, burning for over nine hours. A 100-ton tank and many smaller ones exploded.[152][19]
28 August 1992	Japan	Ishikari	F	Storage	Nitrogen	4	0	N	[19][153]
19 April 1993	United States	Waco, Texas	F	Storage	LPG		86	Y	Propane tank explosion during the Waco siege[19][154]
27 June 1993	Canada	Warwick, Quebec	F	Storage	LPG	2	4	Y	Occurred in a barn serving as maternity for calves.[155][19]
August 1993	India	Panipat	F	Process vessel	Ammonia		6	N	[19][156]
4 March 1994	United States	Weyauwega, Wisconsin	T	Rail	LPG		0	Y	Weyauwega, Wisconsin, derailment
15 March 1996	Italy	Paese	T	Road	LPG	13	2	Y	Fire initiated when a tanker truck was offloading cargo.[140][157]
18 March 1996	Italy	Capaci	T	Road	LPG		5	Y	[19][158]
1 December 1996	Argentina	La Plata	F	Pipes	LPG		2	Y	[159]
29 April 1997	Turkey	Pendik	F	Storage	LPG	10	0	Y	At a factory for packaging of aerosol containers[160]
2 October 1997	United States	Burnside, Illinois	F	Storage	LPG	2	2	Y	Near a grain dryer[161]
1998	China	Xi'an	F	Storage	LPG		11	Y	[140]
9 April 1998	United States	Albert City, Iowa	F	Storage	LPG	34	2	Y	At Herrig Brothers turkey farm[162]
22 March 1999	Turkey	Dortyrol	F	Storage	LPG	~30	2	Y	[163]
1 May 1999	Greece	Kamena Vourla	T	Road	LPG	18	4	Y	[19][164]
23 September 1999	Canada	Toronto, Ontario	T	Rail	LPG	60+	0	Y	[19]
30 December 1999	Canada	Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec	T	Rail	Gasoline		4	Y	[19][165]
22 March 2000	Morocco	Casablanca	T	Road	LPG		0	Y	A tanker truck exploded at offloading station. The fire engulfs two fixed tanks but cooling by firemen and relief valves prevent further BLEVEs.[166]
9 May 2000	France	Bordes	T	Road	LPG	10	0	Y	Several gas canisters on board a truck[167]
27 May 2000	United States	Eunice, Louisiana	T	Rail	Methyl chloride		0	Y	[19][168]
19 July 2000	United States	Willoughby, Ohio	F	Storage	LPG	66	0	Y	AmeriGas plant, overfilled propane cylinders. Later the company recalled other cylinders it has sold to prevent further accidents.[19][169]
20 October 2000	United States	Downey, California	F	Storage	LPG	2	0	Y	[19][159]
22 October 2000	United States	Texas	T		LPG	17	2	Y	[19]
7 January 2001	India	Kanpur	T	Road	LPG		12	Y	[19][170]
7 January 2001	United States	Truth or Consequences, New Mexico	F/T	Storage Road	LPG	37	0	Y	One fixed tank exploded after a collision from a truck. A 2,000 U.S. gal (7.6 m3) truck tank later also exploded.[171][172]
1 July 2001	India	Jamnagar			LPG		12	Y	[19]
14 July 2001	United States	Riverview, Michigan	T	Rail	Methyl mercaptan	71	3	Y	Within an Atofina chemical plant[173][174][175]
23 November 2001	Canada	Sainte-Sophie, Quebec	F	Storage	LPG	~10	0	Y	[176]
22 June 2002	Spain	Tivissa	T	Road	LNG	22	1	Y	First ever reported LNG BLEVE[177]
28 July 2002	Turkey	İzmit	T	Road	LPG	63	1	Y	At a gas bottling station[178]
14 March 2003	United States	Newton, New Jersey	T	Road	LPG		0	Y	At Able Energy tank farm. Unconfirmed BLEVE of an LPG tanker in the parking lot.[179][180]
5 July 2003	Turkey	Ankara	F	Storage	LPG	6	3+	Y	At a petrol station[181]
12 November 2003	France	Razines	F	Storage	LPG	1+	0	Y	[182]
18 November 2003	France	La Roche-Bernard	T	Road	LPG		2	Y	[183]
9 June 2005	France	Saint-Laurent-Blangy	T	Road	LPG				A train collided with a truck at a rail crossing. Several canisters carried by the truck exploded. The first car of the train was completely charred.[184]
24 June 2005	United States	St. Louis, Missouri	F	Storage	Acetylene, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, LPG, oxygen, propylene, etc.		1	Y	At a Praxair gas cylinder filling plant. Dozens of cylinders BLEVEd.[185][186]
1 April 2006	France	Audincourt	F	Storage	LPG				65 gas canisters exploded.[187]
5 October 2006	United States	Apex, North Carolina	F	Storage	Flammable solvents and paints		0	Y	Several 200 L drums BLEVEd when engulfed in fire.[188]
7 May 2007	France	Dagneux	T	Road	LPG	3	0	Y	Two or three BLEVEs in a parking lot[189]
10 August 2008	Canada	Toronto, Ontario	F	Storage	LPG		2	Y	Toronto propane explosion[190]
2 October 2008	United States	St. Paul, Minnesota	T	Road			0	Y	On I-94[191]
13 November 2008	China	Yuhang, Hangzhou	T	Shipping	Carbon dioxide	72	2	N	[192][193]
27 July 2010	France	Port-la-Nouvelle	T	Road	LPG	4	0	Y	Tanker truck in the parking lot of a gas-bottling factory[194]
11 March 2011	Japan	Chiba	F	Storage	LPG		0	Y	Occurred at Cosmo refinery. Caused by 2011 Tōhoku earthquake. Several LPG tanks involved.[195]
11 March 2011	Japan	Sendai	F	Storage	LPG			Y	Occurred at JX oil refinery. Caused by 2011 Tōhoku earthquake. Several LPG tanks involved.[196]
20 October 2011	Spain	Zarzalico	T	Road	LNG	22	1	Y	Fatality caused by collision[197]
27 August 2012	India	Chala	T	Road	LPG	18	20	Y	Chala LPG tanker disaster
29 September 2012	Japan	Himeji	F	Process vessel (runaway reaction)	Acrylic acid	26	1	Y	At Nippon Shokubai chemical plant[198][199]
7 May 2013	Mexico	Ecatepec de Morelos, Mexico	T	Road	LPG	19	22	Y	[200]
13 June 2013	United States	Geismar, Louisiana	F	Process vessel	LPG	9	2	Y	Williams Olefins Plant explosion[201]
13 July 2013	Russia	Moscow	T	Road	LPG	1	0	Y	Dozens of LPG canisters[202]
29 July 2013	United States	Tavares, Florida	F	Storage	LPG		0	Y	At a gas bottling plant. Thousands of 9 kg (20 lb) canisters BLEVEd.[203]
30 December 2013	United States	Casselton, North Dakota	T	Rail	Bakken crude oil	1500	0	Y	[204][205]
21 July 2014	Turkey	Lice	T	Road	LPG	19	34	Y	[206]
3 April 2016	France	Bassens	T	Road	LPG		0	Y	In the parking lot of a hazardous cargo transport company. Two BLEVEs.[207]
3 April 2017	United States	St. Louis, Missouri	F	Steam plant	Water		4	N	Occurred at Loy-Lange Box Company[208]
18 September 2017	France	Chevanceux	T	Road	LPG		0	Y	Several LPG cylinders BLEVEd.[209]
5 June 2018	United States	Sonoma, California	F	Storage	LPG	2	0	Y	At a lumber and pallet factory[210]
6 August 2018	Italy	Bologna	T	Road	LPG	23	2	Y	Borgo Panigale explosion[211]
21 June 2019	United States	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	F	Process vessel	Butene, isobutane and n-butane mixture		0	Y	2019 Philadelphia refinery explosion. BLEVE was the third of three major explosions.
24 December 2022	South Africa	Boksburg	T	Road	LPG	33	41	Y	Boksburg explosion[212][213]
20 January 2023	France	Fillinges	T	Road	LPG		0	Y	[214]
22 March 2023	United States	Pasadena, Texas	T	Road	LPG		0	Y	During tank truck offloading at INEOS Phenol Cumene plant[215][216]

See also

• List of explosions
  • List of boiler explosions
  • List of tanker explosions
• Lists of rail accidents
  • List of American railroad accidents

Explanatory notes

1. Because different countries have different specifications for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), sometimes an LPG mixture is referred to as "propane" or "butane" regardless of its composition and at other times pure propane or butane are called LPG.^[1] To simplify and obviate the confusion, all accidents involving propane, butane (either n-butane or isobutane), or a mixture thereof are assigned LPG as the representative material.
2. References may be omitted if a dedicated article exists, unless data in the table do not appear in the associated article.
3. Total amount of whisky stored. It is unclear how much of it BLEVEd.
4. No BLEVE occurred according to another source.^[123]

References

1. "LPG Composition". ELGAS. 23 June 2023. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
2. Prugh, Richard W. (1991). "Quantitative Evaluation of 'BLEVE' Hazards". Journal of Fire Protection Engineering. 3 (1): 9–24. doi:10.1177/104239159100300102. eISSN 1532-172X. ISSN 1042-3915.
3. "13 décembre 1926, 11 h 55 : L'explosion mortelle" [13 December 1926, 11:55 am: The Deadly Explosion]. La Provence (in French). 13 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
4. Lees (1996), p. appendix 1/27.
5. Lees (1996), p. 18/66.
6. Lees (1996), p. appendix 1/9.
7. Lees (1996), pp. appendix 1/10, 27.
8. AEA Technology (April 2005). "MHIDAS: Major Hazard Incident Data Service". OSH-ROM (CD-ROM). Database managed by the Health and Safety Executive. Boston, Mass.: SilverPlatter International. OCLC 40865406.
9. Regulating the Storage, Distribution and Use of Propane and Butane (Report). PAS Report 25. Chicago, Ill.: American Planning Association (APA). April 1951. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
10. Lees (1996), pp. 18/66–67, appendix 1/10.
11. Lees (1996), p. appendix 1/30.
12. "The Explosion of 1948". BASF. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
13. Lees (1996), p. appendix 1/32.
14. Lees (1996), p. appendix 1/10.
15. "14246". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 14246 (in French). Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
16. UFIP (2002), p. 158.
17. "6758". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 6758 (in French). Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
18. Mannan (2012), p. 2534.
19. Abbasi, Tasneem; Abbasi, S.A. (27 September 2006). "The Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE): Mechanism, Consequence Assessment, Management". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 141 (3): 489–519. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.056. eISSN 1873-3336. ISSN 0304-3894. PMID 17113225.
20. "6835". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 6835 (in French). Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
21. Pietersen & Cendejas Huerta (1985), p. 64.
22. Dubuc, André (18 November 2015). "Plusieurs projets compromis près de Suncor" [Several Projects Compromised Next to Suncor]. La Presse (in French). Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
23. Selwood, Brian (8 January 1957). "Feu et explosions dans une raffinerie" [Fire and Explosions at a Refinery] (PDF). La Tribune (in French). Vol. 47e année, no. 273. p. 1. ISSN 0832-3194. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
24. Pietersen & Cendejas Huerta (1985), p. 65.
25. Peterson, David F. (1 April 2002). "BLEVE: Facts, Risk Factors, and Fallacies". Fire Engineering. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012.
26. Walls, W.L. (November 1978). "Just What Is a BLEVE?". Fire Journal. National Fire Protection Association. pp. 46–47. ISSN 0015-2617. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
27. Pietersen & Cendejas Huerta (1985), p. 69.
28. United States Congress (1961). "Death, Injury, and Destruction Caused by the Carriage of Explosives by Common Carriers". Congressional Record: Vol. 107, Proceedings and Debates of the 87th Congress,1st Session (PDF) (Report). Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 2993. OCLC 460273769. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
29. "Tragedy and Terror Hit City". The Brownfield News and Terry County Herald. 24 December 1958. p. 1. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024 – via TownTalk Media Productions.
30. Railroad Accident Investigation: Missouri Pacific Railroad – Monroe, LA – January 22, 1959 (PDF) (Report). Report no. 3838. Washington, D.C.: Interstate Commerce Commission. 16 June 1959. doi:10.21949/1509973. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
31. "6879". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 6879 (in French). Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
32. Mannan (2012), pp. 2534, 2554.
33. Hymes, Ian (October 1985). "Spectators and Other Vulnerable Exposees to Major Accident Hazards: An Emergency Services Headache?" (PDF). Loss Prevention Bulletin. Institution of Chemical Engineers. pp. 31–42. ISSN 0260-9576. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
34. Burke, Robert (30 November 2009). "The Southwest Boulevard Fire: Kansas City Remembers a Tragedy". Firehouse. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
35. "The Southwest Boulevard Fire". KMBC 9. 14 August 2009. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2024 – via YouTube.
36. "Cheapside Street fire, Glasgow – 28th March 1960". Fire Brigades Union. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
37. Lees (1996), p. appendix 1/33.
38. "30 Are Injured; Plant Damage to Be Heavy". The Bonham Daily Favorite. 17 April 1962. p. 1.
39. Bishop, Liz (26 July 2022). "'All Hell Broke Loose': 60th Anniversary of 1962 Propane Tank Explosion in Berlin, NY". CBS6 News – WRGB Albany. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
40. "14264". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 14264 (in French). Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
41. "Blasts Destroy Cars Derailed Near Moran" (JPG). The Iola Register. Vol. 67, no. 294. 13 October 1964. ISSN 2833-9908. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
42. UPI (14 December 1964). "24 Hurt as Derailed Tank Car Explodes in Ohio's Capital". St. Joseph Gazette. Vol. 120, no. 166. p. 1. Retrieved 16 February 2024 – via Google News Archive.
43. AP (14 December 1964). "Tank Car Explosion Described". Reading Eagle. p. 6. ISSN 2469-3448. Retrieved 16 February 2024 – via Google News Archive.
44. Schiffer, Thomas (6 April 2015). "Walton's Fire Department Has Storied History". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
45. "A Clicking, Then Fiery Chaos..." The Cincinnati Enquirer. 30 August 1966. p. 2. ISSN 2575-5706. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
46. UPI (24 August 1967). "Box and Tank Cars Loaded with Chemicals Blaze". Lodi News-Sentinel. Vol. 86th Year, no. 9239. p. 1. Retrieved 16 February 2024 – via Google News Archive.
47. AP (23 August 1967). "Texas Train Car Explosion Forces Evacuation of 6000". The Robesonian. Vol. XCVIII, no. 135. p. 1. ISSN 2474-2236. Retrieved 16 February 2024 – via Google News Archive.
48. Lees (1996), p. appendix 1/13.
49. UPI (27 May 1968). "Chemical Cargoes Explode in Texas Train Derailment". The Bonham Daily Favorite. Vol. 76th Year, no. 235. p. 2. Retrieved 16 February 2024 – via Google News Archive.
50. "Opening of an Ammonia Tanker Truck". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 4988. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
51. UFIP (2002), p. 159.
52. "Explosions (BLEVEs & Booster Effect) of Vertical Cigars of Liquid CO₂". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 7645. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
53. Lees (1996), pp. appendix 1/14, 36–37.
54. Lees (1996), p. appendix 1/14.
55. "6889". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 6889 (in French). Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
56. Lees (1996), p. appendix 1/36.
57. "Troup, Tex". Reading Eagle. No. 268. 22 October 1969. ISSN 2469-3448. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
58. "Explosion of an Ammonia Tank in a Brewery". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 15585. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
59. "14302". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 14302 (in French). Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
60. "7757". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 7757 (in French). Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
61. McFadden, Robert D. (31 May 1970). "Tank Truck Blast Kills 2, Hurts 40". The New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
62. Bonty, Jeff (20 June 2020). "The Day Crescent City Became a Fireball". Daily Journal. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
63. "Bleve on Tank Car". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 6805. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
64. AP (28 August 1970). "Explosion, Fire Hit Derailed PC Cars". Schenectady Gazette. Vol. LXXVI, no. 284. p. 15. ISSN 1050-0340. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
65. "14301". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 14301 (in French). Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
66. Lees (1996), p. appendix 1/15.
67. "Bimonthly Fire Record". Fire Journal. Vol. 65, no. 5. National Fire Protection Association. September 1971. pp. 71–74. ISSN 0015-2617. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
68. Fanelli, Roberto; Carrara, Roberto, eds. (1999). Guida al trasporto di sostanze pericolose [Dangerous Goods Transportation Guide] (PDF) (in Italian). Milano, Italy: Fondazione Lombardia per l’Ambiente. p. 104. ISBN 88-8134-092-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
69. DeSteese (1982), p. H.27.
70. Curtis, Aaron (8 February 2022). "Tewksbury Gas Explosion Feels like 'Yesterday' 50 Years Later". The Lowell Sun. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
71. NFPA staff (April 1972). "Lessons from an LP-Gas Utility Plant Explosion and Fire" (PDF). Fire Command!. Vol. 39, no. 4. National Fire Protection Association. pp. 18–25. ISSN 0015-2560. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
72. Mannan (2012), p. 1540.
73. AP (11 March 1972). "Open Fire in Dwelling May Have Caused Blast". The Danville Register. No. 29241. ISSN 0744-3242. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
74. "Fire College Seminar to Cover Catastrophies [sic]". Ocala StarBanner. Vol. 30 (new series). 22 November 1973. ISSN 0163-3201. Retrieved 19 February 2024 – via Google Books.
75. Costa, Pierre. "O maior acidente da Refinaria Duque de Caxias (RJ) – Brasil: um estudo geográfico-histórico" [The Largest Accident at the Duque de Caxias Refinery (RJ), Brazil: A Geographical-historical Study] (PDF). observatoriogeograficoamericalatina.org.mx (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2016.
76. Pietersen & Cendejas Huerta (1985), p. 66.
77. Lees (1996), p. appendix 1/42.
78. Highway Accident Report: Multiple-Vehicle Collision Followed by Propylene Cargo-Tank Explosion, New Jersey Turnpike, Exit 8 – September 21, 1972 (Report). Report no. NTSB-HAR-73-4. Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 17 October 1973. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
79. "Memorial Monday – Kingman Explosion (AZ)". National Fallen Firefighters Foundation. 26 July 2021. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
80. "14312". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 14312 (in French). Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
81. Glickman (1980), pp. 115–116.
82. "On This Date in Twin Cities History – January 11, 1974". www.historictwincities.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
83. "54 Hurt in Blast of Freight Cars". The New York Times. 13 February 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
84. Hydrogen Incident Examples (PDF) (Report). Richland, Wash.: Hydrogen Safety Panel. March 2020. p. 15. Report no. PNNL-29731. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
85. Simion, G.P.; VanHorn, R.L.; Smith, C.L.; Bulmahn, K.D.; Bickel, J.H.; Sattison, M.B. (June 1993). Risk Analysis of Highly Combustible Gas Storage, Supply, and Distribution Systems in PWR Plants (Report). Report no. NUREG/CR-575. North Bethesda, Md.: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. p. A-10. doi:10.2172/10162133. OSTI 10162133. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024 – via Office of Scientific and Technical Information.
86. Mannan (2012), p. 2538.
87. "Benzinzug in Flammen" [Gasoline Train on Fire] (PDF). ZS-Magazin (in German). Bundesverband für den Selbstschutz. May 1974. p. 2. ISSN 0173-7864. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
88. Glickman (1980), pp. 82–83.
89. "5614". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 5614 (in French). Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
90. Burke, Robert A. (2021). Hazmatology: The Science of Hazardous Materials. Vol. 1. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-1-138-31609-6.
91. Highway Accident Report: Surtigas S.A., Tank-Semitrailer Overturn, Explosion, and Fire Near Eagle Pass, Texas – April 29, 1975 (PDF) (Report). Report no. NTSB-HAR-76-4. Washington, D.C. 5 May 1976. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
92. Pietersen & Cendejas Huerta (1985), p. 3.2.
93. AP (23 June 1975). "Explosions Rock Town". The Ledger. Vol. 68, no. 250. ISSN 0163-0288. Retrieved 25 March 2024 – via Google Books.
94. AP (2 September 1975). "Tank Cars Explode in Iowa". The New York Times. p. 14. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
95. Lathrop, James K. Preliminary Report from the NFPA Fire Analysis Department: Train Derailment and "BLEVEs" – Saylor Township, Iowa (PDF) (Report). Quincy, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
96. "History". Fertile Fire Department. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
97. "4 Dead in Gas Explosion Near Niagara". The New York Times. 15 December 1975. p. 39. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
98. Hlavaty, Craig (11 May 2020). "On May 11, 1976, an Ammonia Truck Disaster Killed 7 Houstonians and Injured Nearly 200". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
99. Highway Accident Report: Transport Company of Texas, Tractor–Semitrailer (Tank) Collision with Bridge Column and Sudden Dispersal of Anhydrous Ammonia Cargo, I-610 at Southwest Freeway, Houston, Texas – May 11, 1976 (PDF) (Report). Report no. NTSB-HAR-77-1. Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 14 April 1977. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
100. AP (20 August 1976). "5 Critically Burned as Truck Crashes". The Windsor Star. p. 49. ISSN 0839-2277. Retrieved 18 February 2024 – via Google Books.
101. Thornton, William (31 August 2016). "Fallen Gadsden Firefighters Remembered, 40 Years Later". AL.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
102. "BLEVE of a CO2 Tank Car". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 7436. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
103. UPI (18 October 1976). "Tanks Explode in Derailment". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Vol. 91st Year, no. 24. p. 1. ISSN 2992-9873. Retrieved 18 February 2024 – via Google Books.
104. Railroad Accident Report: Derailment of a Burlington Northern Freight Train – Belt, Montana – November 26, 1976 (PDF) (Report). Report no. RAR-77-7. Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 29 September 1977. doi:10.21949/1510147. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
105. "6934". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 6934. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
106. "7115". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 7115 (in French). Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
107. Glickman (1980), pp. 30–31.
108. "7911". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 7911 (in French). Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
109. UFIP (2002), p. 160.
110. Caramadre, Vincenzo (13 July 2018). "Cassino, Asbit Supergas: ricordato il sacrificio dei Vigili del Fuoco" [Cassino, Asbit Supergas: Commemoration Held to Honor Firefighters' Sacrifice]. Il Messaggero (in Italian). Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
111. Emergencias de la historia reciente en el distrito de Cartagena 1965–2021 [Emergencies in Recent History in the Cartagena District 1965–2021] (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Oficina Asesora para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres de Cartagena. June 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
112. State Ex Rel. Vapor Corp. v. Narick, 320 S.E.2d 345 (W. Va. 12 July 1984), archived from the original.
113. "Three Killed in Liquid Oxygen Blast". Charleston Gazette. 1 February 1978. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022.
114. Railroad Accident Report: St. Louis Southwestern Railway Company Freight Train Derailment and Rupture of Vinyl Chloride Tank Car – Lewisville, Arkansas, March 29, 1978 (PDF) (Report). Report no. NTSB-RAR-78-8. Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 7 December 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
115. The 100 Largest Losses 1978–2017: Large Property Damage Losses in the Hydrocarbon Industry (PDF) (Report) (25th ed.). Marsh. March 2018. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
116. Pietersen & Cendejas Huerta (1985), p. 67.
117. Pipeline Accident Report: Mid-America Pipeline System Liquefied Petroleum Gas Pipeline Rupture and Fire – Donnellson, Iowa – August 4, 1978 (PDF) (Report). NTSB-PAR-79-1. Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 3 May 1979. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
118. AP (25 November 1978). "Train's Speed Blamed". The Victoria Advocate. Vol. 133rd Year, no. 201. p. 2D. Retrieved 18 February 2024 – via Google Books.
119. "BLEVE of an LPG Tank Truck at a Petrol Station". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 10026. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
120. "7117". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 7117. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
121. Railroad Accident Report: Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company Freigh Train Derailment and Puncture of Hazardous Materials Tank Cars – Crestview, Florida – April 8, 1979 (PDF) (Report). Report no. NTSB-RAR-79-11. Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 13 September 1979. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
122. Marine Casualty Report: MV Inca Tupac Yupanqui, TB Panama City, Tug Capt. Norman; Collision in The Lower Mississippi River on 30 August 1979 with Loss of Life (PDF) (Report). Report no. USCG 16732/01281. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Coast Guard. 10 May 1983. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
123. DeSteese (1982), p. H.19.
124. Arturson, G. (1987). "The Tragedy of San Juanico—the Most Severe LPG Disaster in History". Burns. 13 (2): 87–102. doi:10.1016/0305-4179(87)90096-9. eISSN 1879-1409. ISSN 0305-4179. PMID 3580941.
125. "7119". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 7119 (in French). Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
126. "5636". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 5636 (in French). Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
127. Mannan (2012), p. 2542.
128. Highway Accident Report: Multiple Vehicle Collision and Fire, U.S. Route 101, Los Angeles, California, March 3, 1980 (PDF) (Report). Report no. NTSB-HAR-80-5. Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 9 September 1980. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
129. Valero, Francisco (3 August 2021). "Estación Montaña, a 40 años de la tragedia" [Montaña Train Station, 40 Years On from the Tragedy]. Plurinominal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
130. "7593". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 7593 (in French). Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
131. Pietersen & Cendejas Huerta (1985), p. 3.3.
132. "Twenty-five Alberta Families Will Be Kept from Their Homes..." UPI. 29 June 1982. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
133. Mannan (2012), p. 2543.
134. Railroad Accident Report: Derailment of Illinois Central Gulf Railroad Freight Train Extra 9629 (GS-2-28) and Release of Hazardous Materials at Livingston, Louisiana – September 28, 1982 (PDF) (Report). Report no. NTSB/RAR-83/05. Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 10 August 1983. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
135. Marcus, Frances Frank (12 December 1982). "20,000 Flee Louisiana Area After Chemical Plant Blast". The New York Times. p. 1/30. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
136. Quarantelli, E.L. (May 1983). Evacuation Behavior: Case Study of the Taft Louisiana Chemical Tank Explosion Incident (PDF) (Report). Report no. AD-A133 993. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2024.
137. "8288". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 8288 (in French). Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
138. "PEMEX LPG Terminal, Mexico City, Mexico. 19th November 1984". Health and Safety Executive. 19 November 1984. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
139. Casal (2008), pp. 12–13.
140. Casal (2008), p. 148.
141. Railroad Accident Report: Derailment of St. Louis Southwestern Railway Company (Cotton Belt) Freight Train Extra 4835 North and Release of Hazardous Materials near Pine Bluff, Arkansas – June 9, 1985 (PDF) (Report). Report no. NTSB/RA-86/04. Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 7 October 1986. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
142. Leiber, Carl-Otto (2003). Assessment of Safety and Risk with a Microscopic Model of Detonation. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science. p. 305. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-51332-8.X5000-9. ISBN 978-0-444-51332-8.
143. Courtney, Neil (1987). "Fire Record". Fire Journal. Vol. 81, no. 4. National Fire Protection Association. pp. 22–29. ISSN 0015-2617. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
144. Mounter, Brendan (17 August 2017). "Cairns LPG explosion 30 Years Ago Is Australia's Biggest LPG Disaster". ABC News. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
145. "Explosion réservoirs GPL (BLEVE)". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 135 (in French). Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
146. "Blast and Bleve of a Petrol Products Plant". Joint Research Centre. eMARS database accident ID 000620. 5 April 2009. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
147. Chiappari, Osvaldo; Ruggiero, Raffaele; Zonato, Cristina (20 December 2002). Attività ispettiva ai sensi del D.M. 5 novembre 1997 – Stabilimento Atofina Italia S.r.l. di Spinetta Marengo (AL) - Rapporto conclusivo [Inspection Activity per the Ministerial Decree of 5 November 1997 – Atofina Italia S.r.l. Plant in Spinetta Marengo (AL) – Final Report] (PDF) (Report) (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
148. Spitzenberger, Cynthia; Flechas, Tatiana (June 2023). "Carbon Dioxide Major Accident Hazards Awareness" (PDF). CEP Magazine. pp. 33–38. ISSN 0360-7275. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
149. Clayton, W. Edward; Griffin, Michael L. (October 1994). "Catastrophic Failure of a Liquid Carbon Dioxide Storage Vessel". Process Safety Progress. 13 (4): 202–209. doi:10.1002/prs.680130405. eISSN 1547-5913. ISSN 1066-8527. S2CID 110243822.
150. Railroad Accident Report: Derailment of Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company's Train No. 584 and Subsequent Rupture of Tank Car Containing Liquefied Petroleum Gas – Waverly, Tennessee – February 22, 1978 (PDF) (Report). Report no. NTSB-RAR-79-1. Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 8 February 1979. doi:10.21949/1510178. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
151. Shebeko, Yu.N.; Shevchuck, A.P.; Smolin, I.M. (October 1996). "BLEVE Prevention Using Vent Devices". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 50 (2–3): 227–238. Bibcode:1996JHzM...50..227S. doi:10.1016/0304-3894(96)01777-3. eISSN 1873-3336. ISSN 0304-3894.
152. "1990–1999". Boral. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
153. Kobayashi, Hideo. "Explosion of Liquefied Nitrogen Storage Tank by Closing Shutoff Valve for Safety Valve" (PDF). Association for the Study of Failure. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
154. Havens, Jerry (12 September 2000). Analysis of Flammability Hazards Associated with the Use of Tear Gas at the Branch Davidian Complex – Waco, Texas – April 19, 1993 - 2000 (PDF) (Report). Fayetteville, Ark. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
155. "The Warwick Explosion: A Case Study". Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on 1 May 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
156. Khan, Faisal I.; Abbasi, S.A. (5 September 1999). "Major Accidents in Process Industries and an Analysis of Causes and Consequences". Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 12 (5): 361–378. Bibcode:1999JLPPI..12..361K. doi:10.1016/S0950-4230(98)00062-X. eISSN 1873-3352. ISSN 0950-4230.
157. Zenier, Fausto; Antonello, Franco; Dattilo, Fabio; Rosa, L. (1 January 2001). "Investigation of an LPG Accident with Different Mathematical Model Applications". International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management. 2 (3–4): 340–351. doi:10.1504/IJRAM.2001.001515. eISSN 1741-5241. ISSN 1466-8297.
158. Parkas, Ruggero (19 March 1996). "Rogo in galleria: cinque morti" [Tunnel Inferno, Five Dead] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
159. "IChemE's Accident Database" (PDF). Institution of Chemical Engineers. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
160. "11147". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 11147 (in French). Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
161. "NFPA Fire Investigations: BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion)". Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
162. Investigation Report: Propane Tank Explosion (2 Deaths, 7 Injuries) (Report). Report no. 98-007-I-IA. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. 23 June 1999. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
163. "Accident on a Filling Centre". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 15518. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
164. Chalaris, Michail (2019). Analysis of BLEVE Scenario in the LPG Tank: A Case Study at the Kamena Vourla Incident (PDF). Safe Corfu 2019: 6th International Conference on Civil Protection & New Technologies – 6–9 November, Corfu Island, Greece. Safe Greece. pp. I-74–I-77. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
165. Railway Investigation Report: Derailment and Collision – Canadian National Train No. U-783-21-30 and Train No. M-306-31-30 – Mile 50.84, Saint-Hyacinthe Subdivision – Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec – 30 December 1999 (PDF) (Report). Report no. R99H0010. Gatineau, Quebec: Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
166. "17560". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 17560 (in French). Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
167. "17716". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 17716 (in French). Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
168. Railroad Accident Report: Derailment of Union Pacific Railroad Train QFPLI-26 at Eunice, Louisiana, May 27, 2000 (PDF) (Report). Report no. NTSB/RAR-02/03. Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 2 April 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
169. "Recall: Propane Cylinders Recalled by AmeriGas Propane L.P." Justia. Release #00-152. 28 July 2000. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
170. Abbasi, Tasneem; Ramyapriya, R.; Tauseef, S.M.; Abbasi, S.A. (December 2017). "Accidents Occurring During Transportation of Hazardous Substances and Modeling of Their Consequences". International Journal of Engineering, Science and Mathematics. 6 (8): 185–219. eISSN 2320-0294.
171. "19913". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 19913 (in French). Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
172. Tremblay, Kenneth J. (2002). "Fire Watch". NFPA Journal. Vol. 91, no. 1. National Fire Protection Association. pp. 18–22. ISSN 1054-8793. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
173. "Chemical Plant Fire Kills 3 in Michigan". CNN. 14 July 2001. Archived from the original on 16 August 2004. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
174. "Explosion of a Railroad Tank Car Containing Toxic Gas – July 14; 2001 – Riverview – [Michigan] – United States" (PDF). Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 20821. October 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
175. Hazardous Materials Accident Report: Hazardous Materials Release from Railroad Tank Car with Subsequent Fire at Riverview, Michigan – July 14, 2001 (PDF) (Report). Report no. NTSB/HZM-02/01. Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 26 June 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
176. "21782". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 21782 (in French). Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
177. Planas-Cuchi, Eulàlia; Gasulla, Núria; Ventosa, Albert; Casal, Joaquim (2004). "Explosion of a Road Tanker Containing Liquified Natural Gas". Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 17 (4): 315–321. Bibcode:2004JLPPI..17..315P. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2004.05.005. eISSN 1873-3352. ISSN 0950-4230.
178. "22756". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 22756 (in French). Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
179. "24261". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 24261. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
180. "Luck Was with Newton in 2003 Propane Explosion". New Jersey Herald. 14 March 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
181. "Explosions in a Petrol Station". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 24999. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
182. "Explosion Followed by Fire on a Propane Tank". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 25887. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
183. "BLEVE on a Heavy Vehicle Carrying Hydrocarbons". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 25956. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
184. "30004". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 30004 (in French). Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
185. "30122". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 30122. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
186. "Fire at Praxair St. Louis_ Dangers of Propylene Cylinders in High Temperatures" (PDF). U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. Safety Bulletin no. 2005-05-B. June 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
187. "Fire at an Automotive Equipment Manufacturing Plant". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 31730. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
188. "Fire in a Special Industrial Waste Treatment Plant". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 32593. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
189. "Fires and BLEVE of LPG Tanker Lorries – 7 May 2007 – Dagneux (Ain) – France" (PDF). Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 33085. May 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
190. Lawlor, Maureen (10 August 2018). "10-year Anniversary of the Sunrise Propane Explosion". CityNews. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
191. Destroyed in Seconds. Season 1. Episode 7. 2 October 2008. Discovery Channel.
192. Hansen, Per Morten; Gaathaug, Andre Vagner; Bjerketvedt, Dag; Vaagsaether, Knut (May 2017). "The Behavior of Pressurized Liquefied CO₂ in a Vertical Tube After Venting Through the Top". International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 108, Part B: 2011–2020. Bibcode:2017IJHMT.108.2011H. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.01.035. ISSN 0017-9310.
193. Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for CCS Plant (Report). Fortum Oslo Varme. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2023 – via Miljødirektoratet.
194. "Fires and BLEVE on LPG Tanker Lorries 27 July 2010 – Port-la-Nouvelle (Aude) – France" (PDF). Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 38714. January 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
195. Talbot, Paul (2012). "Chiba Refinery". Loss Control Newsletter. Marsh. pp. 11–13.
196. "Refinery Fire Following Earthquake and Tsunami". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 40258. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
197. Martinez Bonilla, Juan Manuel (2013). "Liquefied Natural Gas Road Tanker Explosion" (PDF). IGT International Liquefied Natural Gas Conference Proceedings. 17: 26–38. ISSN 0197-2782. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
198. "Explosion and Fire on an Acrylic Acid Tank at a Chemical Plant – 29th September 2012 – Himeji – Japan" (PDF). Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 42817. October 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
199. "Fire Fighter Killed in Japan Chemical Plant Explosion". Reuters. 29 September 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
200. Morales Hernández, Daniel Medi; Alcántara Garduño, Martha Elena (2022). "Determinación del área de afectación generada por la explosión de una pipa cargada con gas LP en San Pedro Xalostoc, Edo. de México, México" [Estimation of the Area Impacted by the LPG Tanker Explosion in San Pedro Xalostoc, State of Mexico, Mexico] (PDF). Revista Tendencias en Docencia e Investigación en Química (in Spanish). 8 (8): 157–165. ISSN 2448-6663. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
201. Williams Geismar Olefins Plant: Reboiler Rupture and Fire – Geismar, Louisiana (Report). Report no. 2013-03-I-LA. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. October 2016. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
202. Mishra, Kirti Bhushan (9 March 2016). "Multiple BLEVE's and Fireballs of Gas Bottles: Case of a Russian Road Carrier Accident". Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 41: 60–67. Bibcode:2016JLPPI..41...60M. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2016.03.003. eISSN 1873-3352. ISSN 0950-4230.
203. "44140". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 44140 (in French). Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
204. Davidy, Alon (24 December 2018). "CFD Simulation and Mitigation with Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) Caused by Jet Fire". ChemEngineering. 3 (1): 1. doi:10.3390/chemengineering3010001. ISSN 2305-7084.
205. BNSF Railway Train Derailment and Subsequent Train Collision, Release of Hazardous Materials, and Fire – Casselton, North Dakota (PDF) (Report). National Transportation Safety Board. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
206. Durmuş, Ahmet; Çetinyokuş, Saliha (2022). "Modeling the Physical Effects of the LPG Tanker Accident That Occurred in Diyarbakır Lice". Gazi University Journal of Science ‒ Part C: Design and Technology (in Turkish). 10 (4): 748‒764. doi:10.29109/gujsc.1147339. eISSN 2147-9526.
207. "Fire and Explosions of Tanker Lorries – 3 April 2016 – Bassens (Gironde) – France" (PDF). Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 47856. January 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
208. Pressure Vessel Explosion at Loy-Lange Box Company – Investigation Report (Report). Report no. 2017-04-I-MO. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. 29 July 2022. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
209. "50364". Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA). ARIA no. 50364 (in French). Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
210. "Caught on Camera: BLEVE Sends Propane Tank Toward News Crew". Statter911. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
211. Cocchi, Giovanni (19–24 June 2022). The Bologna LPG BLEVE (PDF). 28th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS). Paper 197. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
212. Mabaso, Motlatsi (10 January 2023). "Boksburg Tanker Explosion 24/12/2022: An Initial Technical Analysis and Lessons Learned". Klass Looch Associates. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
213. Mabaso, Motlatsi (1 September 2023). "Boksburg Blast Victims Deserve Investigation Report That Is Not Buried". The Chemical Engineer. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
214. "Explosion d'un camion de gaz à Fillinges : comment éviter une nouvelle catastrophe ?" [Gas Tank Truck Explosion at Fillinges: How to Avoid Another Catastrophe?]. The Conversation (in French). 5 February 2023. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
215. Vasquez, Lucio (6 April 2023). "A Worker is Suing INEOS for $1 Million After Being Injured During a Plant Explosion in Pasadena". Houston Public Media. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
216. Sessions, Kennedy (23 March 2023). "One Person Hospitalized After Chemical Explosion at Pasadena Facility". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2024.

Sources

• Casal, Joaquim (2008). Evaluation of the Effects and Consequences of Major Accidents in Industrial Plants. Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Oxford, England: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-53081-3.
• DeSteese, J.G. (project coordinator) (May 1982). Assessment of Research and Development (R&D) Needs in LPG Safety and Environmental Control (Report). Report no. PNL-3991. Richland, Wash.: Battelle Memorial Institute. doi:10.2172/7036417. OSTI 7036417. Retrieved 17 February 2024 – via Office of Scientific and Technical Information.
• Glickman, Theodore S. (July 1980). Major Railroad Accidents Involving Hazardous Materials Release: Composite Summaries – 1969–1978 (PDF) (Report). Report no. FRA-RRS-80-04. Cambridge, Mass.: U.S. Department of Transportation – Research and Special Programs Administration – Transportation Systems Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
• Lees, Frank P. (1996). Loss Prevention in the Process Industries (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-1547-8.
• Mannan, Sam (2012). Lees' Loss Prevention in the Process Industries (4th ed.). Kidlington, England and Waltham, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-12-397189-0.
• Pietersen, C.M.; Cendejas Huerta, S. (May 1985). Analysis of the LPG Incident in San Juan Ixhuatepec, Mexico City, 19 November 1984 (PDF) (Report). Report no. R 85/0222. Apeldoorn, The Netherlands: Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek (TNO). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
• Guide méthodologique UFIP pour la réalisation des études de dangers en raffineries, stockages et dépôts de produits liquides et liquéfiés [UFIP Methodological Guide for Carrying Out Hazard Studies in Refineries, Storage and Tank Farms for Liquid and Liquefied Products] (PDF) (Report) (in French). Vol. 1: Règles et critères de base. Puteaux, France: Union française des industries pétrolières (UFIP). July 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2024.