List of heads of state and government who were assassinated or executed

The following is a chronological list of notable heads of governments and heads of state deaths that have resulted from assassination or execution.

This list considers only the incumbent head of state or government. Heads of state or government assassinated or executed after they left office (e.g. Aldo Moro, Saddam Hussein and Shinzo Abe) are excluded.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

List

Target	Title	Date	Place	Country	Assassin or other entity	Ref
Rimush	King of Akkad	2270 BC		Akkadian Empire	His courtiers	[1]
Ashur-nadin-apli	King of Assyria	1194 BC		Middle Assyrian Empire	Ashur-nirari III	[2]
Ramesses III	Pharaoh of Egypt	1155 BC		New Kingdom of Egypt	Tiye, Pentawer, and Pebekkamen, among others Further information: Harem conspiracy
Simbar-shipak	King of Babylon	1008 BC		Babylonia	Ea-mukin-zeri	[3]
Ea-mukin-zeri		1008 BC			Kashshu-nadin-ahi	[4]
Kashshu-nadin-ahi		1005 BC			Eulmash-shakin-shumi	[5]
Titus Tatius	King of the Sabines	748 BC	Rome	Roman Kingdom	Romulus	[6]
Ashur-nirari V	King of Assyria	745 BC		Neo-Assyrian Empire	Tiglath-Pileser III	[7]
Nabu-nadin-zeri	King of Babylon	732 BC	Babylon	Babylonia	Killed in an insurrection by Nabu-suma-ukin II.	[8]
Nabu-suma-ukin II		732 BC			Nabu-mukin-zeri	[9]
Nabu-mukin-zeri		729 BC			Killed during the Assyrian conquest of Babylon by Tiglath-Pileser III.	[10]
Shalmaneser V	King of Assyria	722 BC		Neo-Assyrian Empire	Sargon II	[11]
Mushezib-Marduk	King of Babylon	689 BC	Babylon		Murdered during Sennacherib's sack of Babylon.
Sennacherib	King of Assyria	681 BC	Nineveh		Arda-Mulissu	[12]
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus	King of Rome	579 BC	Rome	Roman Kingdom	The sons of Ancus Marcius
Labashi-Marduk	King of Babylon	556 BC		Neo-Babylonian Empire	Nabonidus and Belshazzar, in concert with the nobles of the court.	[13]
Phalaris	Tyrant of Agrigento	554 BC	Agrigento	Acragas	Telemachus
Servius Tullius	King of Rome	535 BC	Rome	Roman Kingdom	Lucius Tarquinius Superbus	[14]
Hipparchus	Tyrant of Athens	514 BC	Athens	Athens	Harmodius and Aristogeiton	[15]
Xerxes I	Achaemenid King of Kings	August 465 BC	Persia	Achaemenid Persia	Artabanus, commander of the royal bodyguard	[16]
Xerxes II		424 BC	Persepolis		Sogdianus, Xerxes' half-brother	[17]
Sogdianus		423 BC			Darius II, Sogdianus's half-brother	[17]
Dion	Tyrant of Syracuse	354 BC	Syracuse, Sicily	Syracuse	Calippus	[18]
Callippus		352 BC			Leptines II	[19]
Philip II	King of Macedon	October 30, 336 BC	Aigai	Macedonia	Pausanias of Orestis (personal bodyguard)	[20]
Arses	Achaemenid King of Kings	336 BC		Achaemenid Persia	Bagoas	[21]
Seleucus I Nicator	Seleucid Basileus	September 281 BC	Lysimachia, Thrace	Seleucid Empire	Ptolemy Ceraunus	[22]
Antiochus II Theos	Seleucid Basileus	July 246 BC	Anatolia		Laodice I	[23]
Lord Chunshen	Prime Minister of Chu	238 BC	Shouchun	Chu	Li Yuan (李園)	[24]
Seleucus III Ceraunus	Seleucid Basileus	June 223 BC	Anatolia	Seleucid Empire	Members of his army	[25]
Nabis	King of Sparta	192 BC	Sparta	Sparta	Aetolian League	[26]
Brihadratha Maurya	Mauryan Emperor	180 BC	Pataliputra	Maurya Empire	Pushyamitra Shunga	[27]
Seleucus IV Philopator	Seleucid Basileus	September 3, 175 BC	Coele-Syria	Seleucid Empire	Heliodorus	[28]
Alexander Balas		August 145 BC	Afrin River		Zabdiel	[29]
Antiochus VI Dionysus		142 BC	Coele-Syria		Diodotus Tryphon	[30]
Hiempsal I	King of Numidia	117 BC	Cirta	Numidia	Jugurtha	[31][32]
Julius Caesar	Dictator of Rome	March 15, 44 BC	Theatre of Pompey, Rome	Roman Republic	Liberatores	[33]
Caligula	Emperor of Rome	January 24, 41	Rome	Roman Empire	Praetorian Guard	[34]
Claudius		October 13, 54			Agrippina the Younger	[35][36]
Galba		January 15, 69			Praetorian Guard under orders from Otho	[37]
Vitellius		December 22, 69			Vespasian's troops.	[38]
Domitian		September 18, 96			Stephanus, steward to Julia Flavia	[39]
Commodus		December 31, 192			Narcissus	[40][41]
Pertinax		March 28, 193			Praetorian Guard	[42]
Didius Julianus		June 1, 193				[43]
Geta		December 26, 211			Centurions under orders of Caracalla	[44]
Caracalla		April 8, 217	Near Carrhae		Justin Martialis, at instigation of Macrinus	[45]
Macrinus and Diadumenian	Co-Emperors of Rome	June 8, 218	Cappadocia		Forces of Elagabalus	[46][47][48]
Elagabalus	Emperor of Rome	March 11, 222	Rome		Praetorian Guard under orders of Julia Maesa and Julia Mamaea	[49]
Severus Alexander		March 19, 235	Mainz, Germania Superior		Legio XXII Primigenia	[50]
Maximinus Thrax		May 238	Aquileia		Soldiers of the Legio II Parthica	[51]
Pupienus and Balbinus	Co-Emperors of Rome	July 29, 238	Rome		Praetorian Guard
Gordian III	Emperor of Rome	February 20, 244	Circesium		His own army	[52]
Philip I the Arab	Co-Emperors of Rome	September 249	Verona		Betrayed by Decius and killed as a result of the Battle of Verona.	[53][54]
Philip II			Rome		Murdered by the Praetorian Guard.	[53][54]
Volusianus	Co-Emperors of Rome	August 253	Terni		Assassinated by their own centurions, in favour of Aemilian.	[55]
Trebonianus Gallus
Aemilianus	Emperor of Rome	September 253	Spoleto		Assassinated by his own troops.	[55]
Saloninus		260	Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium		Revolting troops, led by Postumus
Gallienus		September 268	Mediolanum		Aurelius Heraclianus	[56]
Postumus	Emperor of Gaul	269	Mainz	Gallic Empire	His own troops	[57][58]
Marcus Aurelius Marius		Mid 269	Trier		Victorinus	[59]
Victorinus		Early 271	Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium		Attitianus, one of his soldiers.	[60]
Aurelian	Emperor of Rome	September 25, 275	Çorlu	Roman Empire	Mucapor and members of the Praetorian Guard
Florianus		September 276	Tarsus		Centurions	[61][62]
Probus		September 282	Sirmium		His own soldiers	[63]
Numerian		November 20, 284	Homs		Lucius Flavius Aper	[64]
Carinus		July 285	River Margus, Moesia		Titus Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus	[65]
Carausius	Emperor of Britannia	293		Britannia	Allectus	[66]
Bunseo	King of Baekje	304	Lelang Commandery	Baekje	Hwang-Chang-Lang
Constans	Emperor of Rome	February 350	Elne, Gaul	Roman Empire	Magnentius	[67]
Nepotianus		June 30, 350	Rome		Marcellinus
Gratian		August 25, 383	Lyon		Andragathius	[68][69]
Magnus Maximus		August 28, 388	Aquileia		Theodosius I	[70][71]
Victor			Trier		Arbogast
Valentinian II		May 15, 392	Vienne			[72]
Eugenius	Western Roman Emperor	September 6, 394	Frigidus River	Western Roman Empire	Theodosius I	[73]
Constantine III	Co-Western Roman Emperors	c. September 18, 411	Ravenna		Constantius III	[74][75]
Constans II			Vienne		Gerontius	[74][75]
Joannes	Western Roman Emperor	June 425	Aquileia		Ardabur	[76]
Hassan Yuha'min	King of Himyar	448		Iraq	Sharhabil Yafar	[77]
Valentinian III	Western Roman Emperor	March 16, 455	Rome	Western Roman Empire	Followers of Flavius Aetius	[78]
Ankō	Emperor of Japan	456		Kofun Japan	Mayowa no Ōkimi	[79]
Majorian	Western Roman Emperor	August 7, 461	Tortona	Western Roman Empire	Ricimer	[80]
Libius Severus		August 15, 465	Rome			[81]
Anthemius		July 11, 472				[82][83]
Julius Nepos		June 22, 480	Salona		Two retainers at the instigation of Glycerius	[84]
Odoacer	King of Italy	March 15, 493	Ravenna	Kingdom of Italy	Theodoric	[85][86]
Dhu Shanatir	King of Himyar	517	Zafar	Himyarite Kingdom	Dhu Nuwas	[77]
Bahram Chobin	Sasanian Shahanshah	591	Fergana	Western Turkic Khaganate	Murdered under order of Khosrow II.	[87]
Sushun	Emperor of Japan	592		Asuka Japan	Yamato no Aya no Ataikoma, under the orders of Soga no Umako
Maurice	Emperor of the Romans	November 22, 602	Chalcedon	Byzantine Empire	Overthrown and Executed by Phocas
Phocas		October 4, 610	Constantinople		Overthrown and executed by Heraclius
Emperor Yang of Sui	Emperor of China	April 11, 618	Danyang, Jiangsu	Sui China	Yuwen Huaji and other officials in a coup d'état
Umar	Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate	November 3, 644	Medina, Arabia	Rashidun Caliphate	Abu Lulu
Uthman		June 17, 656			Egyptian rebels
Ali ibn Abi Talib		January 29, 661	Kufa		Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam
Constans II	Emperor of the Romans	September 15, 668	Syracuse	Byzantine Empire	By an attendant while in the bath	[88]
Tiberios III Apsimar		February 706	Constantinople		Executed by Justinian II
Justinian II		December 711			Overthrown and executed in a military revolt led by Phillipikos
Leo V "The Armenian"		December 24, 820			Assassinated as part of a conspiracy in support of the imprisoned Michael the Amorian	[89]
Michael III		September 23, 867			Basil the Macedonian
John VIII	Pope	December 16, 882	Rome	Papal States	Clerics	[90]
Emperor Zhaozong of Tang	Emperor of China	September 22, 904	Luoyang	Tang dynasty	Zhu Wen
Wenceslaus I	Duke of Bohemia	September 28, 935	Brandýs nad Labem-Stará Boleslav	Duchy of Bohemia	Boleslaus I
Edmund I	King of the English	May 26, 946	Pucklechurch	England	Leofa, a convicted outlaw
Nikephoros II Phokas	Emperor of the Romans	December 11, 969	Constantinople	Byzantine Empire	John I Tzimiskes
Edward the Martyr	King of the English	March 18, 978	Corfe Castle, Corfe Castle (village)[91]	England	Ælfthryth
Kenneth II	King of Alba	995	Fettercairn	Scotland	Finella
Brian Boru	High King of Ireland	April 23, 1014	Clontarf, Dublin	Ireland	Brodir and Ospak of Man
Boniface III	Margrave of Tuscany	May 6, 1052	Oglio	March of Tuscany	Scarpetta Carnevari
Alp Arslan	Sultan of the Seljuk Empire	November 25, 1072	Khwarazm	Seljuk Empire	Yussuf al-Kharezmi
Nizam al-Mulk	Vizier of the Seljuk Empire	October 14, 1092	Nahavand	Seljuk Empire	Order of Assassins
Thoros	Lord of Edessa	March 9, 1098		Edessa	Mob incited by Baldwin of Boulogne
Conrad	Bishop of Utrecht	April 14, 1099	Utrecht	Utrecht	A Frisian
William II	King of England	August 2, 1100	The New Forest	England	Walter Tirel
Al-Afdal Shahanshah	Vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate	December 11, 1121		Fatimid Caliphate	Team of three rafiqs from the Order of Assassins[92]
Charles I	Count of Flanders	March 2, 1127	Bruges	Flanders	A group of knights answering to the Erembald family
Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah	Caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate	October 7, 1130	Cairo	Fatimid Caliphate	team of 7 rafiqs from the Order of Assassins
Al-Mustarshid	Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate	August 29, 1135	Maragheh or Hamadan	Abbasid Caliphate	team of rafiqs from the Order of Assassins
Harald Gille	King of Norway	December 14, 1136	Bergen	Norway	Sigurd Slembe
Eric II	King of Denmark	September 18, 1137	Urnohoved	Denmark	Murdered by Sorte Plov during a Ting	[93]
Al-Rashid	Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate	June 6, 1138	Mosul or Isfahan	Abbasid Caliphate	a team of men in his service (Order of Assassins)
Imad al-Din Zengi	Emir of the Zengid dynasty	September 14, 1146	Qal'at Ja'bar	Seljuk Empire	Yarankash
Raymond II	Count of Tripoli	1152	Tripoli's southern city gate	County of Tripoli	Order of Assassins
Sverker I	King of Sweden	December 25, 1156	Alvastra	Sweden	A trusted servant
Canute V	Triarchial King of Denmark	August 9, 1157	Roskilde	Denmark	Killed under the Roskilde Bloodbath	[94]
Eric IX	King of Sweden	May 18, 1160	Uppsala	Sweden	Magnus II
Charles VII		April 12, 1167	Visingsö		Supporters of Knut Eriksson
Alaungsithu	King of Pagan	1167	Shwegugyi Temple	Pagan Kingdom	His son Narathu
Andronikos I Komnenos	Emperor of the Romans	September 11, 1185	Constantinople	Byzantine Empire	Lynched by a popular uprising instigated by Isaac Angelos
Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair	King of Connacht	1189	Clanconway	Kingdom of Connacht	Assassins instigated by Conchobar ua nDiarmata
Conrad of Montferrat	de facto King of Jerusalem	April 28, 1192	Acre, en route to his house	Kingdom of Jerusalem	Order of Assassins
Ivan Asen I	Tsar of Bulgaria	1196	Tarnovo	Bulgarian Empire	Ivanko
Peter II		1197	Preslav		Unknown, possibly in a riot or as the result of a conspiracy.
Alexios IV Angelos	Emperor of the Romans	February 8, 1204	Constantinople	Byzantine Empire	Deposed and executed by Alexios Doukas
Alexios V Doukas		December 1204			Executed by the participants of the Fourth Crusade
Baldwin I	Emperor of the Romans	1205	Tarnovo	Latin Empire	Kaloyan, Tsar of Bulgaria
Boniface of Montferrat	King of Thessalonica and Marquis of Montferrat	September 4, 1207	Thrace	Montferrat & Thessalonica	Murdered by Bulgarian Peasants, believed to be acting on the orders of Kaloyan
Kaloyan	Tsar of Bulgaria	October 1207	Thessaloniki	Bulgarian Empire	Unknown, believed to be Manastras, the Captain of his Mercenaries
Han Tuozhou	Grand Chancellor of the Song dynasty	1207	Hangzhou	Song dynasty	Shi Miyuan
Philip of Swabia	King of Germany	June 21, 1208	Bamberg, Franconia	Kingdom of Germany	Otto VIII, Count Palatine of Bavaria
Csépán Győr	Palatine of Hungary	1209		Hungary	Tiba Tomaj
Minamoto no Sanetomo	Shōgun	February 13, 1219	Tsurugaoka Hachimangū	Kamakura shogunate	Kugyō
Eric IV	King of Denmark	August 10, 1250	Gottorf Castle	Denmark	Abel of Denmark
Michael II Asen	Tsar of Bulgaria	1256	Tarnovo	Bulgarian Empire	Kaliman II Asen
Kaliman II Asen					His co-conspirators from the assassination of Michael II
Qutuz	Sultan of Egypt	October 24, 1260	Salihiyah [ar]	Mamluk Sultanate	Baibars
Eric V	King of Denmark	November 22, 1286	Finderup, Viborg	Denmark	Unknown, believed to be a conspiracy by Danish nobles
Ladislaus IV	King of Hungary	July 10, 1290	Körösszeg	Hungary	Three Cumans, named Árbóc, Törtel, and Kemence
Przemysł II	King of Poland	February 8, 1296	Rogoźno	Kingdom of Poland	Brandenburg assassins
Floris V	Count of Holland	June 27, 1296	Muiderberg	Holland	Gerard van Velsen
Chaka	Tsar of Bulgaria	1300	Tarnovo	Bulgarian Empire	Theodore Svetoslav
Wenceslaus III	King of Bohemia	August 4, 1306	Olomouc	Bohemia	Unidentified assassin
Albert I	King of Germany	May 1, 1308	Windisch	Further Austria	John Parricida
Gegeen Khan	Emperor of the Yuan dynasty	September 4, 1323	Nanpo	Yuan dynasty	Tegshi
Yagi Basti	Ruler of Shiraz	1344	Tabriz	Chobanid realm	Malek Ashraf
Haidar Qassāb	Head of the Sarbadars	1356		Sarbadar state	By a Turkish slave
Peter the Cruel	King of Castile	March 23, 1369	Montiel	Toledo	Henry II
Murad I	Sultan of The Ottoman Empire	June 28, 1389	Kosovo Field	Serbian Empire ( Branković)	Lazar Hrebeljanović
Louis I	Duke of Orléans	November 23, 1407	Le Marais	Orléans	15 masked assassins under the orders of John the Fearless
Gian Maria Visconti	Duke of Milan	May 16, 1412	Milan	Milan	Guelphs and Ghibellines
John the Fearless	Duke of Burgundy	September 10, 1419	Montereau-Fault-Yonne	Burgundy	Tanneguy du Chastel
Abu Said	Ruler of Qara Qoyunlu	1430	Qara Qoyunlu	Qara Qoyunlu	Iskandar
Iskandar	Ruler of Qara Qoyunlu	1436	Alinja Tower	Qara Qoyunlu	Jahan Shah
Ashikaga Yoshinori	Shōgun	July 12, 1441	Muromachi Japan	Ashikaga shogunate	Akamatsu Mitsusuke
Hasan Ali	Ruler of Qara Qoyunlu	1468	Hamadan	Qara Qoyunlu	Ughurlu Muhammad
Mirza Yusuf	Ruler of Qara Qoyunlu	October 22, 1469	Shiraz	Qara Qoyunlu	Ughurlu Muhammad
Henry VI	King of England	May 21, 1471	Tower of London	England	Edward IV
Giuliano de' Medici	Lord of Florence	April 26, 1478	Florence Cathedral	Florence	Francesco de' Pazzi
James III	King of Scotland	June 11, 1488	Sauchieburn	Scotland	Rebels, led by James IV
Ahmad Shah of Malacca	Sultan of Malacca	1513	Riau Islands	Malacca Sultanate	Mahmud Shah of Malacca
Alessandro de' Medici	Lord of Florence	January 6, 1537	Florence	Florence	Lorenzino de' Medici
Francisco Pizarro	Governor of New Castile	June 26, 1541	Lima	Spanish New Castile	Diego de Almagro II
Worawongsathirat	King of Siam	November 11, 1548	Lopburi	Ayutthaya Kingdom	Maha Thammaracha
Tabinshwehti	King of Burma	April 30, 1550	Pantanaw	Toungoo dynasty	Smim Sawhtut
Ashikaga Yoshiteru	Shōgun	June 17, 1565	Nijō Castle	Ashikaga shogunate	Miyoshi Yoshitsugu
James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray	Regent of Scotland	January 23, 1570	Linlithgow	Kingdom of Scotland	James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha	Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire	October 11, 1579	Istanbul	Ottoman Empire	Order of Assassins
William the Silent	Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht and Friesland	July 10, 1584	Delft	Dutch Republic	Balthasar Gérard
Henry III	King of France	August 1, 1589	Saint-Cloud	France	Jacques Clément
Michael the Brave	Prince of Wallachia	August 9, 1601	Turda	Wallachia	Giorgio Basta
Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak	Grand Vizier of the Mughal empire	August 12, 1602	Deccan	Mughal Empire	Vir Singh Deo
Henry IV	King of France	May 14, 1610	Paris	France	François Ravaillac
Concino Concini	Chief minister of France	April 24, 1617			Guards under orders of Louis XIII
Osman II	Sultan of the Ottoman Empire	May 20, 1622	Yedikule Fortress, Istanbul	Ottoman Empire	Janissaries
Anaukpetlun	King of Burma	July 9, 1628	Bago, Myanmar	Toungoo dynasty	Minyedeippa, his son
Saru Taqi	Grand Vizier of Safavid Empire	October 11, 1645	Isfahan	Persia	Jani Khan
Zhu Yujian	Emperor of the Great Ming	October 6, 1646	Fujian	Southern Ming	Qing soldiers
Charles I	King of England, Scotland and Ireland	January 30, 1649	Whitehall, London	England  Scotland  Ireland	High Court of Justice Further information: Execution of Charles I and List of regicides of Charles I
Mahmud II of Johor	Sultan of Johor	September 3, 1699	Kota Tinggi, Johor	Johor Sultanate	Megat Sri Rama
Daniel Parke	Governor of the Leeward Islands	December 7, 1710	Antigua	British Leeward Islands	By an angry mob
Abdul Aziz Hotak	Emir of Afghanistan	1717	Kandahar	Hotak dynasty	Mahmud Hotak
Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda	Governor-General of the Philippines	October 11, 1719	Palacio del Gobernador, Manila	Spanish Philippines	Francisco de la Cuesta
Mahmud Hotak	Emir of Afghanistan	April 22, 1725	Isfahan	Hotak dynasty	Ashraf Hotak
Nader Shah	Shahanshah of Iran	June 20, 1747	Quchan	Persia	Salah Bey
Ebrahim Afshar	Shahanshah of Iran	September 24, 1748	Afsharid Iran	Afsharid Iran	His troops
Peter III	Emperor of Russia	July 17, 1762	Ropsha	Russian Empire	Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov
Zaki Khan Zand	Shahanshah of Iran	June 6, 1779	Izadkhast	Zand dynasty	Rebellious tribal leaders
Jafar Khan	Shahanshah of Iran	January 23, 1789	Arg of Karim Khan	Zand dynasty	Sayed Morad Khan
Sayed Morad Khan	Shahanshah of Iran	May 10, 1789	Shiraz	Zand dynasty	Lotf Ali Khan
Gustav III	King of Sweden	March 16, 1792 (d. March 29, 1792)	Stockholm	Sweden	Jacob Johan Anckarström
Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar	Shahanshah of Iran	June 17, 1797	Shusha	Qajar Empire	A Georgian servant named Sadeq and a valet called Khodadad-e Esfahani, both of whom were due to be executed.
Paul I	Emperor of Russia	March 23, 1801	St. Petersburg	Russia	Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, José de Ribas, Vladimir Mikhailovich Yashvil and Nikolay Zubov
Kirtiman Singh Basnyat	Mulkaji of Nepal	September 28, 1801	Kathmandu	Kingdom of Nepal	Supporters of Raj Rajeshwari Devi	[95]
Jean-Jacques Dessalines	Emperor of Haiti	October 17, 1806	Pont Rouge	Haiti	Unknown	[96]
Spencer Perceval	Prime Minister of the United Kingdom	May 11, 1812	Westminster	United Kingdom	John Bellingham Further information: Assassination of Spencer Perceval	[97]
Shaka	King of the Zulus	September 22, 1828	KwaDukuza	Zulu Kingdom	Dingane and Mhlangana, Shaka's younger brothers
Pedro Blanco Soto	President of Bolivia	January 1, 1829	Sucre	Bolivia	Unknown
Ioannis Kapodistrias	Governor of the Hellenic State	October 9, 1831	Nafplion	Greece	Konstantis and Georgios Mavromichalis
Felipe Santiago Salaverry	President of Peru	February 18, 1836	Arequipa	Peru	Andrés de Santa Cruz
Mathabarsingh Thapa	Prime Minister of Nepal	May 17, 1845	Kathmandu	Kingdom of Nepal	Jung Bahadur Kunwar and his brothers
Fateh Jung Shah		September 14, 1846	Hanuman Dhoka
João Maria Ferreira do Amaral	Governor of Macau	August 22, 1849	Macau	Portuguese Macau	Shen Zhiliang and six other Chinese men
Charles III	Duke of Parma	March 26, 1854	Parma	Parma	Unknown
Danilo I	Prince of Montenegro	August 13, 1860	Kotor	Montenegro	Todor Kadić
José Santos Guardiola	President of Honduras	January 11, 1862	Comayagua	Honduras	His personal body guard
Barbu Catargiu	Prime Minister of Romania	June 20, 1862	Bucharest	Romania	Unknown
Radama II	King of Madagascar	May 12, 1863	Rova of Antananarivo	Merina Kingdom	Soldiers under orders of Rainivoninahitriniony
Abraham Lincoln	President of the United States	April 14, 1865 (d. April 15, 1865)	Washington, D.C.	United States	John Wilkes Booth Further information: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln	[98]
Venancio Flores	President of Uruguay	February 19, 1868	Montevideo	Uruguay	Unknown assailants, presumably of Blanco political faction
Mihailo Obrenović	Prince of Serbia	June 10, 1868	Belgrade	Serbia	Pavle Radovanović, Kosta Radovanović
Juan Prim	Prime Minister of Spain	December 30, 1870	Madrid	Spain	Unknown
Richard Bourke	Governor-General of India	February 8, 1872	Port Blair	British India	Sher Ali Afridi
José Balta	President of Peru	July 22, 1872	Lima	Peru	Tomás Gutiérrez
Tomás Gutiérrez		July 26, 1872			Military coup d'état
Gabriel García Moreno	President of Ecuador	August 6, 1875	Quito	Ecuador	Faustino Rayo
Juan Bautista Gill	President of Paraguay	April 12, 1877	Asunción	Paraguay	Nicanor Silvano Godoi
Alexander II	Emperor of Russia	March 13, 1881	St. Petersburg	Russia	Narodnaya Volya	[99]
James A. Garfield	President of the United States	July 2, 1881 (d. September 19, 1881)	Washington, D.C.	United States	Charles J. Guiteau Further information: Assassination of James A. Garfield	[100]
Ranodip Singh Kunwar	Prime Minister of Nepal	November 22, 1885	Kathmandu	Kingdom of Nepal	Khadga Shumsher, Chandra Shumsher, and Dambar Shumsher
Sadi Carnot	President of France	June 24, 1894	Lyon	France	Sante Geronimo Caserio
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar	Shah of Iran	May 1, 1896	Tehran	Iran	Mirza Reza Kermani
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo	Prime Minister of Spain	August 8, 1897	Mondragón	Spain	Michele Angiolillo
Juan Idiarte Borda	President of Uruguay	August 25, 1897	Montevideo	Uruguay	Avelino Arredondo
José María Reina Barrios	President of Guatemala	February 8, 1898	Ciudad de Guatemala	Guatemala	Edgar Zollinger
Ulises Heureaux	President of the Dominican Republic	July 26, 1899	Moca	Dominican Republic	Ramón Cáceres
Umberto I	King of Italy	July 29, 1900	Monza	Italy	Gaetano Bresci
William McKinley	President of the United States	September 6, 1901 (d. September 14, 1901)	Buffalo, New York	United States	Leon Czolgosz Further information: Assassination of William McKinley
Alexander I	King of Serbia	June 11, 1903	Belgrade	Serbia	May Overthrow
Dimitrije Cincar-Marković	Prime Minister of Serbia
Nikolay Bobrikov	Governor-General of Finland	June 16, 1904	Helsinki	Grand Duchy of Finland	Eugen Schauman Further information: Assassination of Nikolay Bobrikov
Xavier Coppolani	Governor of Mauritania	May 12, 1905	Adrar	French Mauritania	Gudfiyya brotherhood
Mutaib bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid	Emir of Jabal Shammar	December 27, 1906	Al-Ahaimar	Emirate of Jabal Shammar	Sultan bin Hamoud Al Rashid
Dimitar Petkov	Prime Minister of Bulgaria	March 11, 1907	Sofia	Bulgaria	By an unnamed anarchist
Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Amin al-Soltan	Prime Minister of Iran	August 31, 1907	Tehran	Iran	Abbas Aqa Tabrizi (fa)
Carlos I	King of Portugal	February 1, 1908	Lisbon	Portugal	Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buíça
Guangxu Emperor	Emperor of China	November 14, 1908	Imperial City, Beijing	Qing China	Unknown	[101]
Boutros Ghali	Prime Minister of Egypt	February 21, 1910	Cairo	Egypt	Watani Party member
Pyotr Stolypin	Prime Minister of Russia	September 18, 1911	Kiev	Russian Empire	Dmitry Bogrov
Ramón Cáceres	President of the Dominican Republic	November 19, 1911	Santo Domingo	Dominican Republic	Rebels
José Canalejas y Méndez	Prime Minister of Spain	November 12, 1912	Madrid	Spain	Manuel Pardiñas
Manuel Enrique Araujo	President of El Salvador	February 9, 1913	San Salvador	El Salvador	Mulatilo Virgilio, Fermin Perez and Fabian Graciano
Francisco I. Madero	President of Mexico	February 22, 1913	Mexico City	Mexico	Francisco Cárdenas	[102]
George I	King of Greece	March 18, 1913	Thessaloniki	Greece	Alexandros Schinas Further information: Assassination of George I of Greece
Mahmud Shevket Pasha	Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire	June 11, 1913	Istanbul	Ottoman Empire	Relative of Nazım Pasha
Vilbrun Guillaume Sam	President of Haiti	July 27, 1915	Port-au-Prince	Haiti	Numerous assailants
Karl von Stürgkh	Minister-President of Cisleithania	October 21, 1916	Vienna	Austria-Hungary	Friedrich Adler
Sidónio Pais	President of Portugal	December 14, 1918	Lisbon	Portugal	José Júlio da Costa
Habibullah Khan	Emir of Afghanistan	February 20, 1919	Laghman	Afghanistan	Mustafa Seghir
Alexander Kolchak	Supreme Ruler of Russia	February 7, 1920	Irkutsk	Russia	Bolsheviks
Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid	Emir of Jabal Shammar	March 1920		Emirate of Jabal Shammar	Abdullah bin Talal Al Rashid
Venustiano Carranza	President of Mexico	May 21, 1920	Tlaxcalantongo	Mexico	Rodolfo Herrero	[103]
Eduardo Dato	Prime Minister of Spain	March 8, 1921	Madrid	Spain	Lluís Nicolau, Pere Mateu, Ramon Casanelles
António Granjo	Prime Minister of Portugal	October 19, 1921	Lisbon	Portugal	Bloody Night
Hara Takashi	Prime Minister of Japan	November 4, 1921	Tokyo	Japan	Nakaoka Kon'ichi
Michael Collins	Chairman of the Provisional Government	August 22, 1922	Béal na Bláth	Irish Republic	Anti-Treaty IRA, possibly Denis "Sonny" O'Neill
Gabriel Narutowicz	President of Poland	December 16, 1922	Warsaw	Poland	Eligiusz Niewiadomski
Aleksandar Stamboliyski	Prime Minister of Bulgaria	June 14, 1923	Slavovitsa	Bulgaria	Military coup d'état
Lee Stack	Governor of Sudan	November 19, 1924	Cairo	Egypt	Egyptian Students
Symon Petliura	President of Ukraine	May 25, 1926	Paris	France	Sholom Schwartzbard
Zhang Zuolin	President of the Republic of China	June 4, 1928	Shenyang	China	Kwantung Army
Paul Doumer	President of France	May 7, 1932	Paris	France	Paul Gorguloff
Inukai Tsuyoshi	Prime Minister of Japan	May 15, 1932	Tokyo	Japan	May 15 Incident
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro	President of Peru	April 30, 1933	Lima	Peru	Abelardo de Mendoza	[104]
Mohammed Nadir Shah	King of Afghanistan	November 8, 1933	Kabul	Afghanistan	Abdul Khaliq Hazara
Ion G. Duca	Prime Minister of Romania	December 30, 1933	Sinaia	Romania	Nicolae Constantinescu
Engelbert Dollfuss	Chancellor of Austria	July 25, 1934	Vienna	Austria	July Putsch
Alexander I	King of Yugoslavia	October 9, 1934	Marseille	France	Vlado Chernozemski
Armand Călinescu	Prime Minister of Romania	September 21, 1939	Bucharest	Romania	Iron Guard members
Ahmad Maher Pasha	Prime Minister of Egypt	February 24, 1945	Cairo	Egypt	Mahmoud El Essawy
Ananda Mahidol	King of Siam	June 9, 1946	Grand Palace, Bangkok	Siam	Unknown
Gualberto Villarroel	President of Bolivia	July 21, 1946	La Paz	Bolivia	By an organized mob
Aung San	Premier of Burma	July 19, 1947	Rangoon	British Burma	U Saw
Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din	Imam of Yemen	February 17, 1948	Sanaa	Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen	Al-Qardaei
Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha	Prime Minister of Egypt	December 28, 1948	Cairo	Egypt	Abdel Meguid Ahmed Hassan
Husni al-Za'im	President of Syria	August 14, 1949	Damascus	Syria	Coup d'état
Muhsin al-Barazi	Prime Minister of Syria
Abdolhossein Hazhir	Prime Minister of Iran	November 5, 1949	Tehran	Iran	Fada'iyan-e Islam
Duncan Stewart	Governor of Sarawak	December 10, 1949	Sibu	British Sarawak	Rukun 13
Sami al-Hinnawi	President of Syria	October 31, 1950	Beirut	Lebanon	Hersho al-Barazi
Carlos Delgado Chalbaud	President of Venezuela	November 13, 1950	Caracas	Venezuela	Rafael Simón Urbina and Domingo Urbina.
Haj Ali Razmara	Prime Minister of Iran	March 7, 1951	Tehran	Iran	Fada'iyan-e Islam
Abdullah I	King of Jordan	July 20, 1951	East Jerusalem	Jerusalem	Mustapha Shukari Usho Further information: Assassination of Abdullah I of Jordan
Henry Gurney	High Commissioner for Malaya	October 6, 1951	Fraser's Hill	Malaya	Malayan Communist Party Further information: Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney
Liaquat Ali Khan	Prime Minister of Pakistan	October 16, 1951	Rawalpindi	Pakistan	Saad Akbar Babrak
José Antonio Remón Cantera	President of Panama	January 2, 1955	Panama City	Panama	Unknown
Anastasio Somoza García	President of Nicaragua	September 21, 1956	León	Nicaragua	Rigoberto López Pérez
Carlos Castillo Armas	President of Guatemala	July 26, 1957	Guatemala City	Guatemala	Romeo Vásquez Sánchez	[105]
Ibrahim Hashem	Prime Minister of Jordan	June 14, 1958	Baghdad	Iraq	By revolutionaries
Faisal II	King of Iraq	July 14, 1958		Arab Federation	Military coup d'état
S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike	Prime Minister of Ceylon	September 26, 1959	Colombo	Ceylon	Talduwe Somarama
Hazza' Majali	Prime Minister of Jordan	August 29, 1960	Amman	Jordan	Killed in a bomb explosion
Abebe Aregai	Prime Minister of Ethiopia	December 17, 1960	Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	Failed military coup d'état
Rafael Trujillo	President of the Dominican Republic	May 30, 1961	Ciudad Trujillo	Dominican Republic	Juan Tomás Díaz, Antonio de la Maza, Amado García Guerrero, Antonio Imbert Barrera
Louis Rwagasore	Prime Minister of Burundi	October 13, 1961	Bujumbura	Ruanda-Urundi	Jean (Ioannis) Kageorgis
Sylvanus Olympio	President of Togo	January 13, 1963	Lomé	Togo	Military coup d'état
Abd al-Karim Qasim	Prime Minister of Iraq	February 9, 1963	Baghdad	Iraq	Military coup d'état
Ngo Dinh Diem	President of the Republic of Vietnam	November 2, 1963	Saigon	South Vietnam	Military coup d'état
John F. Kennedy	President of the United States	November 22, 1963	Dallas	United States	Lee Harvey Oswald Further information: Assassination of John F. Kennedy	[106]
Jigme Palden Dorji	Prime Minister of Bhutan	April 6, 1964	Phuntsoling	Bhutan	Royal Bhutan Army
Hassan Ali Mansur	Prime Minister of Iran	January 27, 1965	Tehran	Iran	Fada'iyan-e Islam
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa	Prime Minister of Nigeria	January 15, 1966	Lagos	Nigeria	Military coup d'état
Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi	Head of State of Nigeria	July 29, 1966	Lalupon
Hendrik Verwoerd	Prime Minister of South Africa	September 6, 1966	Cape Town	South Africa	Dimitri Tsafendas
Abdirashid Shermarke	President of Somalia	October 15, 1969	Las Anod	Somalia	His personal bodyguards
Wasfi Tal	Prime Minister of Jordan	November 28, 1971	Cairo	Egypt	Black September
Abeid Karume	President of Zanzibar	April 7, 1972	Zanzibar City	Zanzibar	Four unnamed gunmen
Luis Carrero Blanco	Prime Minister of Spain	December 20, 1973	Madrid	Spain	ETA
Richard Ratsimandrava	President of Madagascar	February 11, 1975	Antananarivo	Madagascar	Republican Security Forces
Faisal I	King of Saudi Arabia	March 25, 1975	Riyadh	Saudi Arabia	Faisal bin Musaid
François Tombalbaye	President of Chad	April 13, 1975	N'Djamena	Chad	Military coup d'état
Long Boret	Prime Minister of Cambodia	April 17, 1975	Phnom Penh	Cambodia	Execution by shooting
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman	President of Bangladesh	August 15, 1975	Dhaka	Bangladesh	Bangladesh Army
Muhammad Mansur Ali	Prime Minister of Bangladesh	November 3, 1975	Dhaka	Bangladesh	Bangladesh Army
Murtala Muhammed	Head of State of Nigeria	February 13, 1976	Lagos	Nigeria	Buka Suka Dimka
Marien Ngouabi	President of the Republic of Congo	March 18, 1977	Brazzaville	Congo-Brazzaville	Suicide Commando
Ibrahim al-Hamdi	President of North Yemen	October 11, 1977	Sana'a	North Yemen	Unknown
Mohammed Daoud Khan	President of Afghanistan	April 28, 1978	Kabul	Afghanistan	Saur Revolution
Ali Soilih	President of the Comoros	May 29, 1978	Moroni	Comoros	French Colonel Bob Denard
Ahmad al-Ghashmi	President of North Yemen	June 24, 1978	Sana'a	North Yemen	bomb
Salim Rubai Ali	Chairman of the Presidential Council	June 26, 1978	Aden	South Yemen	Coup d'état
Francisco Mendes	Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau	July 7, 1978	Bissau	Guinea-Bissau	PAIGC dissidents
Nur Muhammad Taraki	Chairman of the Revolutionary Council	September 14, 1979	Kabul	Afghanistan	Military coup d'état
Park Chung-hee	President of South Korea	October 26, 1979	Seoul	South Korea	Kim Jae-gyu (president's security chief) Further information: Assassination of Park Chung Hee
Hafizullah Amin	Chairman of the Revolutionary Council	December 27, 1979	Kabul	Afghanistan	Operation Storm-333
William Tolbert	President of Liberia	April 12, 1980	Monrovia	Liberia	Military coup d'état
Sultan Ibraimov	Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan	December 4, 1980	Cholpon Ata	Kirghiz SSR	KGB (suspected)
Francisco Sá Carneiro	Prime Minister of Portugal	December 4, 1980	Camarate	Portugal	Camarate plane crash
Ziaur Rahman	President of Bangladesh	May 30, 1981	Chittagong	Bangladesh	A faction of officers of the Bangladesh Army
Mohammad-Javad Bahonar	Prime Minister of Iran	August 30, 1981	Tehran	Iran	People's Mujahedin of Iran
Mohammad-Ali Rajai	President of Iran
Anwar Sadat	President of Egypt	October 6, 1981	Cairo	Egypt	Khalid Islambouli Further information: Assassination of Anwar Sadat
Bachir Gemayel	President-elect of Lebanon	September 14, 1982	Achrafieh, Beirut	Lebanon	Habib Shartouni
Maurice Bishop	Prime Minister of Grenada	October 19, 1983	St. George's	Grenada	Coup d'état
Indira Gandhi	Prime Minister of India	October 31, 1984	New Delhi	India	Satwant Singh and Beant Singh (personal bodyguards) Further information: Assassination of Indira Gandhi
Haruo Remeliik	President of Palau	June 30, 1985	Koror	Palau	Unknown
Olof Palme	Prime Minister of Sweden	February 28, 1986	Stockholm	Sweden	Official suspect: Stig Engström Further information: Assassination of Olof Palme
Rashid Karami	Prime Minister of Lebanon	June 1, 1987	Beirut	Lebanon	Killed by a car bomb planted by unidentified militant
Thomas Sankara	President of Burkina Faso	October 15, 1987	Ouagadougou	Burkina Faso	Soldiers under the command of Gilbert Diendéré
René Moawad	President of Lebanon	November 22, 1989	Beirut	Lebanon	Killed by a car bomb
Ahmed Abdallah	President of the Comoros	November 26, 1989	Moroni	Comoros	Coup d'état
Nicolae Ceaușescu	President of Romania	December 25, 1989	Târgoviște	Romania	Execution by firing squad Further information: Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu
Samuel Doe	President of Liberia	September 9, 1990	Monrovia	Liberia	Prince Johnson
Mohamed Boudiaf	President of Algeria	June 29, 1992	Annaba	Algeria	Lambarek Boumaarafi Further information: Assassination of Mohamed Boudiaf
Ranasinghe Premadasa	President of Sri Lanka	May 1, 1993	Colombo	Sri Lanka	LTTE
Melchior Ndadaye	President of Burundi	October 21, 1993	Bujumbura	Burundi	Military coup d'état
Juvénal Habyarimana	President of Rwanda	April 6, 1994	Kigali	Rwanda	Presidential aircraft shootdown
Cyprien Ntaryamira	President of Burundi
Agathe Uwilingiyimana	Prime Minister of Rwanda	April 7, 1994			Rwandan Armed Forces
Yitzhak Rabin	Prime Minister of Israel	November 4, 1995	Tel Aviv	Israel	Yigal Amir Further information: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin
Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara	President of Niger	April 9, 1999	Niamey	Niger	Mutinous soldiers Further information: 1999 Nigerien coup d'état	[107]
Vazgen Sargsyan	Prime Minister of Armenia	October 27, 1999	Yerevan	Armenia	Nairi Hunanyan Further information: Armenian parliament shooting
Laurent-Désiré Kabila	President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	January 16, 2001	Kinshasa	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Rashidi Muzele Further information: Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila
Birendra	King of Nepal	June 1, 2001	Narayanhiti Palace, Kathmandu	Nepal	Dipendra Further information: Nepalese royal massacre
Zoran Đinđić	Prime Minister of Serbia	March 12, 2003	Belgrade	Serbia and Montenegro	Zvezdan Jovanović Further information: Assassination of Zoran Đinđić
João Bernardo Vieira	President of Guinea-Bissau	March 2, 2009	Bissau	Guinea-Bissau	Armed Forces of Guinea-Bissau
Muammar Gaddafi	Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution	October 20, 2011	Libya	Libya	National Transitional Council Further information: Death of Muammar Gaddafi
Jovenel Moïse	President of Haiti	July 7, 2021	Port-au-Prince	Haiti	Unknown Further information: Assassination of Jovenel Moïse	[108]

Statistics

Gallery

• 
  Assassination of William II on 2 August 1100, New Forest, England
• 
  Assassination of John the Fearless on 10 September 1419, Montereau, France
• 
  Assassination of Henry III on 2 August 1589, Château de Saint-Cloud, Saint-Cloud, France
• 
  Assassination of Paul I on 23 March 1801, St Michael's Castle, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
• 
  Assassination of Spencer Perceval on May 11, 1812, House of Commons, Westminster, United Kingdom
• 
  Assassination of Ioannis Kapodistrias on October 9, 1831, Nafplion, Greece
• 
  Execution of Lajos Batthyány on October 6, 1849, Pest, Austrian Empire
• 
  Hanging of Tomás Gutiérrez on July 26, 1872, Lima, Peru
• 
  Assassination of Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865, Ford's Theatre, Washington D.C., United States
• 
  Assassination of Alexander II on March 13, 1881, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
• 
  Assassination of James A. Garfield on July 2, 1881, Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station, Washington D.C., United States
• 
  Assassination of Gabriel García Moreno on August 6, 1875, Carondelet Palace, Quito, Ecuador
• 
  Execution of Maximilian I on June 19, 1867, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
• 
  Assassination of Marie François Sadi Carnot on June 25, 1894, Lyon, France
• 
  Assassination of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo on August 8, 1897, Mondragón, Spain
• 
  Assassination of Willam McKinley on September 14, 1901, Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York, United States
• 
  Assassination of Carlos I on February 1, 1908, Terreiro do Paço, Lisbon, Portugal
• 
  Assassination of Sidónio Pais on December 14, 1918, Rossio railway station, Lisbon, Portugal
• 
  Assassination of Alexander I and Louis Barthou on October 9, 1934, Marseilles, France
• 
  Executed body of Abd al-Karim Qasim on February 9, 1963, Baghdad, Iraq
• 
  Executed body of Ngô Đình Diệm on November 2, 1963, Saigon, South Vietnam
• 
  Assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, Dallas, Texas, United States

See also

• List of assassinations
• List of heads of state and government who survived assassination attempts
• List of heads of state and government who took their own lives
• List of people who survived assassination attempts

References

1. Ulla Koch-Westenholz (2000). Babylonian Liver Omens: The Chapters Manzazu, Padanu, and Pan Takalti of the Babylonian Extispicy Series Mainly from Assurbanipal's Library. Museum Tusculanum. p. 394.
2. Chronicle P, column 4, lines 10 to 11.
3. GIŠ.TUKUL.TA BA.AN.SÌG.GI.IN, “by the sword.”
4. Dynastic Chronicle v 5-6: ^mdÉ-a-mu-kin-NUMUN LUGAL IM.GI DUMU ^mḪaš-mar iti 3 in.ak, ina raq-qa-ti šá É-^mḪaš-mar qí-bir.
5. J. A. Brinkman (1982). "Babylonia, c. 1000 – 748 B.C.". In John Boardman; I. E. S. Edwards; N. G. L. Hammond; E. Sollberger (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History (Volume 3, Part 1). Cambridge University Press. pp. 296–297.
6. Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1937). Roman Antiquities vol II ch 51-52. doi:10.4159/DLCL.dionysius_halicarnassus-roman_antiquities.1937. Retrieved 13 November 2016.  – via digital Loeb Classical Library (subscription required)
7. Healy, Mark (1991). The Ancient Assyrians. London: Osprey. p. 17. ISBN 1-85532-163-7. OCLC 26351868.
8. J. A. Brinkman (2001). "Nabû-nādin-zēri". In Erich Ebeling; Bruno Meissner; Dietz Otto Edzard (eds.). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Nab-Nuzi. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 29–30.
9. J. A. Brinkman (1984). Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C. Vol. 7. Philadelphia: Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund. p. 23.
10. J. A. Brinkman (1984). Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C. Vol. 7. Philadelphia: Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund. pp. 42–43.
11. Mark, Joshua J. (2014). "Sargon II". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
12. Simo Parpola (1980). "The Murderer of Sennacherib". Gateways to Babylon.
13. Albertz, R.; Israel in exile: The history and literature of the sixth century BC; Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta 2003, p.63 ISBN 1-58983-055-5.
14. Livy, Ab urbe condita, 1.42, 1.46, 1.47.
15. Herodotus 1920, Book V. 55
16. Iran-e-Bastan/Pirnia book 1 p. 873
17. S. Zawadzki, "The Circumstances of Darius II's Accession" in Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux 34 (1995-1996) 45-49
18. Plutarch, Lives: Life of Dion. (About Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine/Wikisource)
19. Plut. Dion. 28-58
20. Diodorus Siculus. "The Library of History". 16.91-95. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010.
21. LeCoq, P. (1986). "Arses". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5. p. 548.
22. "Seleucus I Nicator". Livius.
23. "The Mausoleum of Antiochus II Theos". Archived from the original on 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
24. Han 2010, pp. 5132–5137.
25. "Seleucus III Keraunos". Livius.org.
26. Livy, 35.35
27. Lahiri, B. (1974). Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D.) , Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.24-5
28. "Seleucus IV Philopator". Livius.org.
29. Diodorus 32.9d & 10.1; Zabdiel: I Maccabees 11.17; Josephus AJ 13.118.
30. Makk. 13.31; Diod. Sic. 33.28; App. Syr. 68. 357; Iust. 36.1.7.; Oros. 5.4.18.
31. Sallust, Bellum Jugurthinum 5, 9, 11, 12
32. Diod. Exc. Vales. xxxv. p. 605
33. Suetonius, Julius, c. 82.
34. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XIX.1.3.
35. cf. Tac. Ann. XII 66–67.
36. Suet. Claud. 43
37. Greenhalgh 1975, pp. 30, 37, 45, 47–54.
38. Tacitus, Histories III.84, III.85
39. Suetonius, Life of Domitian 14;16
40. Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book LXXII, pg. 117.
41. Lampridius, Historia Augusta. "Life of Commodus," pg. 306.
42. Dio, 74:10
43. Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 17.5; Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 8.8.
44. Gibbon, Ibid. p. 115
45. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). How Rome Fell: death of a superpower. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 74. ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.
46. Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis (1814). The History of the Roman Emperors from Augustus to Constantine, Volume 8. F. C. & J. Rivington. pp. 236–237.
47. Vagi 2000, p. 290.
48. Bédoyère 2017, p. 236.
49. Cassius Dio, Roman History LXXX.20
50. Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 63
51. Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 67
52. Potter, David S. The Roman Empire At Bay AD 180-392, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-203-67387-5, pg.234-238.
53. Potter, David S. The Roman Empire At Bay AD 180-392, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-203-67387-5, pg. 241
54. Bowman, Alan K., The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pg. 38
55. Potter, David S. The Roman Empire At Bay AD 180-392, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-203-67387-5, pg. 252
56. Historia Augusta, The two Gallieni, XIV.4–11
57. Polfer, Michel (2000), "Postumus (A.D. 260-269)", De Imperatoribus Romanis
58. Aurelius Victor 33.8; Eutropius 9.9.1
59. Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395, Routledge, 2004, pg. 266
60. Southern, Pat (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. p. 119
61. Meijer 2004, p. 103.
62. Syvanne 2015, p. 172.
63. Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus, 37:4
64. Southern, Patricia (May 15, 2015). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. p. 193. ISBN 9781317496946.
65. Leadbetter, William (11 August 2023). Carinus (283–285 A.D.).
66. Panegyrici Latini 8:12; Aurelius Victor, Book of Caesars 39.40; Eutropius, Abridgement of Roman History 22^[usurped]; Orosius, Seven Books of History Against the Pagans 7:25.6
67. Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus, 41:21:23
68. An Encyclopedia of World History, Ibid
69. Gibbon, p. 960
70. Ambrose, Patrologia Latina, Ep. 40.32
71. Susan Wise Bauer, "The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade", W. W. Norton & Company, 22 Feb 2010 (p.68)
72. Historia nova, IV. 53 which relies heavily on the history by the pagan Eunapius
73. Carr, John (2015). Fighting Emperors of Byzantium. Pen & Sword. pp. 40–43. ISBN 978-1783831166.
74. Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-20159-4, pg. 316
75. Birley, Anthony (2005), The Roman Government in Britain, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925237-4 pg. 460
76. Procopius, III.3.9; translated by Dewing, pp. 75ff
77. Guillaume, Alfred (1955). The Life of Muhammad, translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sira Rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0196360331.
78. Priscus of Panium 2015, p. 129.
79. Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 328–333.
80. John of Antioch, fragment 203; Marcellinus, sa 461; Fasti vindobonenses priores, No 588. Procopius (VII.14–15) does not mention the Emperor's return from Hispania and said that Majorian died of dysentery: it is possible that the news has been put about by Ricimer (Fik Meijer, Emperors Do not Die in Bed, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-31201-9, p. 155). Victor of Tonnena erroneously claims that Majorian reached Rome and was killed there, and puts this event in 463 (Chronica, s.a. 463).
81. Cassiodorus, Chronicles, s.a. 465.
82. Cassiodorus, Chronicle, 1293; Marcellinus Comes, Chronicon, s.a.472; Procopius of Caesarea, Bellum Vandalicum, vii.1–3. Chronica gallica anno 511 (n. 650, s.a. 472) records both versions.
83. Fasti vindobonenses priores, n. 606, s.a. 472.
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